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A
B
Fig
.
6-7.
Toe-out and
toe-in
TOE-IN
VOLVO
25043
The d iffere nce in t he d istances (A a nd
B, Fig.
6-7)
be
-
tween
th
e
wh
ee ls measure
d at hub
he
ight at the front
a nd rear of
th
e tyres is
known
as toe
-in. The purpose
of toe-in
is
to
reduce
tyre wear.
PROCEDU~E
BEFORE
WHE'EL
AOJUSlfl NG
Before any meas
urin
g a nd poss ib le a
dju sting are
ca r-
ried o
ut,
the follow
in
g
poi
nts sho
ul
d be che cked a
nd
an
y
defects remed ied:
1. Check t he a ir press ure
in
a
ll
t he
ty res.
2. Check that the f
ront
w hee
l
tyres a re e ve
nly worn
.
If not, change t hem
with th
e re
ar wh
e
els o
r
the
spa re
wh
ee
l.
3.
Check th
at the w hee ls are not wa rped more
than
2.5 mm (.1
")
a nd t hat the rad ia
l throw
does
not
exceed 2.5
mm
(.1 ").
4. Check the fro nt w hee
l
bea
ring
s a
nd shock ab-
sorbers.
5.
Check
that the
wi shbon
es a re
und
a
maged and
f
irmly
a ttac hed
to th
e f
ront
ax
le member. Ch
e
ck
th
a
t th
ere is
no
excess ive
play in
t
he wi shbone
bu
shes.
6. Check
t ha
t th
e springs are unda
maged and are
not
fat
igu
ed.
7.
Check th
e c1ea rance a
nd adjustment
of
the
steer-
ing
box.
With th
e ste
ering
box
in
t
he centre
position, th
e whee ls
should point straight
for-
wards.
8.
Check
the stee
ring rods,
stee
ring arms, relay arm
a nd
tie-ro
d.
9.
Ma ke sure
th
a
t th
e
ear
has
norm
a
l
e
quipment (oil,
wa ter, petro
i
a nd
toois) but
is othe
rwise unioaded.
6
:4
MEASURING
THE WHEEL
ANGLES
The wheel ang les are
measured with special meas ur-
ing instr uments of w
hi ch
there are ma
ny
d iffe re nt
ty
pes. No gene ra
l
desc
ri ptio
n
can, th
erefore
,
be give
n
as
to how mea suring should be carried out except in
th
e
case of the steering geometry. The meas uring
principle is that cam ber is meas ured d irecfly w
ith th
e
w hee ls pointing stra ight forwards
.
Caster a nd
kin
p
in
inclination cannot be meas ured d
irectl
y.
Instead,
the
a
ngu lar a lteration which occ urs w he
n
the whee
l
is
turned from 20° outwards to 20° inwards is meas ured
on the instrument.
iv\ost types of modern wheel a
li
gnment meas uri ng
in
-
struments
require that the w hee ls are locked with
,
for
example, the hel p of a pedal
jack.
Wh
e
n measuring the wheel ang le
s,
fol low the instruc-
tions app licab le to the meas uring instruments co
n-
cerned.
CHECKING THE KING PIN INCLlNATION
The
kin
g pi
n in
cl ina
tion,
w
hi ch on
this ve
hicl
e
IS
re
presented by
the
inclination of the centre line of the
ball joints, should
be 7.5°
at a camber of 0 °. This
cannot
be adjuste
d
a
nd
is
difficult to measure
e
xactly
due to the tension and resilienee in the parts, so that
th
e
angle read off on the instruments will not be
e
xact king pin inclination but can serve as a guide.
CHECKING THE TOE-OUT
1.
Place the vehicle front wheels on turntables and
make sure that the wheels point straight forwards
.
Before the ear is placed on them, the turntables
must be set to zero and
locked.
2.
Turn the wheels to the left until the right wheel
has turned 20
°
inwards. The scale on the left turn-
table should then read 22.5 ± 1
0.
3. Check the position of the right wheel in the same
manner by turning the wheels to the right until
the left wheel has turned 20
°
inwards, when the
right turntable scale should give the same reading
as previously indicated on the left. Both measure-
ments should thus lie within the above-mentioned
tolerances, otherwise it means that the steering
gear or front end is distorted.
4. There are no adjusting possibilities, but if the
toe-
out is incorrect, the steering arms and steering
rods should be checked. Replace any parts that
are damaged
.
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