Emi Design Considerations; Brief Emi Theory; Emi Regulations And Certifications - Intel Pentium M Processor Design Manual

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Intel Pentium M Processor and Intel
High-Speed Design Concerns
12.4

EMI Design Considerations

As microprocessor amperage and speeds increase, the ability to contain the corresponding
electromagnetic radiation becomes more difficult. Frequencies generated by these processors may
be in the low gigahertz (GHz) range, which may impact both the system design and the
electromagnetic interference (EMI) test methodology.
This section is intended to provide electrical and mechanical design engineers with information
that may aid in developing a platform that may meet government EMI regulations. Heatsink
grounding, processor shielding, differential and spread spectrum clocking, and the test
methodology impact to FCC Class B requirements are specifically discussed.
Designers should be aware that implementing all the recommendations in this guideline may not
ensure compliance to EMI regulations. Rather, these guidelines may help to reduce the emissions
from processors and motherboards and make chassis design easier.
12.4.1

Brief EMI Theory

Electromagnetic energy transfer may be viewed in four ways: radiated emissions, radiated
susceptibility, conducted emissions, and conducted susceptibility. For system designers, reduction
of radiated and conducted emissions is the way to achieve EMC compliance. Susceptibility is
typically not a major concern in the server environment, although it may be more important in an
industrial environment.
The main component of EMI is a radiated electromagnetic wave, which consists of both electric
(E-fields), and magnetic (H-fields) waves traveling together and oriented perpendicular to one
another. Although E- and H-fields are intimately tied together, they are generated by different
sources. E-fields are created by voltage potentials, while H-fields are created by current flow. In a
steady state environment (where voltage or current is unchanging), E- and H-fields are also static
and of no concern to EMI. Changing voltages and currents are of concern since they contribute to
EMI. When a dynamic E-field is present, then there must be a corresponding dynamic H-field, and
vice versa. Motherboards with fast processors generate high-frequency E- and H-fields from
currents and voltages present in the component silicon and signal traces.
Two methods exist for minimizing E- and H-field system emissions: prevention and containment.
Prevention is achieved by implementing design techniques that minimize the ability of the
motherboard to generate EMI fields. Containment is used in a chassis environment to contain
radiated energy within the chassis. Careful consideration of board layout, trace routing, and
grounding may significantly reduce a motherboard's radiated emissions and make the chassis
design easier.
12.4.2

EMI Regulations and Certifications

Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) ensure EMC compliance by meeting EMI regulatory
requirements. System designers must ensure that their computer systems do not exceed the
emission limit standards set by applicable regulatory agencies. Regulatory requirements referenced
in this document include:
•
United States Federal Communication Commission (FCC) Part 15 Class B.
•
International Electrotechnical Commission's International Special Committee on Radio
Interference (CISPR) Publication 22 Class B limits.
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E7501 Chipset Platform
Design Guide