General References - FujiFilm SonoSite M-Turbo User Manual

General references

+/x or S/D Ratio
+/x = abs (Velocity A/Velocity B)
where A = velocity cursor +
B = velocity cursor x
Acceleration Index (ACC)
Zwiebel, W.J. Introduction to Vascular
Ultrasonography, 4th ed., W.B. Saunders
Company, (2000), 52.
ACC = abs (delta velocity/delta time)
Elapsed Time (ET)
ET = time between velocity cursors in
milliseconds
Hip Angle/d:D Ratio
Graf, R. "Fundamentals of Sonographic
Diagnosis of Infant Hip Dysplasia." Journal of
Pediatric Orthopedics, Vol. 4, No. 6: 735‐740, 1984.
Morin, C., Harcke, H., MacEwen, G. "The Infant
Hip: Real‐Time US Assessment of Acetabular
Development." Radiology 177: 673‐677, December
1985.
Intima Media Thickness (IMT)
Howard G, Sharrett AR, Heiss G, Evans GW,
Chambless LE, Riley WA, et al. "Carotid Artery
Intima‐Medial Thickness Distribution in General
Populations As Evaluated by B‐Mode
Ultrasound." ARIC Investigators.
Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities. Stroke.
(1993), 24:1297‐1304.
O'Leary, Daniel H., MD and Polak, Joseph, F.,
MD, et al. "Use of Sonography to Evaluate
Carotid Atherosclerosis in the Elderly. The
Cardiovascular Health Study." Stroke. (September
1991), 22,1155‐1163.
Redberg, Rita F., MD and Vogel, Robert A., MD,
et al. "Task force #3—What is the Spectrum of
Current and Emerging Techniques for the
182 Measurement publications and terminology
Noninvasive Measurement of Atherosclerosis?"
Journal of the American College of Cardiology. (June
4, 2003), 41:11, 1886‐1898.
Percent Area Reduction
Taylor K.J.W., P.N. Burns, P. Breslau. Clinical
Applications of Doppler Ultrasound, Raven Press,
N.Y., (1988), 130‐136.
Zwiebel W.J., J.A. Zagzebski, A.B. Crummy, et al.
"Correlation of peak Doppler frequency with
lumen narrowing in carotid stenosis." Stroke, 3:
(1982), 386‐391.
% Area Reduction = (1 ‐ A2(cm
where: A1 = original area of the vessel in
square cm
A2 = reduced area of the vessel in
square cm
Percent Diameter Reduction
Handa, Nobuo et al., "Echo‐Doppler Velocimeter
in the Diagnosis of Hypertensive Patients: The
Renal Artery Doppler Technique," Ultrasound in
Medicine and Biology, 12:12 (1986), 945‐952.
% Diameter Reduction = (1 ‐ D2(cm)/D1(cm)) *
100
where: D1 = original diameter of the vessel
in cm
D2 = reduced diameter of the vessel
in cm
Pressure Gradient (PGr) in mmHG
Oh, J.K., J.B. Seward, A.J. Tajik. The Echo Manual.
2nd ed., Lippincott, Williams, and Wilkins,
(1999), 64.
4 * (Velocity) 2
Peak E Pressure Gradient (E PG)
E PG = 4 * PE 2
Peak A Pressure Gradient (A PG)
A PG = 4 * PA2
Peak Pressure Gradient (PGmax)
2 2
)/A1(cm )) * 100