Ref Protection Principles; Figure 86: Ref Protection For Delta Side; Figure 87: Ref Protection For Star Side - GE MiCOM P40 Agile Technical Manual

Chapter 7 - Restricted Earth Fault Protection
2

REF PROTECTION PRINCIPLES

Winding-to-core faults in a transformer can be caused by insulation breakdown. Such faults can have very low
fault currents, but they still need to be picked up. If such faults are not identified, this could result in extreme
damage to very expensive equipment.
Often the associated fault currents are lower than the nominal load current. Neither overcurrent nor percentage
differential protection is sufficiently sensitive in this case. We therefore require a different type of protection
arrangement. Not only should the protection arrangement be sensitive, but it must create a protection zone, which
is limited to each transformer winding. Restricted Earth Fault protection (REF) is the protection mechanism used to
protect individual transformer winding sets.
The following figure shows a REF protection arrangement for protecting the delta side of a delta-star transformer.
V00620

Figure 86: REF protection for delta side

The current transformers measuring the currents in each phase are connected in parallel. The currents from all
three phases are summed to form a differential current, sometimes known as a spill current. Under normal
operating conditions the currents of the three phases add up to zero resulting in zero spill current. A fault on the
star side will also not result in a spill current, as the fault current would simply circulate in the delta windings.
However, if any of the three delta windings were to develop a fault, the impedance of the faulty winding would
change and that would result in a mismatch between the phase currents, resulting in a spill current. If the spill
current is large enough, it will trigger a trip command.
The following figure shows a REF protection arrangement for the star side of a delta-star transformer.
V00621

Figure 87: REF protection for star side

Here we have a similar arrangement of current transformers connected in parallel. The difference is that we need
to measure the zero sequence current in the neutral line as well. An external unbalanced fault causes zero
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REF
IED
protection zone
REF
protection zone
Load
Load
IED
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