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the four wires if they are connected by a common node. In the circuit of Figure 1.6 we
must measure the power flow in three wires. This will require three voltage coils and
three current coils (a three-element meter). Similar figures and conclusions could be
reached for other circuit configurations involving Delta-connected loads.
1.2: Power, Energy and Demand
It is quite common to exchange power, energy and demand without differentiating
between the three. Because this practice can lead to confusion, the differences
between these three measurements will be discussed.
Power is an instantaneous reading. The power reading provided by a meter is the
present flow of watts. Power is measured immediately just like current. In many
digital meters, the power value is actually measured and calculated over a one second
interval because it takes some amount of time to calculate the RMS values of voltage
and current. But this time interval is kept small to preserve the instantaneous nature
of power.
Energy is always based on some time increment; it is the integration of power over a
defined time increment. Energy is an important value because almost all electric bills
are based, in part, on the amount of energy used.
Typically, electrical energy is measured in units of kilowatt-hours (kWh). A kilowatt-
hour represents a constant load of one thousand watts (one kilowatt) for one hour.
Stated another way, if the power delivered (instantaneous watts) is measured as
1,000 watts and the load was served for a one hour time interval then the load would
have absorbed one kilowatt-hour of energy. A different load may have a constant
power requirement of 4,000 watts. If the load were served for one hour it would
absorb four kWh. If the load were served for 15 minutes it would absorb ¼ of that
total or one kWh.
Figure 1.7 shows a graph of power and the resulting energy that would be transmitted
as a result of the illustrated power values. For this illustration, it is assumed that the
power level is held constant for each minute when a measurement is taken. Each bar
in the graph will represent the power load for the one-minute increment of time. In
real life the power value moves almost constantly.
The data from Figure 1.7 is reproduced in Table 2 to illustrate the calculation of
energy. Since the time increment of the measurement is one minute and since we
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The Leader In Power Monitoring and Smart Grid Solutions
The Leader In Power Monitoring and Smart Grid Solutions
1: Three Phase Power Measurement
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