H3C S5600 Series Operation Manual page 440

Graft
When a host attached to a pruned node joins a multicast group, to reduce the join latency, PIM-DM uses
a graft mechanism to resume data forwarding to that branch. The process is as follows:
1) The node that need to receive multicast data sends a graft message hop by hop toward the source,
as a request to join the SPT again.
2) Upon receiving this graft message, the upstream node puts the interface on which the graft was
received into the forwarding state and responds with a graft-ack message to the graft sender.
3) If the node that sent a graft message does not receive a graft-ack message from its upstream node,
it will keep sending graft messages at a configurable interval until it receives an acknowledgment
from its upstream node.
Assert
If multiple multicast routers exist on a multi-access subnet, duplicate packets may flow to the same
subnet. To shutoff duplicate flows, the assert mechanism is used for election of a single multicast
forwarder on a multi-access network.
Figure 4-2 Assert mechanism
Router A
Assert message
Assert message
Multicast packets
As shown in Figure
they both forward the packet to the local subnet. As a result, the downstream node Router C receives
two identical multicast packets, and both Router A and Router B, on their own local interface, receive a
duplicate packet forwarded by the other. Upon detecting this condition, both routers send an assert
message to all PIM routers (224.0.0.13) through the interface on which the packet was received. The
assert message contains the following information: the multicast source address (S), the multicast
group address (G), and the preference and metric of the unicast route to the source. By comparing
these parameters, either Router A or Router B becomes the unique forwarder of the subsequent (S, G)
packets on the multi-access subnet. The comparison process is as follows:
1) The router with a higher unicast route preference to the source wins;
2) If both routers have the same unicast route preference to the source, the router with a smaller
metric to the source wins;
3) If there is a tie in route metric to the source, the router with a higher IP address of the local interface
wins.
Ethernet
Router C
4-2, after Router A and Router B receive an (S, G) packet from the upstream node,
Router B
Receiver
4-4