Confirmation; Directional Decision; Directional Determination Using Superimposed Values - GE MiCOM P40 Agile Technical Manual

P44x/EN AP/Hb6
(AP) 5-20
2.2.3

Confirmation

To eliminate the transitions generated by possible operations or by high frequencies, the
transition detected over a succession of three sampled values is confirmed by checking for
at least one loop for which the two following conditions are met:
• V > threshold V, where threshold V = 0.1 Un /√3 = 0.1 Vn
and
• I > threshold l, where threshold I = 0.2 In.
The start-up of the high-speed algorithms are confirmed if U AND I are detected on three
consecutive samples.
If Load Blinder feature is enabled, The V > threshold V will change depending on "Load
Blinder V<" setting. Refer to section 4.2 Load blinding (load avoidance)
2.2.4

Directional Decision

The "Delta" detection of the fault direction is determined from the sign of the energy per
phase for the transition values characterising the fault.
Figure 6:

Directional determination using superimposed values

To do this, the following sum per phase is calculated:
≥ +
ni n0 5
∑
∆
( V
SA =
n0
where no is the instant at which the fault is detected, ni is the instant of the calculation and S
is the calculated transition energy.
If the fault is in the forward direction, then S i <0 (i = A, B or C phase).
If the fault is in the reverse direction, then S i >0.
The directional criterion is valid if
V
R
I
R
F
Z Z
S L
Relay
Voltage at Relay Location
=
V
R
Current at Relay Location
=
I
R
Z Z
S L
Voltage at Relay Location
=
V
R
Current at Relay Location
=
I
R
ni
∆
. I )
SB =
AN A
i i
Z
L
-V
F
R
F
Forward Fault
R
Z
L
-V
F
R
F
Reverse Fault
≥ +
n0 5
∑
∆ ∆
( V . I )
BN B
i i
n0
Application Notes
MiCOM P40 Agile P442, P444
Z
R
V
R
I
R
Z
R
Relay
≥ +
ni n0 5
∑
∆ ∆
( V . I
SC =
CN C
i
n0
P3035ENa
)
i