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AMD K5 manual available for free PDF download: Technical Reference Manual
AMD K5 Technical Reference Manual (406 pages)
Brand:
AMD
| Category:
Computer Hardware
| Size: 6.06 MB
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
3
1 Overview
21
Features
22
2 Internal Architecture
25
Figure 2-1. Internal Architecture, with Pipeline Stage
26
Prefetch and Predecode
27
Execution Pipeline
28
Figure 2-2. Pipeline Stage Functions
29
Fetch
30
Decode
31
Execute
32
Integer/Shift Units
33
Table 2-1. ALU Instruction Classes
33
Branch Unit
34
Floating-Point Unit
34
Load/Store Units
34
Result
35
Retire
36
Cache Organization and Management
37
Instruction Cache
38
Data Cache
39
Cache Tags
40
Cache-Line Fills
41
Cache Coherency
42
Table 2-2. Cache States for Read and Write Accesses
43
Table 2-3. Cache States for Snoops, Invalidation, and Replacements
44
Inquire Cycles
45
Internal Snooping
46
Table 2-4. Snoop Action
46
Snooping
45
Buffers
47
Line-Fill Buffers
47
Prefetch Cache
48
Store Buffer
48
Replacement and Invalidation Writeback Buffer
49
Snoop Writeback Buffer
50
Memory Management Unit (MMU)
50
Storage Model
50
Read/Write Reordering
51
Segmentation
51
Paging and the Tlbs
52
3 Software Environment and Extensions
55
Figure 3-1. Control Register 4 (CR4)
56
Table 3-1. Control Register 4 (CR4) Fields
57
Machine-Check Exceptions
58
Figure 3-2. 4-Kbyte Paging Mechanism
59
Mbyte Pages
59
Figure 3-3. 4-Mbyte Paging Mechanism
60
Figure 3-4. Page-Directory Entry (PDE)
61
Table 3-2. Page-Directory Entry (PDE) Fields
62
Global Pages
63
Figure 3-5. Page-Table Entry (PTE)
64
Table 3-3. Page-Table Entry (PTE) Fields
65
Virtual-8086 Mode Extensions (VME)
66
Without VME Extensions
66
Hardware Interrupts and the VIF and VIP Extensions
67
Figure 3-6. EFLAGS Register
69
Table 3-4. Virtual-Interrupt Additions to EFLAGS Register
69
Table 3-5A. Instructions that Modify the if or VIF Flags-Real Mode
70
Table 3-5B. Instructions that Modify the if or VIF Flags-Protected Mode
71
Table 3-5C. Instructions that Modify the if or VIF Flags-Virtual-8086 Mode
72
Table 3-5D. Instructions that Modify the if or VIF Flags-Virtual-8086 Mode Interrupt Extensions (VME)
73
Table 3-5E. Instructions that Modify the if or VIF Flags-Protected Mode Virtual Interrupt Extensions (PVI)
74
Bitmap (IRB) Extension
75
Figure 3-7. Task State Segment (TSS)
76
Table 3-6. Interrupt Behavior and Interrupt-Table Access
77
Protected Virtual Interrupt (PVI) Extensions
78
Model-Specific Registers (Msrs)
79
Machine-Check Address Register (MCAR)
79
Figure 3-9. Machine-Check Type Register (MCTR)
80
Table 3-7. Machine-Check Type Register (MCTR) Fields
81
Time Stamp Counter (TSC)
81
Array Access Register (AAR)
81
Hardware Configuration Register (HWCR)
82
New Instructions
82
Cpuid
83
Cmpxchg8B
84
MOV to and from CR4
85
Rdtsc
86
RDMSR and WRMSR
87
Illegal Instruction (Reserved Opcode)
90
4 Performance
91
Code Optimization
91
General Superscalar Techniques
91
Techniques Specific to the AMD-K5 Processor
93
Dispatch and Execution Timing
95
Notation
95
Table 4-1. Integer Instructions
98
Integer Dot Product Example
107
Table 4-2. Integer Dot Product Internal Operations Timing
108
Floating-Point Instructions
109
Table 4-3. Floating-Point Instructions
110
5 Bus Interface
117
Figure 5-1. Signal Groups
118
Table 5-1. Summary of Signal Characteristics
118
Signal Overview
118
Signal Characteristics
120
Conditions for Driving and Sampling Signals
123
Table 5-2. Conditions for Driving and Sampling Signals
124
External Interrupts
129
Table 5-3. Summary of Interrupts and Exceptions
132
Bus Signal Compatibility with Pentium Processor
133
Signal Descriptions
133
A20M (Address Bit 20 Mask)
134
A31–A3 (Address Bus)
136
Table 5-4. Address-Generation Sequence During Bursts
137
ADS (Address Strobe)
140
ADSC (Address Strobe Copy)
143
AHOLD (Address Hold)
144
AP (Address Parity)
147
APCHK (Address Parity Check)
148
BE7–BE0 (Byte Enables)
149
Table 5-5. Relation of BE7-BE0 to Other Signals
150
Table 5-6. Encodings for Special Bus Cycles
151
Table 5-7. Processor-To-Bus Clock Ratios
152
BOFF (Backoff)
153
Table 5-8. Outputs Floated When BOFF Is Asserted
154
BRDY (Burst Ready)
157
BRDYC (Burst Ready)
160
BREQ (Bus Request)
161
BUSCHK (Bus Check)
162
CACHE (Cacheable Access)
165
Table 5-9. MESI-State Transitions for Reads
167
CLK (Bus Clock)
168
D/C (Data or Code)
169
D63–D0 (Data Bus)
171
Table 5-10. Relation between D63-D0, BE7-BE0, and DP7-DP0
172
DP7–DP0 (Data Parity)
173
EADS (External Address Strobe)
174
EWBE (External Write Buffer Empty)
178
FERR (Floating-Point Error)
180
FLUSH (Cache Flush)
181
FRCMC (Functional-Redundancy Check Master/Checker)
184
HIT (Inquire-Cycle Hit)
186
Table 5-11. MESI-State Transitions for Inquire Cycles
187
HITM (Inquire Cycle Hit to Modified Line)
188
Table 5-12. Outputs Floated When HLDA Is Asserted
190
HLDA (Bus-Hold Acknowledge)
190
HOLD (Bus-Hold Request)
192
IERR (Internal Error)
194
IGNNE (Ignore Numeric Error)
195
INIT (Initialization)
197
INTR (Maskable Interrupt)
200
Table 5-13. Interrupt Acknowledge Operation Definition
201
INV (Invalidate Cache Line)
204
KEN (External Cache Enable)
205
LOCK (Bus Lock)
207
M/IO (Memory or I/O)
211
NA (Next Address)
212
NMI (Non-Maskable Interrupt)
213
PCD (Page Cache Disable)
215
PCHK (Parity Status)
217
PEN (Parity Enable)
218
PRDY (Probe Ready)
219
Table 5-14. PWT, Writeback/Writethrough, and MESI
221
PWT (Page Writethrough)
221
R/S (Run or Stop)
223
RESET (Reset)
225
Table 5-15. Register State after RESET or INIT
226
Table 5-16. Outputs at RESET
228
SCYC (Split Cycle)
230
SMI (System Management Interrupt)
232
SMIACT (System Management Interrupt Active)
237
STPCLK (Stop Clock)
238
TCK (Test Clock)
243
TDI (Test Data Input)
244
TDO (Test Data Output)
245
TMS (Test Mode Select)
246
TRST (Test Reset)
247
W/R (Write or Read)
248
WB/WT (Writeback or Writethrough)
249
Table 5-17. MESI-State Transitions for Reads
250
Table 5-18. MESI-State Transitions for Writes
251
Bus Cycle Overview
252
Table 5-19. Bus Cycle Definitions
252
Addressing
253
Alignment
253
Bus Speed and Typical DRAM Timing
255
Bus-Cycle Priorities
255
Bus Cycle Timing
256
Timing Diagrams
256
Single-Transfer Reads and Writes
257
Single-Transfer Memory Read and Write
257
Figure 5-2. Single-Transfer Memory Read and Write
259
Single-Transfer Memory Write Delayed by EWBE Signal
260
Figure 5-3. Single-Transfer Memory Write Delayed by EWBE Signal
261
Figure 5-4. I/O Read and Write
262
Table 5-20. Bus-Cycle Order During Misaligned Transfers
263
Single-Transfer Misaligned Memory and I/O Transfers
263
Figure 5-5. Single-Transfer Misaligned Memory and
264
Burst Cycles
265
Burst Read
265
Table 5-21. Address-Generation Sequence During Bursts
266
Figure 5-6. Burst Reads
267
Figure 5-7. Burst Read (NA Sampled)
268
Burst Writeback
269
Figure 5-8. Burst Writeback Due to Cache-Line Replacement
271
Bus Arbitration and Inquire Cycles
272
AHOLD-Initiated Inquire Miss
273
Figure 5-9. AHOLD-Initiated Inquire Miss
274
Figure 5-10. AHOLD-Initiated Inquire Hit to Shared or Exclusive Line
275
AHOLD-Initiated Inquire Hit to Modified Line
276
Figure 5-11. AHOLD-Initiated Inquire Hit to Modified Line
277
Bus Backoff (BOFF)
278
Figure 5-12. Basic BOFF Operation
279
BOFF-Initiated Inquire Hit to Modified Line
280
Figure 5-13. BOFF-Initiated Inquire Hit to Modified Line
281
HOLD-Initiated Inquire Hit to Shared or Exclusive Line
282
Figure 5-14. HOLD-Initiated Inquire Hit to Shared or Exclusive Line
283
Figure 5-15. HOLD-Initiated Inquire Hit to Modified Line
284
Locked Cycles
285
Basic Locked Operation
285
Figure 5-16. Basic Locked Operation
286
TLB Miss (4-Kbyte Page)
287
Figure 5-17. TLB Miss (4-Kbyte Page)
288
Locked Operation with BOFF Intervention
289
Figure 5-18. Locked Operation with BOFF Intervention
290
Table 5-22. Interrupt Acknowledge Operation Definition
291
Table 5-23. Encodings for Special Bus Cycles
296
Figure 5-20. Basic Special Bus Cycle (Halt Cycle)
297
Figure 5-21. Shutdown Cycle
298
Figure 5-22. FLUSH-Acknowledge Cycle
299
Figure 5-23. Cache-Invalidation Cycle (INVD Instruction)
300
Figure 5-24A. Cache-Writeback and Invalidation Cycle
301
Figure 5-24B. Cache-Writeback and Invalidation Cycle
302
Table 5-24. Branch-Trace Message Special Bus Cycle Fields
303
Figure 5-25. Branch-Trace Message Cycle
304
Mode Transitions, Reset, and Testing
305
Transition from Normal Execution to SMM
305
Stop-Grant and Stop-Clock States
308
Mode to Real Mode
311
Figure 5-28. INIT-Initiated Transition from Protected Mode to Real Mode
312
6 System Design
313
Memory
313
Memory Map
314
Figure 6-1. Typical Desktop-System BIOS Memory Map
315
Memory-Decoder Aliasing of Boot ROM Space
316
Cacheable and Noncacheable Address Spaces
316
SMM Memory Space and Cacheability
317
Figure 6-2. Default SMM Memory Map
319
Cache
320
L2 Cache
321
Cacheability and Cache-State Control
321
Writethrough Vs. Writeback Coherency States
322
Inquire Cycles
324
Bus Arbitration for Inquire Cycles
326
BOFF Arbitration
327
Figure 6-3. BOFF Example
328
AHOLD Arbitration
329
Figure 6-4. AHOLD and BOFF Example
330
HOLD Arbitration
331
Write-Once Protocol
331
Figure 6-5. Write-Once Protocol
333
Cache Invalidations
334
A20M Masking of Cache Accesses
334
System Management Mode (SMM)
335
Operating Mode and Default Register Values
336
Table 6-1. Initial State of Registers in SMM
337
SMM State-Save Area
337
Table 6-2. SMM State-Save Area Map
338
SMM Revision Identifier
340
SMM Base Address
340
Halt Restart Slot
342
I/O Trap Dword
343
I/O Trap Restart Slot
343
Exceptions and Interrupts in SMM
344
SMM Compatibility with Pentium Processor
345
Clock Control
345
State Transitions
346
Halt State
346
Figure 6-6. Clock Control State Transitions
348
Stop Grant State
349
Stop Grant Inquire State
349
Stop Clock State
350
Clock Control Compatibility with Pentium Processor
350
Power and Ground Design
350
Figure 6-7. V
352
Power-Up Requirements
352
Noise Reduction
353
Thermal Design
354
Design Support and Peripheral Products
355
7 Test and Debug
357
Hardware Configuration Register (HWCR)
359
Table 7-1. Hardware Configuration Register (HWCR) Fields
360
Built-In Self Test (BIST)
361
Normal bist
361
Table 7-2. bist Error Bit Definition in EAX Register
362
Test Access Port (TAP) bist
362
Output-Float Test
363
Cache and TLB Testing
363
Figure 7-2. Array Access Register (AAR)
364
Array Pointer
365
Table 7-3. Array Ids in Array Pointers
365
Array Test Data
366
Figure 7-3. Test Formats: Data-Cache Tags
366
Figure 7-4. Test Formats: Data-Cache Data
367
Figure 7-5. Test Formats: Instruction-Cache Tags
368
Figure 7-6. Test Formats: Instruction-Cache Instructions
369
Figure 7-7. Test Formats: 4-Kbyte TLB
370
Figure 7-8. Test Formats: 4-Mbyte TLB
371
Debug Registers
372
Standard Debug Functions
372
I/O Breakpoint Extension
372
Debug Compatibility with Pentium Processor
373
Branch Tracing
373
Table 7-4. Branch-Trace Message Special Bus Cycle Fields
374
Functional-Redundancy Checking
374
Boundary-Scan Test Access Port (TAP)
375
Device Identification Register
377
Table 7-5. Test Access Port (TAP) ID Code
377
Table 7-6. Public TAP Instructions
378
Hardware Debug Tool (HDT)
379
A.1 Bus Signals
382
A.1.1 Signal Comparison
382
Appendix A Compatibility with the Pentium and 486 Processors
382
A.2 Bus Interface
385
A.2.1 Updates to Descriptor Accessed and TSS Busy Bits
385
A.2.2 Locked and Unlocked CMPXCHG8B Operation
385
A.2.3 Bus Cycle Order of Misaligned Memory and I/O Cycles
386
A.2.4 Halt Cycle after FLUSH
386
A.2.5 Selectable Drive Strengths on Output Driver
386
Comments
387
A.3 Bus Mastering Operations (Including Snooping)
388
A.3.1 AHOLD Snoop to Linefill Buffer Prior to or Coincident with the Establishment of the Cacheability of the Line
388
A.3.2 BOFF Asserted before Snoop to Linefill Buffer and after the Cacheability of the Line Is Established
388
Comments
388
A.3.3 Snoop before Write Hit to ICACHE Appears on Bus
389
Comments
389
A.3.4 Invalidations During a FLUSH/WBINVD
389
A.3.5 Cache Line Ownership
390
A.3.6 Write Hit to a Shared Line in the DCACHE
390
A.4 Memory Management
391
A.4.1 Speculative TLB Refills
391
Type of Instruction
391
A.5 Power Saving Features
392
A.5.1 STPCLK in Halt State
392
One Instruction Executes
392
A.5.3 Simultaneous I/O SMI Trap and Debug Breakpoint Trap
392
A.5.4 SMM Save Area
393
A.5.5 NMI Recognition During SMM
393
Comment
393
A.6 Exceptions
394
A.6.1 Limit Faults on an Invalid Instruction
394
A.6.2 Task Switch
394
A.7 Debug
395
A.7.1 Proprietary Branch Trace Messages
395
A.7.2 Multiple Debug Breakpoint Matches
395
A.7.3 Simultaneous Debug Trap and Debug Fault
395
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