General References - FujiFilm SonoSite X-Porte User Manual

Ratio calculations
FL/AC Ratio
Hadlock F.P., R. L. Deter, R. B. Harrist, E. Roecker, and S.K. Park. "A Date Independent Predictor of
Intrauterine Growth Retardation: Femur Length/Abdominal Circumference Ratio," American Journal of
Roentgenology, 141: (November 1983), p.979-984.
FL/BPD Ratio
Hohler, C.W., and T.A. Quetel. "Comparison of Ultrasound Femur Length and Biparietal Diameter in Late
Pregnancy," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 141:7 (Dec. 1 1981), p.759-762.
FL/HC Ratio
Hadlock F.P., R. B. Harrist, Y. Shah, and S. K. Park. "The Femur Length/Head Circumference Relation in
Obstetric Sonography." Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine, 3: (October 1984), p.439-442.
HC/AC Ratio
Campbell S., Thoms Alison. "Ultrasound Measurements of the Fetal Head to Abdomen Circumference
Ratio in the Assessment of Growth Retardation," British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 84:
(March 1977), p.165-174.

General references

+/x or S/D Ratio
+/x = (Velocity A/Velocity B)
where:
A = velocity cursor +
B = velocity cursor x
Acceleration Index (ACC)
Zwiebel, W.J. Introduction to Vascular Ultrasonography, 4th ed., W.B. Saunders Company, (2000), p.52.
ACC = abs (delta velocity/delta time)
Elapsed Time (ET)
ET = time between velocity cursors in milliseconds
Hip Angle/d:D Ratio
Graf, R. "Fundamentals of Sonographic Diagnosis of Infant Hip Dysplasia." Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics,
Vol. 4, No. 6: p.735-740, 1984.
Morin, C., Harcke, H., MacEwen, G. "The Infant Hip: Real-Time US Assessment of Acetabular
Development." Radiology 177: p.673-677, December 1985.
6-20 Measurement references