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532 Maintenance
the atmosphere, which contributes to acid rain. The
particle emissions increase with the sulphur content.
The sulphur content of the fuel affects the oil change
intervals. Fuels with extremely low sulphur content,
such as environmentally classified fuels, do not permit
the oil change interval to be extended.
Viscosity and density
Viscosity and density have a direct influence on the
performance, emissions and service life of an engine.
Low viscosity and density reduce engine power.
Unusually high viscosity and density effects
exhaust emissions negatively and can shorten the life
of the injection equipment.
Recommended values:
• viscosity: 1.5 cSt —4.5 cSt at 40ºC
• density: 810— 860 kg/m
at 15ºC
3
Lubricity
Volvo recommends a lubricity limit not exceeding
460 µm at 60ºC, according to the HFRR test
(ISO12156).
Ignition properties, cetane number
A short ignition delay (high cetane rating) is important
for low emissions, particularly in low emission
engines. With low cetane numbers (40-43), the content
of hydrocarbons (smell), nitrous oxides and particles
will increase, as will the engine noise. The starting
ability of the engine is also considerably reduced.
Volvo recommends that the cetane number should
exceed 45 with regard to technical aspects and should
exceed 53 with regard to emissions.
Water and particles
You must ensure that water and particles do not get
into the fuel or the fuel tank, since they cause
corrosion and wear to the fuel injection equipment.
Water also facilitates the growth of bacteria and mould
in the tank, which can cause filter blockage. In cold
weather, water that has not been dispersed in the fuel
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