Ground
distance
at average
height
P2
P1
Secant projection
surface typical of
State Plane and UTM
www.javad.com
Surfaces
P2
P1
Zone limits for practical usage of projection surface
balancing both positive and negative distortions
Coordinate Systems
Ground surface
Local design surface at
average height
Geo distance
P1
P2
Grid distance
distortion
less than
geodesic
distance
Grid distance
distortion
greater than
geodesic
distance
P1
P2
Geo distance
117
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