ABB RET670 Applications Manual page 337

1MRK504116-UUS C
Application manual
I + I
A C
Z =Z +
A AT
I
A
DOCUMENT11524-IMG3509 V2 EN
+
I I
A
= + +
Z Z (Z
C Trf CT
I
C
EQUATION1714 V1 EN
Where:
Z and Z is the line impedance from the A respective C station to the T point.
AT CT
I and I is fault current from A respective C station for fault between T and B.
A C
V2/V1 Transformation ratio for transformation of impedance at V1 side of the transformer to
the measuring side V2 (it is assumed that current and voltage distance function is
taken from V2 side of the transformer).
Z is the line impedance from the T point to the fault (F).
TF
Z Transformer impedance
Trf
For this example with a fault between T and B, the measured impedance from the T
point to the fault will be increased by a factor defined as the sum of the currents from T
point to the fault divided by the IED current. For the IED at C, the impedance on the
high voltage side V1 has to be transferred to the measuring voltage level by the
transformer ratio.
Another complication that might occur depending on the topology is that the current
from one end can have a reverse direction for fault on the protected line. For example,
for faults at T the current from B might go in reverse direction from B to C depending
on the system parameters (see the dotted line in figure 57), given that the distance
protection in B to T will measure wrong direction.
In three-end application, depending on the source impedance behind the IEDs, the
impedances of the protected object and the fault location, it might be necessary to
accept zone 2 trip in one end or sequential trip in one end.
Generally for this type of application it is difficult to select settings of zone 1 that both
gives overlapping of the zones with enough sensitivity without interference with other
zone 1 settings, that is without selectivity conflicts. Careful fault calculations are
necessary to determine suitable settings and selection of proper scheme communication.
Fault resistance
The performance of distance protection for single phase-to-ground faults is very
important, because normally more than 70% of the faults on transmission lines are
·Z
TF
V2
C
× ×
2
Z ) ( )
TB
V1
Section 3
IED application
(Equation 260)
(Equation 261)
331