Page 1 Agilent X-Series Signal Generators N5171B/72B/73B EXG N5181B/82B/83B MXG User’s Guide Agilent Technologies...
Page 2 Notices Warranty Safety Notices © Agilent Technologies, Inc. 2014 No part of this manual may be reproduced in The material contained in this docu- any form or by any means (including elec- ment is provided “as is,” and is sub-...
Page 3: Table Of Contents
Contents Signal Generator Overview Signal Generator Features ..........2 Modes of Operation .
Page 4 Contents 2. EXT 1 & EXT 2 ..........14 3.
Page 5 Contents Setting Time and Date..........30 Reference Oscillator Tune .
Page 6 Contents Working with Instrument State Files ........68 Selecting the Default Storage Media.
Page 7 Contents Using Free Run, Step Dwell, and Timer Trigger ....... 126 Understanding Free Run, Step Dwell, and Timer Trigger Setup .
Page 8 Contents Using the RF Blanking Marker Function....... . . 172 Setting Marker Polarity .
Page 9 Contents Making Changes to the Multiple Synchronization Setup and Resynchronizing the Master/Slave System ............231 Understanding Option 012 (LO In/Out for Phase Coherency) with Multiple Baseband Generator Synchronization .
Page 10 Contents Choosing the Logic Type and Port Configuration ......282 Configuring the Clock Signal ........283 Selecting the Data Parameters .
Page 11 Contents Recalling a User- Defined Burst Shape Curve ......335 Using the Arbitrary Waveform Generator ........337 Using Predefined Custom Digital Modulation .
Page 12 Contacting Agilent Technologies ........
Page 13 Documentation Overview Getting Started Guide • Safety Information • Receiving the Instrument • Environmental & Electrical Requirements • Basic Setup • Accessories • Operation Verification • Regulatory Information User’s Guide • Signal Generator Overview • Setting Preferences & Enabling Options •...
Page 14 SCPI Reference • SCPI Basics • Basic Function Commands • LXI System Commands • System Commands • Analog Modulation Commands • Arb Commands • Real–Time Commands Programming Provides a listing of SCPI commands and programming codes for signal generator Compatibility Guide models that are supported by the Agilent EXG and MXG X- Series signal generators.
Page 15: Signal Generator Overview
Signal Generator Overview CAUTION To avoid damaging or degrading the performance of the instrument, do not exceed 33 dBm (2W) maximum (27 dBm (0.5W) for N5173N/83B) of reverse power levels at the RF input. See also Tips for Preventing Signal Generator Damage on www.agilent.com. •...
Page 16: Signal Generator Features
Signal Generator Overview Signal Generator Features Signal Generator Features • N5171B/N5181B, RF analog models: 9 kHz to 1 (N5171B only), 3, or 6 GHz (Options 501, 503, and 506 respectively) • N5172B/N5182B, RF vector models: 9 kHz to 3 or 6 GHz (Options 503, and 506 respectively) •...
Page 17 • expanded license key upgradability (Option 099) For more details on hardware, firmware, software, and documentation features and options, refer to the data sheet shipped with the signal generator and available from the Agilent Technologies website at http://www.agilent.com/find/X- Series_SG. Agilent X-Series Signal Generators User’s Guide...
Page 18: Modes Of Operation
Signal Generator Overview Modes of Operation Modes of Operation Depending on the model and installed options, the Agilent X- Series signal generator provides up to four basic modes of operation: continuous wave (CW), swept signal, analog modulation, and digital modulation. Continuous Wave In this mode, the signal generator produces a continuous wave signal.
Page 19: Front Panel Overview
Signal Generator Overview Front Panel Overview • Two–tone mode produces two separate continuous wave signals (or tones). The frequency spacing between the signals and the amplitudes are adjustable. To learn more, refer to Chapter 14, "Multitone and Two–Tone Waveforms (Option 430)".
Page 20: Softkeys
Signal Generator Overview Front Panel Overview indicators, frequency and amplitude settings, and error messages. Labels for the softkeys are located on the right hand side of the display. See also, “Front Panel Display” on page 3. Softkeys A softkey activates the function indicated by the displayed label to the left of the key. 4.
Page 21: Trigger
Signal Generator Overview Front Panel Overview 8. Trigger When trigger mode is set to Trigger Key, this hardkey initiates an immediate trigger event for a function such as a list or step sweep. 9. Local Cancel/(Esc) This hardkey deactivates remote operation and returns the signal generator to front panel control, cancels an active function entry, and cancels long operations (such an IQ calibration).
Page 22: Page Down
Signal Generator Overview Front Panel Overview NOTE The Mod On/Off hardkey and LED functionality are only valid for instruments with Option UNT installed. 15. Page Down In a table editor, use this hardkey to display the next page. See “Example: Using a Table Editor” on page 46.
Page 23: Power Switch And Leds
Signal Generator Overview Front Panel Overview message displays below the labels. To display the next group of labels, press the More hardkey. 22. Power Switch and LEDs This switch selects the standby mode or the power on mode. In the standby position, the yellow LED lights and all signal generator functions deactivate.
Page 24: Front Panel Display
Signal Generator Overview Front Panel Display Front Panel Display 1. Active Function Area 3. Annunciators 4. Amplitude Area 2. Frequency Area Scroll Bar If there is more text than can be displayed on one screen, a scroll bar appears here. Use the Page Up and Page Down keys to scroll...
Page 25: Amplitude Area
Signal Generator Overview Front Panel Display This annunciator appears when... BBG DAC A DAC overflow is occurring, adjust the runtime scaling adjust until the BBG DAC annunciator turns off. Another annunciator, UNLOCK, appears in the same position and has priority over the BBG DAC annunciator (see UNLOCK, below).
Page 26: Error Message Area
Signal Generator Overview Front Panel Display 5. Error Message Area This area displays abbreviated error messages. If multiple messages occur, only the most recent message remains displayed. See “Reading Error Messages” on page 6. Text Area This area displays signal generator status information, such as the modulation status, and other information such as sweep lists and file catalogs.
Page 27: Rear Panel Overview (N5171B, N5172B, N5181B, & N5182B)
Signal Generator Overview Rear Panel Overview (N5171B, N5172B, N5181B, & N5182B) Rear Panel Overview (N5171B, N5172B, N5181B, & N5182B) 1. AC Power Receptacle Digital Modulation Connectors (Vector Models Only) on page 16 10. LAN 9. GPIB Option 1EM 13. SD Card 3.
Page 28: Ext 1 & Ext 2
Signal Generator Overview Rear Panel Overview (N5171B, N5172B, N5181B, & N5182B) 2. EXT 1 & EXT 2 Impedance nominally 50 Ω Connector female BNC An externally supplied ±1 V Signal signal that produces the indicated depth. Damage Levels and 10 V 3.
Page 29: Mhz Out
Signal Generator Overview Rear Panel Overview (N5171B, N5172B, N5181B, & N5182B) panel or over the remote interface. 8. 10 MHz OUT Impedance nominally 50 Ω Connector female BNC Signal A nominal signal level greater than 4 dBm. 9. GPIB This connector enables communication with compatible devices such as external controllers, and is one of three connectors available to remotely control the signal generator (see also 10.
Page 30: Digital Modulation Connectors (Vector Models Only)
Signal Generator Overview Rear Panel Overview (N5171B, N5172B, N5181B, & N5182B) Digital Modulation Connectors (Vector Models Only) I OUT, Q OUT, OUT, NOTE OUT and OUT, require Option 1EL. Type: female BNC Impedance: 50 Ω Connector DC–coupled Signal I OUT The analog, in–phase component of I/Q modulation from the internal baseband generator.
Page 31: Bb Trig 1 & Bb Trig 2
Damage Levels DIGITAL BUS I/O This is a proprietary bus used by Agilent Technologies signal creation software. This connector is not operational for general purpose use. Signals are present only when a signal creation software option is installed (for details, refer to http://www.agilent.com/find/signalcreation).
Page 32: Aux I/O Connector
Signal Generator Overview Rear Panel Overview (N5171B, N5172B, N5181B, & N5182B) AUX I/O Connector This female 36- pin connector is available only on instruments with an internal baseband generator (Option 653, 655, 656, 657). On signal generators without one of these options, this connector is not present.
Page 33 Signal Generator Overview Rear Panel Overview (N5171B, N5172B, N5181B, & N5182B) Markers (pins 1-4) Each Arb–based waveform point has a marker on/off condition associated with it. Each real-time signal can be routed to the output marker signals using SCPI commands or the real-time personalities.
Page 34 Signal Generator Overview Rear Panel Overview (N5171B, N5172B, N5181B, & N5182B) Table 1-1 AUX I/O Connector Configuration MXG and EXG AUX I/O Connector Configuration ARB & ARB- Based Real- Time Custom Real- Time BERT Capability Applications Modulation Applications Pin # Input Output Input...
Page 35 Signal Generator Overview Rear Panel Overview (N5171B, N5172B, N5181B, & N5182B) Table 1-1 AUX I/O Connector Configuration MXG and EXG AUX I/O Connector Configuration ARB & ARB- Based Real- Time Custom Real- Time BERT Capability Applications Modulation Applications Pin # Input Output Input...
Page 36 Signal Generator Overview Rear Panel Overview (N5171B, N5172B, N5181B, & N5182B) Table 1-1 AUX I/O Connector Configuration MXG and EXG AUX I/O Connector Configuration ARB & ARB- Based Real- Time Custom Real- Time BERT Capability Applications Modulation Applications Pin # Input Output Input...
Page 37: Rear Panel Overview (N5173B & N5183B)
Signal Generator Overview Rear Panel Overview (N5173B & N5183B) Rear Panel Overview (N5173B & N5183B) 14. ALC INPUT 1. AC Power Receptacle 15. Z AXIS 10. LAN 9. GPIB Option 1EM 13. SD Card 3. LF OUT 6. TRIG 1 & 2 8.
Page 38: Ext 1 & Ext 2
Signal Generator Overview Rear Panel Overview (N5173B & N5183B) 2. EXT 1 & EXT 2 Impedance nominally 50 Ω Connector female BNC An externally supplied ±1 V Signal signal that produces the indicated depth. Damage Levels and 10 V 3. LF OUT Impedance 50 Ω...
Page 39: Mhz Out
Signal Generator Overview Rear Panel Overview (N5173B & N5183B) panel or over the remote interface. 8. 10 MHz OUT Impedance nominally 50 Ω Connector female BNC Signal A nominal signal level greater than 4 dBm. 9. GPIB This connector enables communication with compatible devices such as external controllers, and is one of three connectors available to remotely control the signal generator (see also 10.
Page 40: Z Axis Output
Signal Generator Overview Rear Panel Overview (N5173B & N5183B) 15. Z AXIS OUTPUT This female BNC connector supplies a +5 V (nominal) level during retrace and band- switch intervals of a step or list sweep. During step or list sweep, this female BNC connector supplies a - 5 V (nominal) level when the RF frequency is at a marker frequency and intensity marker mode is on.
Page 41 Setting Preferences & Enabling Options The Utility menu provides access to both user and remote operation preferences, and to the menus in which you can enable instrument options. Remote Operation GPIB Address and Remote Language on page 32 Configuring the LAN Interface on page 33 Enabling LAN Services: “Browser,”...
Page 42: Setting Preferences & Enabling Options
Setting Preferences & Enabling Options User Preferences User Preferences From the Utility menu, you can set the following user preferences: • Display Settings, below • Power On and Preset on page 29 • Front Panel Knob Resolution on page 30 Display Settings NOTE X- Series signal generators are shipped from the factory with default display settings.
Page 43: Power On And Preset
Setting Preferences & Enabling Options User Preferences Power On and Preset Utility > Power On/Preset Select the GPIB language desired after a preset. See also, the Programming Guide and the SCPI Command Restores persistent settings Reference. (those unaffected by a power Available only when 8648 is either the selected preset language or cycle*, preset, or recall) the selected remote language (see...
Page 44: Front Panel Knob Resolution
Setting Preferences & Enabling Options User Preferences Front Panel Knob Resolution Makes the increment value of the current function the active entry. Utility > Instrument Adjustments The increment value and the step/knob ratio determine how much each turn of the knob changes the active function value. For example, if the increment value of the active function is 10 dB and the step/knob ratio is 50 to 1, each turn of the knob changes the active function by 0.2 dB (1/50th of 10 dB).
Page 45: Reference Oscillator Tune
Setting Preferences & Enabling Options Upgrading Firmware time back. In this case, you can re- enable the signal generator’s ability to use time–based licenses by moving the clock forward to the original time or simply waiting that length of time. Reference Oscillator Tune Utility >...
Page 46: Remote Operation Preferences
Setting Preferences & Enabling Options Remote Operation Preferences Remote Operation Preferences For details on operating the signal generator remotely, refer to the Programming Guide. GPIB Address and Remote Language NOTES USB is also available. It is not shown in the menu because it requires no configuration. For details on using the instrument remotely, see the Programming Guide.
Page 47: Configuring The Lan Interface
Setting Preferences & Enabling Options Remote Operation Preferences Configuring the LAN Interface Utility > I/O Config page NOTES Use a 100Base–T LAN cable to connect the signal generator to the LAN. Use a crossover cable to connect the signal generator directly to a PC. For details on using the instrument remotely, Values are listed in the refer to the Programming Guide and to...
Page 48: Enabling Lan Services: "Browser," "Sockets," And "Vxi-11
Setting Preferences & Enabling Options Remote Operation Preferences Enabling LAN Services: “Browser,” “Sockets,” and “VXI–11” Utility > I/O Config Enable remote (browser) access to the Use a browser to control instrument’s file system. the signal generator. License Manager Server (On) allows updates of the instrument licenses, disable for additional instrument security.
Page 49: Configuring The Remote Languages
Setting Preferences & Enabling Options Remote Operation Preferences Configuring the Remote Languages Figure 2-1 N5171B/72B/81B/82B Utility > I/O Config Select the desired Remote language. For details on each key, use key help Refer to the SCPI Command Reference. as described on page Agilent X-Series Signal Generators User’s Guide...
Page 50 Setting Preferences & Enabling Options Remote Operation Preferences Figure 2-2 N5173B/83B Utility > I/O Config Select the desired Remote language. For details on each key, use key help as described on page Refer to the SCPI Command Reference. Agilent X-Series Signal Generators User’s Guide...
Page 51: Configuring The Preset Languages
Setting Preferences & Enabling Options Remote Operation Preferences Configuring the Preset Languages Figure 2-3 N5171B/72B/81B/82B Utility > Power On/Preset Select the desired Remote language. page 29 For details on each key, use key help Refer to the SCPI Command Reference. as described on page Agilent X-Series Signal Generators User’s Guide...
Page 52 Setting Preferences & Enabling Options Remote Operation Preferences Figure 2-4 N5173B/83B Utility > Power On/Preset Select the desired Remote language. page 29 For details on each key, use key help as described on page Refer to the SCPI Command Reference. Agilent X-Series Signal Generators User’s Guide...
Page 53: Enabling An Option
Setting Preferences & Enabling Options Enabling an Option Enabling an Option There are two ways to enable an option: • Use the License Manager software utility: 1. Run the utility and follow the prompts. 2. Download the utility from www.agilent.com/find/LicenseManager and select license (.lic) files from an external USB Flash Drive (UFD).
Page 54: Viewing Options And Licenses
Setting Preferences & Enabling Options Enabling an Option Viewing Options and Licenses Utility > Instrument Info Service Software Licenses appear here. Waveform licenses from some Signal Studio applications appear here. Instrument options appear here. A check mark means that an option is enabled. For details on each key, use key help as described on page...
Page 55: Hardware Assembly Installation And Removal Softkeys
Setting Preferences & Enabling Options Hardware Assembly Installation and Removal Softkeys Hardware Assembly Installation and Removal Softkeys For details on each key, use key help as described on page Utility > More 2 of 2 > Service Verify output attenuator operation using a power meter at the RF Output.
Page 56 Setting Preferences & Enabling Options Hardware Assembly Installation and Removal Softkeys Agilent X-Series Signal Generators User’s Guide...
Page 57 Basic Operation This chapter introduces fundamental front panel operation. For information on remote operation, refer to the Programming Guide. • Presetting the Signal Generator on page 44 • Viewing Key Descriptions on page 44 • Entering and Editing Numbers and Text on page 45 •...
Page 58: Basic Operation
Basic Operation Presetting the Signal Generator Presetting the Signal Generator To return the signal generator to a known state, press either Preset or User Preset. Preset is the factory preset; User Preset is a custom preset** (see also, page 29). To reset persistent settings (those unaffected by preset, user preset, or power cycle*), press: Utility >...
Page 59: Entering And Editing Numbers And Text
Basic Operation Entering and Editing Numbers and Text Entering and Editing Numbers and Text Entering Numbers and Moving the Cursor Use the number keys and decimal point to enter numeric data. Up/down arrow keys increase/decrease a selected (highlighted) numeric value, and move the cursor vertically. Page up/down keys move tables of data up and down within the display area.
Page 60: Example: Using A Table Editor
Basic Operation Entering and Editing Numbers and Text Example: Using a Table Editor Table editors simplify configuration tasks. The following procedure describes basic table editor functionality using the List Mode Values table editor. 1. Preset the signal generator: Press Preset. 2.
Page 61: Setting Frequency And Power (Amplitude)
Basic Operation Setting Frequency and Power (Amplitude) Setting Frequency and Power (Amplitude) Figure 3-1 Frequency and Amplitude Softkeys In Frequency mode, this menu is In Amplitude mode, this menu is automatically displayed when entering automatically displayed when entering a numeric value with the front panel a numeric value with the front panel keypad.
Page 62: Example: Configuring A 700 Mhz, −20 Dbm Continuous Wave Output
Basic Operation Setting Frequency and Power (Amplitude) Example: Configuring a 700 MHz, −20 dBm Continuous Wave Output 1. Preset the signal generator. The signal generator displays its maximum specified frequency and minimum power level (the front panel display areas are shown on page 10).
Page 63: Setting Alc Bandwidth Control
Basic Operation Setting ALC Bandwidth Control Figure 3-2 Using an External Reference Oscillator Setting ALC Bandwidth Control Figure 3-3 Amplitude Softkeys Enables the automatic ALC bandwidth mode (Auto). For details on each key, use key help Refer to the SCPI Command Reference. To display the next menu, press as described on page...
Page 64: Configuring A Swept Output
Basic Operation Configuring a Swept Output Configuring a Swept Output The signal generator has two methods of sweeping through a set of frequency and amplitude points: Step sweep (page 52) provides a linear or logarithmic progression from one selected frequency, amplitude, or both, to another, pausing at linearly or logarithmically spaced points (steps) along the sweep.
Page 65 Basic Operation Configuring a Swept Output Figure 3-4 Sweep Softkeys During a sweep, the swept parameter (frequency, amplitude, or both) turns grey and changes as the parameter sweeps. The selected sweep type determines the displayed parameter. Progress Bar: Note that very fast sweeps Selecting step sweep also displays the step spacing (Lin or Log).
Page 66: Routing Signals
Basic Operation Configuring a Swept Output Routing Signals Sweep > More > More > Route Connectors Step Sweep Step sweep provides a linear or logarithmic progression from one selected frequency, or amplitude, or both, to another, pausing at linearly or logarithmically spaced points (steps) along the sweep. The sweep can progress forward, backward, or be changed manually.
Page 67 Basic Operation Configuring a Swept Output Figure 3-6 Sweep Softkeys For details on each key, use key help as described on page Dwell Time = the time that the signal is settled and you can make a measurement before the sweep moves to the next point. (Point to point time is the sum of the value set for the dwell plus processing time, switching time, and settling time.) Step Sweep and List Sweep dwell times are set...
Page 68 Basic Operation Configuring a Swept Output 4. Sweep both frequency and amplitude: Press Return > Return > Sweep > Freq Off On > Amptd Off On. A continuous sweep begins, from the start frequency/amplitude to the stop frequency/amplitude. The SWEEP annunciator displays, and sweep progress is shown in the frequency display, the amplitude display, and the progress bar.
Page 69: List Sweep
Basic Operation Configuring a Swept Output List Sweep List sweep enables you to enter frequencies and amplitudes at unequal intervals in nonlinear ascending, descending, or random order. List sweep also enables you to copy the current step sweep values, include a waveform in a sweep (on a vector instrument), and save list sweep data in the file catalog (page 66).
Page 70 Basic Operation Configuring a Swept Output Example: Configuring a List Sweep Using Step Sweep Data 1. Set up the desired step sweep, but do not turn the sweep on. This example uses the step sweep configured on page 2. In the SWEEP menu, change the sweep type to list: Press SWEEP >...
Page 71 Basic Operation Configuring a Swept Output Example: Editing List Sweep Points If you are not familiar with table editors, refer to page 1. Create the desired list sweep. This example uses the list sweep created in the previous example. 2. If sweep is on, turn it off. Editing list sweep parameters with sweep on can generate an error. 3.
Page 72: Example: Using A Single Sweep
Basic Operation Configuring a Swept Output 13. As desired, repeat step for the remaining points for which you want to select a waveform. The following figure shows an example of how this might look. The empty entry is equivalent to choosing CW (no modulation).
Page 73: Example: Manual Control Of Sweep
Basic Operation Modulating the Carrier Signal Example: Manual Control of Sweep 1. Set up either a step sweep (page 53) or a list sweep (page 56). 2. In the Sweep/List menu, select a parameter to sweep: Press Sweep > parameter > Return. 3.
Page 74 Basic Operation Modulating the Carrier Signal 3. Enable modulation of the RF output: Press the Mod On/Off key until the LED lights. If you enable modulation without an active modulation format, the carrier signal does not modulate until you subsequently turn on a modulation format. Annunciator indicates active AM modulation A lit LED indicates that any active modulation format can modulate...
Page 75: Simultaneous Modulation
Basic Operation Working with Files Simultaneous Modulation NOTE The Agilent X- Series signal generators are capable of simultaneous modulation. All modulation types (AM, FM, φM, Pulse, and I/Q) may be simultaneously enabled, but there are some exceptions. Refer to Table 3- Table 3-1 Simultaneous Modulation Type Combinations φM Pulse...
Page 76: File Softkeys
Basic Operation Working with Files File Softkeys For details on each key, use key help as described on page Note: Available file types depend on the installed options. Instrument operating parameters (see page 68). Display internal or USB files, depending on the Sweep data from the List Mode Values table editor.
Page 77: Viewing A List Of Stored Files
Basic Operation Working with Files ARB File Softkeys Waveform files and their associated marker and header information. Note: Available file types depend on the installed options. For details on each key, use key help as described on page Viewing a List of Stored Files The information in this section is provided with the assumption that default storage media is set to Auto, as described on page...
Page 78 Basic Operation Working with Files Viewing a list of Files Stored on USB Media With USB media connected, you can view files on USB media using either the file catalogs, which can display only a selected type of file, or the USB File Manager, which displays all files. Using the File Catalogs: •...
Page 79: Storing A File
Basic Operation Working with Files Storing a File Several menus enable you to store instrument parameters. For example, you can store instrument states, lists, and waveforms. • An instrument state file contains instrument settings. For this type of file, use the Save hardkey shown in Figure 3- 8 on page •...
Page 80: Loading (Recalling) A Stored File
Basic Operation Working with Files Loading (Recalling) a Stored File There are several ways to load (recall) a stored file. • For an instrument state file, use the Recall hardkey shown in Figure 3- 8 on page • For other types of data, use the Load/Store softkey (shown below) that is available through the menu used to create the file.
Page 81: Moving A File From One Media To Another
Basic Operation Working with Files Moving a File from One Media to Another Use the USB Media Manager to move files between USB and internal media. File > Catalog Type > <type> > More > USB File Manager File > More > USB File Manager Selecting a waveform or Insert the USB Flash Drive (UFD) an unknown file type...
Page 82: Working With Instrument State Files
Basic Operation Working with Files Working with Instrument State Files • Saving an Instrument State on page 69 • Saving a User Preset on page 69 • Recalling an Instrument State on page 69 • Recalling an Instrument State and Associated Waveform File on page 70 •...
Page 83 Basic Operation Working with Files Saving an Instrument State 1. Preset the signal generator and set the following: • Frequency: 800 MHz • Amplitude: 0 dBm • RF: on 2. (Optional, vector models only) Associate a waveform file with these settings: a.
Page 84 Basic Operation Working with Files Recalling an Instrument State and Associated Waveform File 1. Ensure that the desired waveform file exists, and that it is in BBG media (page 148). If the waveform file is not in BBG media, this procedure generates an error. Recalling an instrument state with an associated waveform file recalls only the waveform name.
Page 85 Basic Operation Working with Files Moving or Copying a Stored Instrument State Figure 3-9 Instrument State File Catalog Sequence Register The signal generator recognizes only the file named USER_PRESET as user preset information ( page 69 A user–created state file’s default name is its memory location (sequence and register). To move the file, rename it to the desired sequence and register;...
Page 86: Selecting The Default Storage Media
Basic Operation Working with Files Selecting the Default Storage Media You can configure the signal generator to store user files to either the internal storage or to external USB media. To automatically switch between USB media and internal storage, depending on whether USB media is attached, select Automatically Use USB Media If Present.
Page 87: Reading Error Messages
Basic Operation Reading Error Messages Reading Error Messages If an error condition occurs, the signal generator reports it to both the front panel display error queue and the SCPI (remote interface) error queue. These two queues are viewed and managed separately;...
Page 88 Basic Operation Reading Error Messages Agilent X-Series Signal Generators User’s Guide...
Page 89 Using Analog Modulation (Option UNT) NOTE The Mod On/Off hardkey and LED functionality are only valid for signal generators with Option UNT installed. Before using this information, you should be familiar with the basic operation of the signal generator. If you are not comfortable with functions such as setting the power level and frequency, refer to Chapter 3, “Basic Operation,”...
Page 90: Using Analog Modulation (Option Unt)
Using Analog Modulation (Option UNT) Analog Modulation Waveforms Analog Modulation Waveforms The signal generator can modulate the RF carrier with four types of analog modulation: amplitude, frequency, phase, and pulse. For pulse modulation information, refer to Chapter 6, “Using Pulse Modulation (Option UNW or 320),”...
Page 91 Using Analog Modulation (Option UNT) Analog Modulation Sources Figure 4-1 Analog Modulation Softkeys page 79 page 79 page 79 For details on each key, use Agilent X-Series Signal Generators User’s Guide...
Page 92: Using An Internal Modulation Source
Using Analog Modulation (Option UNT) Using an Internal Modulation Source Using an Internal Modulation Source 1. Preset the signal generator. 2. Set the carrier (RF) frequency. 3. Set the RF amplitude. 4. Configure the modulation: ΦM a. Press FM/ΦM > FM ΦM a.
Page 93: Using An External Modulation Source
Using Analog Modulation (Option UNT) Using an External Modulation Source Using an External Modulation Source Currently selected Default Rear panel inputs are described on page 13 AM, FM or ΦM inputs Removing a DC Offset To eliminate an offset in an externally applied FM or ΦM signal, perform a DCFM or DCΦM Calibration.
Page 94 Using Analog Modulation (Option UNT) Using an External Modulation Source NOTE For frequencies between 9kHz and 5 MHz, Wideband AM turns off. Figure 4-2 Wideband AM Softkey Menu AM > AM Path 1 2 WB Enables and disables the wideband AM feature. Note: If the I/Q is turned off or the I/Q source is set to internal, then the...
Page 95: Configuring The Lf Output (Option 303)
Using Analog Modulation (Option UNT) Configuring the LF Output (Option 303) Configuring the LF Output (Option 303) The signal generator has a low frequency (LF) output. The LF output’s source can be switched between an internal modulation source or an internal function generator. Using internal modulation (Int Monitor) as the LF output source, the LF output provides a replica of the signal from the internal source that is being used to modulate the RF output.
Page 96: Configuring The Lf Output With An Internal Modulation Source
Using Analog Modulation (Option UNT) Configuring the LF Output (Option 303) The RF On/Off hardkey does not apply to the LF OUTPUT connector. Configuring the LF Output with an Internal Modulation Source In this example, the internal FM modulation is the LF output source. See Figure 4- NOTE Internal modulation (Int Monitor) is the default LF output source.
Page 97: Configuring The Lf Output With A Function Generator Source
Using Analog Modulation (Option UNT) Configuring the LF Output (Option 303) Configuring the LF Output with a Function Generator Source In this example, the function generator is the LF output source. Configuring the Function Generator as the LF Output Source 1.
Page 98 Using Analog Modulation (Option UNT) Configuring the LF Output (Option 303) Agilent X-Series Signal Generators User’s Guide...
Page 99: Optimizing Performance
Optimizing Performance Before using this information, you should be familiar with the basic operation of the signal generator. If you are not comfortable with functions such as setting the power level and frequency, refer to Chapter 3, “Basic Operation,” on page 43 and familiarize yourself with the information in that chapter.
Page 100: Using The Dual Power Meter Display
Optimizing Performance Using the Dual Power Meter Display Using the Dual Power Meter Display The dual power meter display can be used to display the current frequency and power of either one or two power sensors. The display outputs the current frequency and power measured by the power sensors in the larger center display and in the upper right corner of the display.
Page 101 Optimizing Performance Using the Dual Power Meter Display Figure 5-2 Dual Power Meter Display Menu Enables the power sensor on channel A. page 88 Enables the power sensor on channel B. Channel B is configured similarly to channel A. See page 88 For details on each key, use key help as described on...
Page 102 Optimizing Performance Using the Dual Power Meter Display Figure 5-3 Configuring the Power Sensor Channels AUX Fctn > Power Meter Note: This figure illustrates channel A; channel B is similar. Measurements Enables the power meter connection type: Sockets LAN, VXI–11 LAN, or USB. Note: The VXI–11 softkey is used to communicate remotely with a power meter...
Page 103: Example: Dual Power Meter Calibration
Optimizing Performance Using the Dual Power Meter Display Example: Dual Power Meter Calibration In the following example a U2004A USB Power Sensor is connected to channel A and a N1912A P–Series Power Meter and 8482A Power Sensor are connected to channel B and are zeroed and calibrated, as required.
Page 104 Optimizing Performance Using the Dual Power Meter Display A Running Calibration(s) bar is displayed on the signal generator. Refer to Figure 5- 6 on page Figure 5-6 Running Calibration(s) Bar (Zeroing Sensor) For details on each key, use key help as described page NOTE The U2000 Series USB Power Sensor, does not require a 50 MHz calibration.
Page 105 Optimizing Performance Using the Dual Power Meter Display Figure 5-8 Channel A Power Sensor Displayed on MXG/EXG For details on each key, use key help as described page 6. On the N1912A P–Series Power Meter (Channel B power sensor): Connect the N1912A P–Series Power Meter to the LAN.
Page 106 Optimizing Performance Using the Dual Power Meter Display 13. On the signal generator: Press Channel B to On and then back to Off again. This initializes the signal generator to the external power meter. 14. Press Return > Zero Sensor A diagnostic dialog box is displayed each time an external power meter is being used and the Zero Sensor or Calibrate Sensor softkey is pressed (refer to Figure 5- 10 on page...
Page 107 Optimizing Performance Using the Dual Power Meter Display 17. Press Done Calibration progress bar is displayed. Refer to Figure 5- 12 on page Figure 5-12 Running Calibration(s) Bar (Calibrating Sensor) For details on each key, use key help as described page 18.
Page 108: Using The Power Meter Servo
Optimizing Performance Using the Power Meter Servo Using the Power Meter Servo The Power Meter Servo mode uses power meter readings to adjust the output power of the source, maintaining a constant DUT output power. The servo loop measures the output power of the DUT, compares it to the user- provided reference power, and adjusts the output of the source to achieve the user- provided power level within the settling error.
Page 109: Power Meter Servo Configuration
Optimizing Performance Using the Power Meter Servo Power Meter Servo Configuration The following procedure is a basic configuration for using the signal generator’s Power Meter Servo mode. CAUTION The configuration described below is one possible setup example. Consider the limits of your DUT and use caution to protect the DUT from being exposed to too much power.
Page 110: Example
Optimizing Performance Using the Power Meter Servo Power Meter Continuous performs the adjustment as in Once mode, and continues to adjust the power periodically if the value differs by more than the specified Settling Error. Once these parameters are set, the servo loop engages and levels the DUT’s output power. Example The following example emphasizes the importance of setting the amplitude offset, as it protects the DUT from being exposed to too much power.
Page 111: Using Flatness Correction
Optimizing Performance Using Flatness Correction Using Flatness Correction User flatness correction allows the digital adjustment of RF output amplitude for up to 1601 sequential linearly or arbitrarily spaced frequency points to compensate for external losses in cables, switches, or other devices. Using an Agilent N1911A/12A, E4419A/B, or U2000 Series power meter/sensor to calibrate the measurement system, a table of power level corrections can automatically be created for frequencies where power level variations or losses occur.
Page 112 Optimizing Performance Using Flatness Correction Figure 5-16 User Flatness Correction Softkeys For details on each key, use key help as described on page Starts the user flatness calibration. page 10 Confirm Agilent X-Series Signal Generators User’s Guide...
Page 113: Creating A User Flatness Correction Array
Optimizing Performance Using Flatness Correction Creating a User Flatness Correction Array In this example, you will create a user flatness correction array. The flatness correction array contains ten frequency correction pairs (amplitude correction values for each specified frequency), from 500 MHz to 1 GHz. An Agilent N1911A/12A or E4419A/B power meter and E4413A power sensor are used to measure the RF output amplitude at the specified correction frequencies and transfer the results to the signal generator.
Page 114 Optimizing Performance Using Flatness Correction Connect the Equipment • LAN, GPIB, or USB interface cables, • Agilent N1911A/12A or E4419A/B power meter as required • Agilent U2000A/01A/02A/04A power Sensor • adapters and cables, as required The LAN, GPIB*, and USB connections are for convenience.
Page 115 Optimizing Performance Using Flatness Correction Figure 5-17 Configure Power Meter Menu Softkeys AMPTD > More > User Flatness > Configure Power Meter Enables the power meter connection type: Sockets LAN, VXI–11 LAN, or USB. Sets the power meter’s IP address or LAN–GPIB Note: The VXI–11 softkey is gateway’s IP address used to communicate...
Page 116 Optimizing Performance Using Flatness Correction Configure the U2000A/01A/02A/04A Power Sensor 1. Connect the power sensor to the signal generator’s front panel USB port. Refer to “Connect the Equipment” on page 100. 2. Zero the power sensor using the signal generator softkeys. CAUTION Verify the signal generator RF Output power is set to the desired amplitude before performing the power meter zero.
Page 117 Optimizing Performance Using Flatness Correction else If Sockets LAN or VXI–11 LAN: Press Power Meter IP Address > power meter’s or LAN–GPIB gateway IP address > Enter. iii. If Sockets LAN: Press Power Meter IP Port > IP port > Enter. else If VXI–11: Press PM VXI–11 Device Name >...
Page 118 Optimizing Performance Using Flatness Correction 2. Connect the power meter to the RF output and enter the correction values: With a Power Meter Over LAN, GPIB, or USB Manually Create the correction values: Open the User Flatness table editor and highlight the frequency value in row 1: Press More >...
Page 119: Recalling And Applying A User Flatness Correction Array
Optimizing Performance Using Flatness Correction Recalling and Applying a User Flatness Correction Array The following example assumes that a user flatness correction array has been created and stored. If not, perform the Example: A 500 MHz to 1 GHz Flatness Correction Array with 10 Correction Values on page 102.
Page 120: Using Internal Channel Correction (N5172B/82B Only)
Optimizing Performance Using Internal Channel Correction (N5172B/82B Only) Using Internal Channel Correction (N5172B/82B Only) NOTE There is an internal calibration routine ( Factory Calibration) that collects correction data for both the baseband and RF magnitude and phase errors over the entire RF frequency and power level range on any unit with options 653, 655, 656, and 657.
Page 121 Optimizing Performance Using Internal Channel Correction (N5172B/82B Only) • If active, the ACP Internal I/Q Channel Optimization filter and the Equalization filter, will be convolved with the internal channel correction filter. A hamming window is applied and the resulting filter will be truncated to 256 taps. Agilent X-Series Signal Generators User’s Guide...
Page 122 Optimizing Performance Using Internal Channel Correction (N5172B/82B Only) Figure 5-18 Internal Channel Correction Softkeys I/Q > More Displays a menu that controls the calibration and application of the internal baseband generator RF and baseband magnitude and phase corrections across the entire baseband bandwidth.
Page 123: Configure Internal Channel Correction
Optimizing Performance Using Internal Channel Correction (N5172B/82B Only) Configure Internal Channel Correction NOTE There is an internal calibration routine (Enhanced Factory Calibration) that collects correction data for both the baseband and RF magnitude and phase errors over the entire RF frequency and power level range on any unit with options 653, 655, 656, and 657. The internal channel correction cannot be turned on until after the Enhanced Factory Calibration has been executed once.
Page 124: Using External Leveling (N5173B/83B Only)
Optimizing Performance Using External Leveling (N5173B/83B Only) Using External Leveling (N5173B/83B Only) CAUTION While operating in external leveling mode, if either the RF or the DC connection between the signal generator and the detector is broken, maximum signal generator power can occur.
Page 125 Figure 5- 20 on page 113 shows the input power versus output voltage characteristics for typical Agilent Technologies diode detectors. Using this chart, you can determine the leveled power at the diode detector input by measuring the external detector output voltage. For a coupler, you must then add the coupling factor to determine the leveled output power.
Page 126 Optimizing Performance Using External Leveling (N5173B/83B Only) that the Ext Leveling Amptd Offset functions only while external leveling is active. For more information on using the external leveling offset feature, see “Adjusting the Signal Generator Display’s Amplitude Value” on page 117.
Page 127: Option 1E1 Output Attenuator Behavior And Use
Optimizing Performance Using External Leveling (N5173B/83B Only) Figure 5-20 Typical Diode Detector Response at 25° C Option 1E1 Output Attenuator Behavior and Use When using the internal detector, the Option 1E1 output attenuator enables signal generator power levels down to −130 dBm at the RF Output connector. It accomplishes this by adding attenuation to the output signal after the ALC detection circuit.
Page 128: Configure External Leveling
Optimizing Performance Using External Leveling (N5173B/83B Only) feedback for the detection circuit has been moved beyond the output attenuator. Because the attenuator no longer affects the amplitude of the output signal, the output amplitude is determined by only the Set ALC Level softkey. With external leveling selected, the signal generator enables attenuator hold and the power range approximates the range of a standard option (no attenuator) signal generator (see the Data Sheet).
Page 129 Optimizing Performance Using External Leveling (N5173B/83B Only) Recommended Equipment • Agilent 8474E negative detector • Agilent 87301D directional coupler • cables and adapters, as required Figure 5-21 Typical External Leveling Setup using a Directional Coupler Negative Detector ALC INPUT Leveled Signal RF OUTPUT Signal Generator Coupler...
Page 130 Optimizing Performance Using External Leveling (N5173B/83B Only) With external leveling and Option 1E1, the signal generator’s power range approximates that of a standard option instrument (no Option 1E1). But Option 1E1 does let you use the attenuator to drive the ALC to its mid–power point when using amplitude values less than 0 dBm. However adding attenuation does decrease the upper range limit.
Page 131 Optimizing Performance Using External Leveling (N5173B/83B Only) Adjusting the Signal Generator Display’s Amplitude Value When using external leveling, the signal generator’s displayed amplitude value will not match the leveled power of the signal at the output of the coupler/splitter. To compensate for this difference, the signal generator provides two methods for configuring the displayed power value so that it closely matches the measured value at the output of the coupler/splitter.
Page 132: Using Unleveled Operating Modes
Optimizing Performance Using Unleveled Operating Modes Using Unleveled Operating Modes Figure 5-22 Power Search and ALC Off Softkeys Auto: The calibration routine executes whenever output frequency or amplitude changes. Only available when I/Q is on. Span: Pressing Do Power Search executes the power search calibration routine once over a selected frequency range.
Page 133: Alc Off Mode
Optimizing Performance Using Unleveled Operating Modes ALC Off Mode Turning ALC off deactivates the signal generator’s automatic leveling circuitry. Turning ALC off is useful when the modulation consists of very narrow pulses that are below the pulse width specification of the ALC or when up converting external IQ signals and the modulation consists of slow amplitude variations or bursts that the automatic leveling would remove or distort.
Page 134 Optimizing Performance Using Unleveled Operating Modes • Fixed – Reference level is 0.5 Vrms. This reference functions with internal, external IQ and bursted signals. This is the instrument’s default setting. • RMS – User provided reference level 0–1.414 Vrms placed in the Waveform Header. Refer to “Saving a Waveform’s Settings &...
Page 135 Optimizing Performance Using Unleveled Operating Modes The FIXED, RMS, and MANUAL references use a DAC to apply the reference voltage and do not require the IQ signal to be present. NOTE The MXG/EXG reference voltage is designed to operate between 0.1 Vrms to 1 Vrms nominally, but it can overrange to 1.414 Vrms.
Page 136: Using An Output Offset, Reference, Or Multiplier
Optimizing Performance Using an Output Offset, Reference, or Multiplier Using an Output Offset, Reference, or Multiplier Setting an Output Offset Using an output offset, the signal generator can output a frequency or amplitude that is offset (positive or negative) from the entered value. RF Output = entered value −...
Page 137: Setting An Output Reference
Optimizing Performance Using an Output Offset, Reference, or Multiplier Antenna tuned to 1321 MHz RF Amplifier Mixer IF Amplifier Filter IF Output IF = 321 MHz 321 MHz Output Frequency = 1000 MHz Selected Offset SIgnal Generator Display 321 MHz 1321 MHz (Antenna Frequency) −679 MHz Signal Generator...
Page 138: Setting A Frequency Multiplier
Optimizing Performance Using an Output Offset, Reference, or Multiplier Example Example Example Parameter Comments The signal generator alerts you if the output frequency or Output Frequency: 52 MHz 48 MHz 1 GHz amplitude is out of range. To set a new frequency or amplitude reference, turn the frequency reference off, and then follow the steps above.
Page 139 Optimizing Performance Using an Output Offset, Reference, or Multiplier Example Example Example Parameter Comments The signal generator alerts you if the output frequency is Output Frequency: 200 MHz 200 MHz 2 GHz out of range. When using the signal generator as the input to a system, you can set the frequency multiplier so that the signal generator displays the output of the system, as illustrated below using a doubler: Signal Generator Doubler...
Page 140: Using The Frequency And Phase Reference Softkeys
Optimizing Performance Using the Frequency and Phase Reference Softkeys Using the Frequency and Phase Reference Softkeys The MXG/EXG can be set to have either a user- determined frequency or phase reference. Figure 5-25 Frequency Reference and Frequency Offset Softkeys Using Free Run, Step Dwell, and Timer Trigger Free Run, Step Dwell (time), and Timer Trigger can be used to adjust the time spent at any point in a Step Sweep or a List Sweep.
Page 141 Optimizing Performance Using Free Run, Step Dwell, and Timer Trigger depending on options) plus the minimum settled time that is needed to make the measurement. If the measurement requires external equipment synchronization, consider using hardware triggers. Figure 5-26 Free Run, Set Dwell, and Timer Trigger Softkeys Sweep >...
Page 142: Using A Usb Keyboard
Optimizing Performance Using a USB Keyboard Using a USB Keyboard You can use a USB keyboard to remotely control the RF output state, the modulation state, and to select a memory sequence and register. The register selection, RF output state, and modulation state are affected by power cycle or preset, but the USB keyboard control state and the sequence selection are not.
Page 143 Using Pulse Modulation (Option UNW or 320) Before using this information, you should be familiar with the basic operation of the signal generator. If you are not comfortable with functions such as setting the power level and frequency, refer to Chapter 3, “Basic Operation,”...
Page 144: Using Pulse Modulation (Option Unw Or 320)
Using Pulse Modulation (Option UNW or 320) Figure 6-1 Pulse Softkeys Note: Pulse Period page 133 and Pulse Width are not available when page 133 Pulse Train is selected as the Pulse Source. page 135 These softkeys are Low = settled only available when the Pulse–Source is Latency from the external...
Page 145: Pulse Characteristics
Using Pulse Modulation (Option UNW or 320) Pulse Characteristics Pulse Characteristics NOTE When using very narrow pulses that are below the signal generator’s ALC pulse width specification, or leveled pulses with an unusually long duty cycle, it is often useful to turn ALC off (see page 119).
Page 146 Using Pulse Modulation (Option UNW or 320) Pulse Characteristics Rear panel inputs are described on page 13 External pulse input Figure 6-2 Adjustable Doublet External Trigger RF Output Pulse 1 Pulse 1 Delay Width The delay of the first pulse is measured from the leading edge of the external trigger signal.
Page 147: The Basic Procedure
Using Pulse Modulation (Option UNW or 320) The Basic Procedure The Basic Procedure 1. Preset the signal generator. 2. Set the carrier (RF) frequency. 3. Set the RF amplitude. 4. Configure the modulation: a. Set the pulse source: Press Pulse > Pulse Source > selection b.
Page 148 Using Pulse Modulation (Option UNW or 320) Example 4. Set the pulse period to 100 microseconds: Press Pulse > Pulse Period > 100 > usec. 5. Set the pulse width to 24 microseconds: Press Pulse > Pulse Width > 24 > usec 6.
Page 149: Pulse Train (Option 320 - Requires: Option Unw)
Using Pulse Modulation (Option UNW or 320) Pulse Train (Option 320 – Requires: Option UNW) Pulse Train (Option 320 – Requires: Option UNW) The Option 320 Pulse Train feature enables the specification of up to 2047 independent pulse cycles, each of which has an “On Time”, during which the RF output is measurable at the RF output connector, and an "Off Time", during which the RF output is attenuated.
Page 150 Using Pulse Modulation (Option UNW or 320) Pulse Train (Option 320 – Requires: Option UNW) Figure 6-5 Edit Pulse Train Menu Softkeys For details on each key, use key help as described on page These softkeys provide Pulse > Pulse Source > More > Pulse Train > Edit Pulse Train ease of use in changing the pulse cycle settings in the pulse train.
Page 151 Using Pulse Modulation (Option UNW or 320) Pulse Train (Option 320 – Requires: Option UNW) Figure 6-6 Display Pulse Train Menu Softkeys Pulse > Pulse Source > More > Pulse Train > Edit Pulse Train > Display Pulse Train This softkey shifts the time offset from the left hand side of the display to the one specified.
Page 152 Using Pulse Modulation (Option UNW or 320) Pulse Train (Option 320 – Requires: Option UNW) Figure 6-7 Pulse Train: Import From Selected File Softkeys For details on each key, use key help as described on page Pulse > Pulse Source > More > Pulse Train > Edit Pulse Train > More page 65 These softkeys delete individual On Time or Off...
Page 153 Using Pulse Modulation (Option UNW or 320) Pulse Train (Option 320 – Requires: Option UNW) Figure 6-8 Pulse Train: Export to File Softkeys Note: Files can be FTP’d to the BIN (Binary) folder in the instrument, or a USB stick can be used to download the files to the instrument. Refer to page Pulse >...
Page 154 Using Pulse Modulation (Option UNW or 320) Pulse Train (Option 320 – Requires: Option UNW) Agilent X-Series Signal Generators User’s Guide...
Page 155: Basic Digital Operation-No Bbg Option Installed
Basic Digital Operation—No BBG Option Installed Before using this information, you should be familiar with the basic operation of the signal generator. If you are not comfortable with functions such as setting power level and frequency, refer to Chapter 3, “Basic Operation,” on page 43 and familiarize yourself with the information in that chapter.
Page 156: I/Q Modulation
Basic Digital Operation—No BBG Option Installed I/Q Modulation I/Q Modulation The following factors contribute to the error vector magnitude: • Differences in amplitude, phase, and delay between the I and Q channels • DC offsets The I/Q menu provides adjustments and calibration to compensate for some of the differences in the I and Q signals or to add impairments.
Page 157: Configuring The Front Panel Inputs
Basic Digital Operation—No BBG Option Installed I/Q Modulation The following table shows common uses for the adjustments. Table 7-1 I/Q Adjustments Uses I/Q Adjustment Effect Impairment Offset Carrier Feedthrough dc offset EVM error phase skew Quadrature Angle I/Q Images I/Q path delay Configuring the Front Panel Inputs The MXG/EXG accepts externally supplied analog I and Q signals through the front panel I Input and Q Input for modulating onto the carrier.
Page 158 Basic Digital Operation—No BBG Option Installed I/Q Modulation Agilent X-Series Signal Generators User’s Guide...
Page 159: Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657)
Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Before using this information, you should be familiar with the basic operation of the signal generator. If you are not comfortable with functions such as setting power level and frequency, refer to Chapter 3, “Basic Operation,” on page 43 and familiarize yourself with the information in that chapter.
Page 160: Waveform File Basics
Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Waveform File Basics Waveform File Basics There are two types of waveform files: • A segment is a waveform file that you download to the signal generator. For information on creating and downloading waveform files, refer to the Programming Guide. •...
Page 161 Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Waveform File Basics Figure 8-1 Dual ARB Softkeys If you set the ARB sample clock when the dual ARB is off, the new setting is applied when the dual ARB player is turned on; this setting survives toggling the Dual ARB player off and on.
Page 162: Storing, Loading, And Playing A Waveform Segment
Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Storing, Loading, and Playing a Waveform Segment Storing, Loading, and Playing a Waveform Segment NOTE The MXG/EXG’s ARB Waveform File Cache is limited to 128 files. Consequently, once the 128 file cache limit has been reached, the waveform switching speed will be much slower for additional files loaded into the volatile waveform memory (BBG).
Page 163: Storing/Renaming A Waveform Segment To Internal Or Usb Media
Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Storing, Loading, and Playing a Waveform Segment 2. Press Load Store to highlight Load, then use the arrow keys to highlight the desired waveform segment. 3. If there is already a copy of this segment in the currently selected media and you do not want to overwrite it, rename the waveform segment before you load it (refer to the previous procedure).
Page 164 Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Storing, Loading, and Playing a Waveform Segment Annunciators display with active waveform (ARB On) Current waveform selection 5. Configure the RF Output: Set the RF carrier frequency and amplitude, and turn on the RF output. The waveform segment is now available at the signal generator’s RF Output connector.
Page 165: Waveform Sequences
Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Waveform Sequences Waveform Sequences Figure 8-3 Waveform Sequence Softkeys Sequence name To display this softkey, select a waveform sequence. Mode > Dual ARB Sequence contents page 174 For details on each key, use key help as described on page A waveform sequence is a file that contains pointers to one or more waveform segments or other...
Page 166: Creating A Sequence
Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Waveform Sequences Creating a Sequence A waveform sequence can contain up to 1,024 segments and have both segments and other sequences (nested sequences). The signal generator lets you set the number of times the segments and nested sequences repeat during play back.
Page 167: Viewing The Contents Of A Sequence
Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Waveform Sequences 3. Name and store the waveform sequence to the Seq file catalog: a. Press More > Name and Store. b. Enter a file name and press Enter. See also, “Viewing the Contents of a Sequence” on page 153 “Setting Marker Points in a Waveform Segment”...
Page 168: Playing A Sequence
Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Waveform Sequences 2. Change the first segment so that it repeats 100 times: Highlight the first segment entry and press Edit Repetitions > 100 > Enter. The cursor moves to the next entry. 3. Change the repetition for the selected entry to 200: Press Edit Repetitions >...
Page 169: Saving A Waveform's Settings & Parameters
Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Saving a Waveform’s Settings & Parameters 2. Generate the waveform: Press ARB Off On to On. This plays the selected waveform sequence. During the waveform sequence generation, both the I/Q and ARB annunciators turn on, and the waveform modulates the RF carrier. 3.
Page 170 Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Saving a Waveform’s Settings & Parameters All settings in this menu can be stored to the file header (Table 8-1 on page 156 lists all settings stored in a file header) Softkey label, file header setting The Runtime Scaling softkey is...
Page 171: Viewing And Modifying Header Information
Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Saving a Waveform’s Settings & Parameters Table 8-1 File Header Entries (Continued) RF Blank Routing Which marker, if any, implements the RF blanking function (described on page 172) when the marker signal is low. RF blanking also uses ALC hold. There is no need to select the ALC Hold Routing for the same marker when you are using the RF Blank Routing function.
Page 172 Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Saving a Waveform’s Settings & Parameters The Current Inst. Settings column shows the current signal generator settings. In this example, these are the settings that you will save to the file header. NOTE If a setting is unspecified in the file header, the signal generator uses its current value for that setting when you select and play the waveform.
Page 173: Viewing & Editing A Header Without Selecting The Waveform
Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Saving a Waveform’s Settings & Parameters d. Return to the Header Utilities menu: Press Return > More > Header Utilities. As shown in the following figure, the Current Inst. Settings column now reflects the changes to the current signal generator setup, but the saved header values have not changed. Values differ between the two columns e.
Page 174 Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Saving a Waveform’s Settings & Parameters Active catalog Active media Active waveform catalog Type: Catalogs that enable you to WFM1 = Volatile Segment view files in the active media. NVWFM = Non–Volatile Segment For details on selecting the SEQ = Sequence active media, see page...
Page 175: Using Waveform Markers
Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Using Waveform Markers Using Waveform Markers The signal generator provides four waveform markers to mark specific points on a waveform segment. When the signal generator encounters an enabled marker, an auxiliary signal is routed to a rear panel event output that corresponds to the marker number.
Page 176: Waveform Marker Concepts
Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Using Waveform Markers Waveform Marker Concepts The signal generator’s Dual ARB provides four waveform markers for use on a waveform segment. You can set each marker’s polarity and marker points (on a single sample point or over a range of sample points).
Page 177 Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Using Waveform Markers ALC Hold Marker Function While you can set a marker function (described as Marker Routing on the softkey label) either before or after you set marker points (page 168), setting a marker function before setting marker points may cause power spikes or loss of power at the RF output.
Page 178 Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Using Waveform Markers Example of Correct Use Waveform: 1022 points Marker range: 95–97 Marker polarity: Positive This example shows a marker set to sample the waveform’s area of highest amplitude. Note that the marker is set well before the waveform’s area of lowest amplitude.
Page 179 Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Using Waveform Markers Example of Incorrect Use Waveform: 1022 points Marker range: 110–1022 Marker polarity: Negative This figure shows that a negative polarity marker goes low during the marker on points; the marker signal goes high during the off Marker Marker On Marker On...
Page 180: Accessing Marker Utilities
Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Using Waveform Markers Accessing Marker Utilities For details on each key, use key help Mode > Dual ARB > More > Marker Utilities as described on page The settings in these menus can be stored to the file header, see page 155.
Page 181: Viewing Waveform Segment Markers
Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Using Waveform Markers Viewing Waveform Segment Markers Markers are applied to waveform segments. Use the following steps to view the markers set for a segment (this example uses the factory–supplied segment, SINE_TEST_WFM). 166), press Marker Utilities > Set Markers. 1.
Page 182: Setting Marker Points In A Waveform Segment
Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Using Waveform Markers Press Last Mkr Point > 17 > Enter > Apply To Waveform > Return. This turns off all marker points for the active marker within the range set in Steps 2 and 3, as shown at right.
Page 183 Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Using Waveform Markers Placing a Marker on a Single Point On the First Point 1. In the second Arb menu (page 166), press Marker Utilities > Set Markers. 2. Highlight the desired waveform segment. 3. Select the desired marker number: Press Marker 1 2 3 4.
Page 184 Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Using Waveform Markers This causes the marker to occur on every other point (one sample point is skipped) within the marker point range, as shown at right. How to view markers is described on page 167.
Page 185: Viewing A Marker Pulse
Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Using Waveform Markers Viewing a Marker Pulse When a waveform plays (page 154), you can detect a set and enabled marker’s pulse at the rear panel event connector/Aux I/O pin that corresponds to that marker number. This example demonstrates how to view a marker pulse generated by a waveform segment that has at least one marker point set (page...
Page 186: Using The Rf Blanking Marker Function
Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Using Waveform Markers Using the RF Blanking Marker Function While you can set a marker function (described as Marker Routing on the softkey label in the Marker Utilities menu) either before or after setting the marker points (page 168), setting a marker function before you set marker points may change the RF output.
Page 187 Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Using Waveform Markers Marker Polarity = Positive When marker polarity is positive (the default RF Signal RF Signal setting), the RF output is blanked during the off marker points. ≈ 3.3V Marker Point 1 Segment Marker Polarity = Negative When marker polarity is negative, the RF Signal...
Page 188: Setting Marker Polarity
Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Using Waveform Markers Setting Marker Polarity Setting a negative marker polarity inverts the marker signal. 1. In second Arb menu (page 166), press Marker Utilities > Marker Polarity. 2. For each marker, set the marker polarity as desired. •...
Page 189 Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Using Waveform Markers Figure 8-6 Waveform Sequence Menus for Enabling/Disabling Segment Markers Mode > Dual ARB > More Note: This is the second Arb menu. Enable/Disable markers while creating a waveform sequence Edit a sequence to enable/disable markers For details on each key, use key help as described on...
Page 190 Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Using Waveform Markers Enabling and Disabling Markers in a Waveform Sequence Select the waveform segments within a waveform sequence to enable or disable each segment’s markers independently. You can enable or disable the markers either at the time of creating the sequence or after the sequence has been created and stored.
Page 191: Using The Event Output Signal As An Instrument Trigger
Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Using Waveform Markers Using the EVENT Output Signal as an Instrument Trigger For details on each key, use key help as described on page One of the uses for the EVENT output signal (marker signal) is to trigger a measurement instrument.
Page 192: Triggering A Waveform
Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Triggering a Waveform Triggering a Waveform Figure 8-7 Triggering Softkeys Mode > Dual ARB page 179 page 180 For details on each key, use key help as described on page Triggers control data transmission by controlling when the signal generator transmits the modulating signal.
Page 193: Trigger Type
Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Triggering a Waveform Trigger Type Type defines the trigger mode: how the waveform plays when triggered. NOTE The example below shows Dual ARB Mode, but trigger functionality is similar for other modulation modes. Available trigger types vary depending on the modulation mode selected. Mode >...
Page 194: Trigger Source
Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Triggering a Waveform • Segment Advance mode plays a segment in a sequence only if triggered. The trigger source controls segment–to–segment playing (see Example: Segment Advance Triggering on page 181). A trigger received during the last segment loops play to the first segment in the sequence. •...
Page 195: Example: Segment Advance Triggering
Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Triggering a Waveform Example: Segment Advance Triggering Segment advance triggering enables you to control the segment playback within a waveform sequence. This type of triggering ignores the repetition value (page 153). For example if a segment has repetition value of 50 and you select Single as the segment advance triggering mode, the segment still plays only once.
Page 196: Example: Gated Triggering
Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Triggering a Waveform Example: Gated Triggering Gated triggering enables you to define the on and off states of a modulating waveform. 1. Connect the output of a function generator to the signal generator’s rear panel PAT TRIG IN connector, as shown in the following figure.
Page 197 Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Triggering a Waveform 7. On the function generator, configure a TTL signal for the external gating trigger. 8. (Optional) Monitor the waveform: Configure the oscilloscope to display both the output of the signal generator, and the external triggering signal.
Page 198: Example: External Triggering
Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Triggering a Waveform Example: External Triggering Use the following example to set the signal generator to output a modulated RF signal 100 milliseconds after a change in TTL state from low to high occurs at the PATT TRIG IN rear panel BNC connector 1.
Page 199: Clipping A Waveform
Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Clipping a Waveform Clipping a Waveform Digitally modulated signals with high power peaks can cause intermodulation distortion, resulting in spectral regrowth that can interfere with signals in adjacent frequency bands. The clipping function enables you to reduce high power peaks by clipping the I and Q data to a selected percentage of its highest peak, thereby reducing spectral regrowth.
Page 200: How Power Peaks Develop
Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Clipping a Waveform How Power Peaks Develop To see how clipping reduces high power peaks, it is important to understand how the peaks develop as you construct a signal. Multiple Channel Summing I/Q waveforms can be the summation of multiple channels, as shown in the following figure. If a bit in the same state (high or low) occurs simultaneously in several individual channel waveforms, an unusually high power peak (positive or negative) occurs in the summed waveform.
Page 201 Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Clipping a Waveform Combining the I and Q Waveforms When the I and Q waveforms combine in the I/Q modulator to create an RF waveform, the magnitude of the RF envelope is , where the squaring of I and Q always results in a positive value. As shown in the following figure, simultaneous positive and negative peaks in the I and Q waveforms do not cancel each other, but combine to create an even greater peak.
Page 202: How Peaks Cause Spectral Regrowth
Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Clipping a Waveform How Peaks Cause Spectral Regrowth In a waveform, high power peaks that occur infrequently cause the waveform to have a high peak–to–average power ratio, as illustrated in the following figure. Because the gain of a transmitter’s power amplifier is set to provide a specific average power, high peaks can cause the power amplifier to move toward saturation.
Page 203: How Clipping Reduces Peak-To-Average Power
Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Clipping a Waveform How Clipping Reduces Peak–to–Average Power You can reduce peak–to–average power, and consequently spectral regrowth, by clipping the waveform. Clipping limits waveform power peaks by clipping the I and Q data to a selected percentage of its highest peak.
Page 204 Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Clipping a Waveform Figure 8-10 Rectangular Clipping Agilent X-Series Signal Generators User’s Guide...
Page 205 Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Clipping a Waveform Figure 8-11 Reduction of Peak–to–Average Power Agilent X-Series Signal Generators User’s Guide...
Page 206: Configuring Circular Clipping
Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Clipping a Waveform Configuring Circular Clipping Use this example to configure circular clipping and observe its affect on the peak–to–average power ratio of a waveform. Circular clipping clips the composite I/Q data (I and Q data are clipped equally). For more information about circular clipping, refer to “How Clipping Reduces Peak–to–Average Power”...
Page 207: Configuring Rectangular Clipping
Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Clipping a Waveform Configuring Rectangular Clipping Use this example to configure rectangular clipping. Rectangular clipping clips the I and Q data independently. For more information about rectangular clipping, refer to “How Clipping Reduces Peak–to–Average Power” on page 189.
Page 208: Scaling A Waveform
Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Scaling a Waveform Scaling a Waveform The signal generator uses an interpolation algorithm (sampling between the I/Q data points) when reconstructing a waveform. For common waveforms, this interpolation can cause overshoots, which may create a DAC over–range error condition. This chapter describes how DAC over–range errors occur and how you can use waveform scaling to eliminate these errors.
Page 209: How Dac Over-Range Errors Occur
Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Scaling a Waveform How DAC Over–Range Errors Occur The signal generator uses an interpolator filter when it converts digital I and Q baseband waveforms to analog waveforms. Because the clock rate of the interpolator is four times that of the baseband clock, the interpolator calculates sample points between the incoming baseband samples and smooths...
Page 210: How Scaling Eliminates Dac Over-Range Errors
Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Scaling a Waveform How Scaling Eliminates DAC Over–Range Errors Scaling reduces the amplitude of the baseband waveform while maintaining its basic shape and characteristics, such as peak–to–average power ratio. If the fast–rising baseband waveform is scaled enough to allow an adequate margin for the interpolator filter overshoot, the interpolator filter can calculate sample points that include...
Page 211: Setting Waveform Runtime Scaling
Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Scaling a Waveform Setting Waveform Runtime Scaling Runtime scaling scales the waveform data during playback; it does not affect the stored data. You can apply runtime scaling to either a segment or sequence, and set the scaling value either while the ARB is on or off.
Page 212: Setting Waveform Scaling
Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Scaling a Waveform Setting Waveform Scaling Waveform scaling differs from waveform runtime scaling in that it permanently affects waveform data and only applies to waveform segments stored in BBG media. You scale the waveform either up or down as a percentage of the DAC full scale (100%).
Page 213 Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Scaling a Waveform Apply Scaling to the Copied Waveform File CAUTION This type of scaling is non–reversible. Any data lost in the scaling operation cannot be restored. Save a copy of the waveform file before scaling. 1.
Page 214: Setting The Baseband Frequency Offset
Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Setting the Baseband Frequency Offset Setting the Baseband Frequency Offset The baseband frequency offset specifies a value to shift the baseband frequency up to ±50 MHz within the BBG 100 MHz signal bandwidth, depending on the signal generator’s baseband generator option.
Page 215 Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Setting the Baseband Frequency Offset NOTE Changing the baseband frequency offset may cause a DAC over range condition that generates error 628, Baseband Generator DAC over range. The signal generator incorporates an automatic scaling feature to minimize this occurrence. For more information, “DAC Over–Range Conditions and Scaling”...
Page 216: Dac Over-Range Conditions And Scaling
Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Setting the Baseband Frequency Offset Modulated carrier with 0 Hz Modulated carrier with 20 MHz Modulated RF signal baseband frequency offset baseband frequency offset LO/carrier feedthrough Spectrum analyzer set to a span of 100 MHz DAC Over–Range Conditions and Scaling When using the baseband frequency offset (at a setting other than 0 Hz), it is possible to create a DAC over–range condition, which causes the Agilent MXG/EXG to generate an error.
Page 217 Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Setting the Baseband Frequency Offset Figure 8-14 Dual ARB DAC Over–Range Protection Softkey Location When the DAC over–range protection is off, eliminate over–range conditions by decreasing the scaling value (see “Setting Waveform Runtime Scaling” on page 197).
Page 218: I/Q Modulation
Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) I/Q Modulation I/Q Modulation The following factors contribute to the error vector magnitude: • Differences in amplitude, phase, and delay between the I and Q channels • DC offsets The I/Q menu not only enables you to select the I/Q signal source and output, it also provides adjustments and calibrations to compensate for differences in the I and Q signals.
Page 219 Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) I/Q Modulation Figure 8-15 I/Q Display and Softkeys This panel displays the current status and settings of the I/Q adjustments. Use the Page Up and Page Down keys to scroll through these This panel displays the current parameters.
Page 220: Using The Rear Panel I And Q Outputs
Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) I/Q Modulation Using the Rear Panel I and Q Outputs NOTE The rear panel I and Q connectors only output a signal while using the internal BBG. In addition to modulating the carrier, the signal generator also routes the internally generated I and Q signals to the rear panel I and Q connectors.
Page 221: Configuring The Front Panel Inputs
Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) I/Q Modulation Configuring the Front Panel Inputs The signal generator accepts externally supplied analog I and Q signals through the front panel I Input and Q Input. You can use the external signals as the modulating source, or sum the external signals with the internal baseband generator signals.
Page 222: I/Q Adjustments
Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) I/Q Adjustments I/Q Adjustments Use the I/Q Adjustments to compensate for or add impairments to the I/Q signal. Adjusts the I signal amplitude relative to the Q signal amplitude. Use this as an internal The DC offset values are calibrated relative to impairment, or to compensate for differences in the RMS waveform voltage being played out of signal path loss that occur due to path irregularities...
Page 223 Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) I/Q Adjustments Table 8-2 I/Q Adjustments Uses I/Q Adjustment Effect Impairment Offset Carrier feedthrough dc offset EVM error phase skew Quadrature Angle I/Q images I/Q path delay high sample rate phase I/Q Skew EVM error skew or I/Q path delay I/Q Gain Balance I/Q amplitude difference...
Page 224: I/Q Calibration
Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) I/Q Calibration I/Q Calibration Use the I/Q calibration for I and Q signal corrections. What aspects of the I and Q signal is corrected depends on whether the signal is internally or externally generated. Correction Internal I and Q External I and Q Offset...
Page 225 Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) I/Q Calibration DC optimizes the I/Q performance for the current instrument settings, and typically completes in several seconds. Changing any instrument setting after performing I/Q > I/Q Calibration a DC calibration voids the DC calibration and causes the signal generator to revert to the user calibration data (or factory-supplied calibration data, if no user calibration data exists)
Page 226: Using The Equalization Filter
Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Using the Equalization Filter Using the Equalization Filter An equalization FIR file can be created externally, uploaded via SCPI, and subsequently selected from the file system (refer to “Working with Files” on page 61). For information related to downloading FIR file coefficients, refer to the Programming Guide.
Page 227 Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Using the Equalization Filter Figure 8-16 Int Equalization Filter Softkeys For details on each key, use key help I/Q > More as described on page Enables the internal equalization filter. Opens a file catalog of FIR filters to select as the equalization filter. Equalization filters are typically complex and must have an oversample ratio of 1.
Page 228: Using Finite Impulse Response (Fir) Filters In The Dual Arb Real-Time Modulation Filter
Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Using Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filters in the Dual ARB Real-Time Modulation Filter Using Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filters in the Dual ARB Real-Time Modulation Filter Finite Impulse Response filters can be used to compress single carrier I/Q waveforms down to just the I/Q constellation points and then define the transitions similar to the modulation filter in Arb Custom (refer to “Using Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filters with Custom Modulation”...
Page 229: Creating A User-Defined Fir Filter Using The Fir Table Editor
Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Using Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filters in the Dual ARB Real-Time Modulation Filter Creating a User–Defined FIR Filter Using the FIR Table Editor In this procedure, you use the FIR Values table editor to create and store an 8–symbol, windowed sync function filter with an oversample ratio of 4.
Page 230 Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Using Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filters in the Dual ARB Real-Time Modulation Filter 3. Use the numeric keypad to type the first value (−0.000076) from Table 8- 3. As you press the numeric keys, the numbers are displayed in the active entry area. (If you make a mistake, you can correct it using the backspace key.) 4.
Page 231 Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Using Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filters in the Dual ARB Real-Time Modulation Filter Duplicating the First 16 Coefficients Using Mirror Table In a windowed sinc function filter, the second half of the coefficients are identical to the first half in reverse order.
Page 232 Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Using Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filters in the Dual ARB Real-Time Modulation Filter Setting the Oversample Ratio NOTE Modulation filters are real and have an oversample ratio (OSR) of two or greater. Equalization filters are typically complex and must have an OSR of one (refer to “Using the Equalization Filter”...
Page 233 Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Using Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filters in the Dual ARB Real-Time Modulation Filter Figure 8-20 For details on each key, use key help as described on page 2. Press Return. 3. Press Display Impulse Response. Refer to Figure 8- Figure 8-21...
Page 234: Modifying A Fir Filter Using The Fir Table Editor
Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Modifying a FIR Filter Using the FIR Table Editor Figure 8-22 These keys manage the table of DMOD files in internal storage. Catalog displays FIR files that For details on each key, use key help as described on page have been previously saved by the user.
Page 235: Loading The Default Gaussian Fir File
Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Modifying a FIR Filter Using the FIR Table Editor Loading the Default Gaussian FIR File Figure 8-23 Loading the Default Gaussian FIR File Mode > Dual ARB > Arb Setup > More > Real-Time For details on each key, use key help as described on page Modulation Filter These softkeys select a...
Page 236: Modifying The Coefficients
Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Modifying a FIR Filter Using the FIR Table Editor Figure 8-24 For details on each key, use key help as described on page 7. Press Return. Modifying the Coefficients 1. Using the front panel arrow keys, highlight coefficient 15. 2.
Page 237: Storing The Filter To Memory
Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Modifying a FIR Filter Using the FIR Table Editor Storing the Filter to Memory The maximum file name length is 23 characters (alphanumeric and special characters). 1. Press Return > Return > Load/Store > Store To File. 2.
Page 238: Setting The Real-Time Modulation Filter
Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Setting the Real-Time Modulation Filter Setting the Real-Time Modulation Filter The real- time modulation filter effectively compresses a single carrier I/Q waveform down to just the I/Q constellation points and then controls the transitions similar to the modulation filter in Arb Custom modulation.
Page 239: Multiple Baseband Generator Synchronization
Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Multiple Baseband Generator Synchronization Common uses for the real- time modulation feature include: • Where the single carrier rectangular ideal I/Q symbol decision points are known and are to have an over- sampled filter applied. •...
Page 240 Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Multiple Baseband Generator Synchronization Figure 8-27 Multiple Baseband Generator Synchronization (BBG Synchronization) Trigger Softkeys and Menu Location Note: The BBG sync feature automatically configures the trigger settings shown below. To avoid a settings conflict error in this process, manually configure the trigger settings prior to setting the BBG sync parameters shown on page 227.
Page 241 Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Multiple Baseband Generator Synchronization Figure 8-28 Multiple BBG Synchronization Front Panel Displays Mode > Dual ARB > Arb Setup > More > Multi-BBG Sync Setup Master Display and Available Softkeys Select Off, Master, or Slave This is a persistent setting that survives both preset and cycling the power.
Page 242: Understanding The Master/Slave System
Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Multiple Baseband Generator Synchronization Understanding the Master/Slave System System Delay The multiple BBG synchronization feature provides a system for synchronizing the waveform generation capability of up to 16 signal generators to within a characteristic value of ± 8 ns between the master and the last slave.
Page 243: Equipment Setup
Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Multiple Baseband Generator Synchronization generation, appropriately configure the trigger settings prior to selecting a signal generator as the master or slave. The system trigger propagates in the same manner as the synchronization pulse initiated by the master (see System Synchronization).
Page 244 Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Multiple Baseband Generator Synchronization 4. Except for triggering, set the desired waveform parameters such as markers and sample clock. The baseband synchronization feature limits the trigger selections for both the master and slaves. If the current trigger settings include unsupported BBG synchronization parameters, the Agilent MXG/EXG generates a settings conflict error and changes the trigger settings.
Page 245: Making Changes To The Multiple Synchronization Setup And Resynchronizing The Master/Slave System
Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Multiple Baseband Generator Synchronization 1. On the master, press the Sync Slaves softkey. NOTE All of the signal generators in the master/slave system must be resynchronized when any changes are made to the master/slave settings or with the addition of a slave instrument, even if In Sync appears after pressing the Listen for Sync softkey on the slave instruments.
Page 246: Understanding Option 012 (Lo In/Out For Phase Coherency) With Multiple Baseband Generator Synchronization
Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Understanding Option 012 (LO In/Out for Phase Coherency) with Multiple Baseband Generator Synchronization Understanding Option 012 (LO In/Out for Phase Coherency) with Multiple Baseband Generator Synchronization NOTE This section assumes that the previous section on Multiple Baseband Generator Synchronization has been read and understood.
Page 247 Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Understanding Option 012 (LO In/Out for Phase Coherency) with Multiple Baseband Generator Synchronization Table 8-5 Option 012 (LO In/Out for Phase Coherency) Equipment MIMO Configuration Cable Length Notes Part As required SMA flexible cables are connected from the power splitter outputs to the LO inputs on the rear panel of both the master and the slave MXG/EXGs.
Page 248 Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Understanding Option 012 (LO In/Out for Phase Coherency) with Multiple Baseband Generator Synchronization 2x2 MIMO (LO In/Out for Phase Coherency) Configuration For the 2x2 MIMO (LO In/Out for phase coherency) setup, the LO from the master MXG/EXG can be run through a power splitter and used as the LO input to both the master and the slave signal generators.
Page 249 Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Understanding Option 012 (LO In/Out for Phase Coherency) with Multiple Baseband Generator Synchronization Figure 8-31 3x3 and 4x4 MIMO (LO In/Out for Phase Coherency) Equipment Setup Note: A SMA flexible cable is recommended for the input to the 4–way splitter connections to the LO IN and LO OUT of the instruments with Option 012 (see page 232).
Page 250: Real-Time Applications
Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Real-Time Applications Real-Time Applications The Agilent X- Series signal generators provide access to several real- time applications for signal creation. Figure 8-32 Real-Time Applications Softkeys page 146 page 316 page 316 page 251 page 369 page 310 page 178 Licensed Signal Studio applications are displayed here.
Page 251: Waveform Licensing
Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Waveform Licensing Waveform Licensing Waveform licensing enables you to license waveforms that you generate and download from any Signal Studio application for unlimited playback in a signal generator. Each licensing option (221- 229) allows you to permanently license up to five waveforms or (250- 259) allows you to permanently license up to 50 waveforms of your choice (i.e.
Page 252 Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Waveform Licensing Waveform Licensing Softkeys Overview Figure 8-33 Waveform Licensing Softkeys Mode > Dual ARB > More Note: Waveforms licensed with Option 2xx cannot be exchanged for other waveforms. Once a waveform is locked into a license slot, that license is permanent and cannot be revoked or replaced.
Page 253 Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Waveform Licensing Figure 8-34 Waveform Licensing Softkeys Note: Waveforms licensed with Option 2xx cannot be “exchanged”. Once Mode > Dual ARB > More > a slot is locked, that license for the waveform in the locked slot is Waveform Licensing >...
Page 254 Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Waveform Licensing Figure 8-35 Waveform Licensing Softkeys Mode > Dual ARB > More > Waveform Licensing > Lock Waveform in Slot Press this softkey to confirm that you want to lock the waveform into the slot for permanent licensing.
Page 255 Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Waveform Licensing Table 8-6 Waveform Licensing Slot Status Messages Status Column Meaning Notes Available The slot has never had a waveform 50 slots are initially available for added to it. each Option 25x. 5 slots are initially available for each Option 22x.
Page 256 Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Waveform Licensing Example: Licensing a Signal Studio Waveform The following steps add a waveform file to a license slot and lock the slot for permanent playback. 1. Press Mode > Dual ARB > More > Waveform Utilities > Waveform Licensing The signal generator displays a catalog of files labeled: Catalog of BBG Segment Files in BBG Memory.
Page 257 Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Waveform Licensing 4. License the waveform: a. Press Lock Waveform in Slot. A warning is displayed: *** Waveform Lock Warning!!! ***. If necessary, verify you have selected the correct waveform you want for licensing by pressing Return. Figure 8-37 Waveform Lock Warning b.
Page 258 Basic Digital Operation (Option 653/655/656/657) Waveform Licensing Waveform Licensing Warning Messages Figure 8-39 This standard warning is displayed every time a waveform is selected to be locked. This notification indicates that one of the available “license slots” is about to be used from Option 2xx.
Page 259: Adding Real-Time Noise To A Signal (Option 403)
Adding Real–Time Noise to a Signal (Option 403) Before using this information, you should be familiar with the basic operation of the signal generator. If you are not comfortable with functions such as setting the power level and frequency, refer to Chapter 3, “Basic Operation,”...
Page 260 Adding Real–Time Noise to a Signal (Option 403) Adding Real–Time Noise to a Dual ARB Waveform Figure 9-1 Real Time I/Q Baseband AWGN Softkeys For details on each key, use key help as described on page This is the stand–alone Real–Time AWGN and the 2nd page of the Modulation Mode menu (see...
Page 261 Adding Real–Time Noise to a Signal (Option 403) Adding Real–Time Noise to a Dual ARB Waveform Figure 9-2 Real Time I/Q Baseband AWGN - Power Control Mode Softkeys For details on each key, use key help Mode > Dual ARB > Arb Setup > as described on page Real-Time AWGN Setup...
Page 262: Eb/No Adjustment Softkeys For Real Time I/Q Baseband Awgn
Adding Real–Time Noise to a Signal (Option 403) Adding Real–Time Noise to a Dual ARB Waveform Figure 9-3 Real Time I/Q Baseband AWGN - Noise Mux Menu Softkeys Mode > Dual ARB > Arb Setup > Figure 9-6 on page 250 Real-Time AWGN Setup >...
Page 263 Adding Real–Time Noise to a Signal (Option 403) Adding Real–Time Noise to a Dual ARB Waveform Figure 9-5 Real Time I/Q Baseband AWGN - E Adjustment Softkeys Mode > Dual ARB > Arb Setup > Real-Time AWGN Setup Figure 9-6 on page 250 provides additional details on these settings.
Page 264 Adding Real–Time Noise to a Signal (Option 403) Adding Real–Time Noise to a Dual ARB Waveform Figure 9-6 Carrier to Noise Ratio Components Carrier Bandwidth (CBW) is typically the occupied bandwidth of the carrier and the Noise Bandwidth is the flat noise bandwidth (NBW). The carrier now appears larger because of the added noise power.
Page 265: Using Real Time I/Q Baseband Awgn
Adding Real–Time Noise to a Signal (Option 403) Using Real Time I/Q Baseband AWGN Using Real Time I/Q Baseband AWGN Figure 9-7 Real Time I/Q Baseband AWGN Softkeys For details on each key, use key help as described on page Use the following steps to apply 10 MHz bandwidth noise to a 500 MHz, –10 dBm carrier.
Page 266 Adding Real–Time Noise to a Signal (Option 403) Using Real Time I/Q Baseband AWGN Agilent X-Series Signal Generators User’s Guide...
Page 267: Digital Signal Interface Module (Option 003/004)
Digital Signal Interface Module (Option 003/004) This chapter provides information on the N5102A Baseband Studio Digital Signal Interface Module. These features are available only in N5172B/82B Vector Signal Generators with Options 003/004 and 653/655/656/657. The following list shows the topics covered in this chapter: •...
Page 268 Digital Signal Interface Module (Option 003/004) Clock Timing Figure 10-1 Data Setup Menu for a Parallel Port Configuration Most significant bit Least significant bit Clock and sample rates The N5102A module clock rate is set using the Clock Rate softkey and has a range of 1 kHz to 400 MHz.
Page 269 Digital Signal Interface Module (Option 003/004) Clock Timing The levels will degrade above the warranted level clock rates, but they may still be usable. Serial Port Configuration Clock Rates For a serial port configuration, the lower clock rate limit is determined by the word size (word size and sample size are synonymous), while the maximum clock rate limit remains constant at 150 MHz for LVTTL and CMOS logic types, and 400 MHz for an LVDS logic type.
Page 270: Clock Source
Digital Signal Interface Module (Option 003/004) Clock Timing sample rate is reduced by the clocks per sample value when the value is greater than one. For an IF signal or an input signal, clocks per sample is always set to one. Refer to Table 10- 5 for the Output mode parallel and parallel interleaved port configuration clock rates.
Page 271: Common Frequency Reference
Digital Signal Interface Module (Option 003/004) Clock Timing Figure 10-2 Clock Source Selection External and Device selection: Set to match the clock rate of the applied clock signal internal selection: Set the internal clock rate. Internal clock source selection: Set the frequency of the applied reference signal.
Page 272 Digital Signal Interface Module (Option 003/004) Clock Timing Signal Generator Frequency Reference Connections When a frequency reference is connected to the signal generator, it is applied the REF In rear panel connector. Figure 10-3 Frequency Reference Setup Diagrams for the N5102A Module Clock Signal Internally Generated Clock Device (DUT) Supplied Clock NOTE: Use only one of the two signal generator frequency reference inputs.
Page 273: Clock Timing For Parallel Data
Digital Signal Interface Module (Option 003/004) Clock Timing Externally Supplied Clock NOTE: Use only one of the two signal generator frequency reference inputs. Clock Timing for Parallel Data Some components require multiple clocks during a single sample period. (A sample period consists of an I and Q sample).
Page 274 Digital Signal Interface Module (Option 003/004) Clock Timing Figure 10-4 Clock Sample Timing for Parallel Port Configuration 1 Clock Per Sample Clock and sample rates are the same 1 Sample Period 1 Clock Clock I sample 4 bits per word Q sample 4 bits per word Agilent X-Series Signal Generators User’s Guide...
Page 275 Digital Signal Interface Module (Option 003/004) Clock Timing 2 Clocks Per Sample Sample rate decreases by a factor of two 1 Sample Period 2 Clocks Clock I sample 4 bits per word Q sample 4 bits per word 4 Clocks Per Sample Sample rate decreases by a factor of four 1 Sample Period 4 Clocks...
Page 276: Clock Timing For Parallel Interleaved Data
Digital Signal Interface Module (Option 003/004) Clock Timing Clock Timing for Parallel Interleaved Data The N5102A module provides the capability to interleave the digital I and Q samples. There are two choices for interleaving: • IQ, where the I sample is transmitted first •...
Page 277 Digital Signal Interface Module (Option 003/004) Clock Timing 2 Clocks Per Sample The I sample is transmitted for one clock period and the Q sample is transmitted during the second clock period; the sample rate decreases by a factor of two. 1 Sample Period 2 Clocks Clock...
Page 278: Clock Timing For Serial Data
Digital Signal Interface Module (Option 003/004) Clock Timing Clock Timing for Serial Data Figure 10- 6 shows the clock timing for a serial port configuration. Notice that the serial transmission includes frame pulses that mark the beginning of each sample where the clock delineates the beginning of each bit.
Page 279: Connecting The Clock Source And The Device Under Test
Digital Signal Interface Module (Option 003/004) Connecting the Clock Source and the Device Under Test Figure 10-7 Clock Phase and Skew Adjustments 90 degree phase adjustment Clock skew adjustment Phase and skew adjusted clock Phase adjusted clock Clock Data Connecting the Clock Source and the Device Under Test As shown in Figure 10- 3 on page 258, there are numerous ways to provide a common frequency...
Page 280 Digital Signal Interface Module (Option 003/004) Connecting the Clock Source and the Device Under Test Figure 10-8 Example Setup using the Signal Generator 10 MHz Frequency Reference Signal generator 10 MHz Out Common Freq Ref cable Freq Ref connector Device under test Break-out board User furnished ribbon cable(s) connect Device interface connection...
Page 281 Digital Signal Interface Module (Option 003/004) Connecting the Clock Source and the Device Under Test 4. Refer to Figure 10- 8. Connect the break- out board to the Device Interface connector on the N5102A module. 5. Connect the device to the break- out board. Agilent X-Series Signal Generators User’s Guide...
Page 282: Data Types
Digital Signal Interface Module (Option 003/004) Data Types Data Types The following block diagram indicates where in the signal generation process the data is injected for input mode or tapped for output mode. Output Output Mode Mode Pre-FIR Samples Samples Signal Generator Data Generator...
Page 283: Operating The N5102A Module In Output Mode
Digital Signal Interface Module (Option 003/004) Operating the N5102A Module in Output Mode Operating the N5102A Module in Output Mode This section shows how to set the parameters for the N5102A module using the signal generator UI in the output direction. Each procedure contains a figure that shows the softkey menu structure for the interface module function being performed.
Page 284 Digital Signal Interface Module (Option 003/004) Operating the N5102A Module in Output Mode Press N5102A Interface to access the UI (first- level softkey menu shown in Figure 10- 10) that is used to configure the digital signal interface module. Notice the graphic in the signal generator display, showing a setup where the N5102A module is generating its own internal clock signal.
Page 285: Choosing The Logic Type And Port Configuration
Digital Signal Interface Module (Option 003/004) Operating the N5102A Module in Output Mode Choosing the Logic Type and Port Configuration Figure 10-11Logic and Port Configuration Softkey Menus 11. Press the Logic Type softkey. 1. Refer to Figure 10- From this menu, choose a logic type. CAUTION Changing the logic type can increase or decrease the signal voltage level going to the device under test.
Page 286: Selecting The Output Direction
Digital Signal Interface Module (Option 003/004) Operating the N5102A Module in Output Mode setup. 4. Select the port configuration for the device. Selecting the Output Direction Press Data Setup > Direction Input Output to Output and press Return. NOTE If Option 003 is the only option installed, the direction softkey will be unavailable and the mode will always be output.
Page 287 Digital Signal Interface Module (Option 003/004) Operating the N5102A Module in Output Mode Figure 10-13 Data Setup Softkey Menu with Parallel Port Configuration Inactive for ARB formats Inactive for word size = 16 bits Inactive for a serial port configuration Available only while in output mode Frame polarity is active...
Page 288: Configuring The Clock Signal
Digital Signal Interface Module (Option 003/004) Operating the N5102A Module in Output Mode selection should be used to avoid double filtering. 3. Select the data type that is appropriate for the test. 4. Press the Numeric Format softkey. From this menu, select how the binary values are represented. Selecting 2’s complement allows both positive and negative data values.
Page 289 Digital Signal Interface Module (Option 003/004) Operating the N5102A Module in Output Mode Figure 10-14 Clock Setup Menu Location Accesses the Clock Setup Menu From this softkey menu, set all of the clock parameters that synchronize the clocks between the N5102A module and the signal generator.
Page 290 Digital Signal Interface Module (Option 003/004) Operating the N5102A Module in Output Mode source selection discussed later in this procedure. The bottom graphic shows the clock position relative to the data. The displayed clock signal will change to reflect the following: •...
Page 291 Digital Signal Interface Module (Option 003/004) Operating the N5102A Module in Output Mode This error is reported when the output FIFO is overflowing in the digital module. This error can be generated if an external clock or its reference is not set up properly, or if the internal VCO is unlocked.
Page 292 Digital Signal Interface Module (Option 003/004) Operating the N5102A Module in Output Mode b. Press the Clock Rate softkey and enter the appropriate clock rate. Table 10- 7 provides a quick view of the settings and connections associated with each clock source selection.
Page 293: Generating Digital Data
Digital Signal Interface Module (Option 003/004) Operating the N5102A Module in Output Mode Timing for Phase and Skew Adjustments” on page 264 for more information on skew settings. 10. Enter the skew adjustment that best positions the clock with the valid portion of the data. 11.
Page 294: Operating The N5102A Module In Input Mode
Digital Signal Interface Module (Option 003/004) Operating the N5102A Module in Input Mode Operating the N5102A Module in Input Mode This section shows how to set the parameters for the N5102A module using the signal generator UI in the input direction. Each procedure contains a figure that shows the softkey menu structure for the interface module function being performed.
Page 295 Digital Signal Interface Module (Option 003/004) Operating the N5102A Module in Input Mode Figure 10-17 N5102A Interface Menu Internal clock going to the DUT Line is grayed out until the N5102A module interface is turned on Agilent X-Series Signal Generators User’s Guide...
Page 296: Selecting The Input Direction
Digital Signal Interface Module (Option 003/004) Operating the N5102A Module in Input Mode Selecting the Input Direction If both Option 003 (output mode) and Option 004 (input mode) are installed, you must select the input direction. Press Data Setup > Direction Input Output to Input and press Return. NOTE If only Option 004 is installed, the direction softkey will be unavailable and the mode will always be input.
Page 297: Configuring The Clock Signal
Digital Signal Interface Module (Option 003/004) Operating the N5102A Module in Input Mode 2. Select the logic type required for the device being tested. A caution message is displayed whenever a change is made to the logic types, and a softkey selection appears asking for confirmation.
Page 298 Digital Signal Interface Module (Option 003/004) Operating the N5102A Module in Input Mode module. Verify that the input clock rate matches the specified clock rate under the clock setup menu. Digital module input FIFO underflow error; There are not enough samples being produced for the current clock rate.
Page 299 Digital Signal Interface Module (Option 003/004) Operating the N5102A Module in Input Mode • clock polarity selection 2. Press the Clock Source softkey. From this menu, select the clock signal source. With each selection, the clock routing display in the signal generator clock setup menu will change to reflect the current clock source. This will be indicated by a change in the graphic.
Page 300 Digital Signal Interface Module (Option 003/004) Operating the N5102A Module in Input Mode Table 10-8 Clock Source Settings and Connectors Clock Source Softkeys N5102A Module Connection Reference Freq Ref Ext Clock In Device Interface Clock Rate Frequency External • • Device •...
Page 301: Selecting The Data Parameters
Digital Signal Interface Module (Option 003/004) Operating the N5102A Module in Input Mode 9. Press the Clock Polarity Neg Pos softkey to Neg. This shifts the clock signal 180 degrees, so that the data starts during the negative clock transition. This has the same affect as selecting the 180 degree phase adjustment. 10.
Page 302 Digital Signal Interface Module (Option 003/004) Operating the N5102A Module in Input Mode Figure 10-22 Data Setup Softkey Menu with Parallel Port Configuration Inactive for a serial port configuration Only available when Data Type is Pre-FIR Samples Only available when the N5102A digital module is turned on and using input mode Frame polarity is active...
Page 303 Digital Signal Interface Module (Option 003/004) Operating the N5102A Module in Input Mode 2. Press the Data Type softkey. In this menu, select the data type to be either filtered (Samples) or unfiltered (Pre-FIR Samples). The selection is dependent on the test needs and the device under test. However if the device being tested already incorporates FIR filters, the Pre-FIR Samples selection should be used to avoid double filtering.
Page 304: Digital Data
Digital Signal Interface Module (Option 003/004) Operating the N5102A Module in Input Mode 6. Press the More (1 of 2) softkey. From this softkey menu, select the bit order, swap I and Q, the polarity of the data, and access menus that provides data negation, scaling, and filtering parameters.
Page 305: Bert (Option Un7)
BERT (Option UN7) The bit error rate test (BERT) capability allows you to perform bit error rate (BER) analysis on digital communications equipment. This enables functional and parametric testing of receivers and components including sensitivity and selectivity. This feature is available in X- Series vector signal generators (N5172B and N5182B). The following options are recommended: •...
Page 306: Bit Error Rate Tester-Option Un7
BERT (Option UN7) Bit Error Rate Tester–Option UN7 Bit Error Rate Tester–Option UN7 The bit error rate test (BERT) capability allows you to perform bit error rate (BER) analysis on digital communications equipment. This enables functional and parametric testing of receivers and components including sensitivity and selectivity.
Page 307: Clock/Gate Delay Function
BERT (Option UN7) Bit Error Rate Tester–Option UN7 Figure 11-2 Clock Gate Off On • When the softkey is set to Off: The clock signal in both “A” and “B” parts is effective and no gate function is required. Therefore, the bit error rate is measured using the clock and data signal in both “A”...
Page 308 BERT (Option UN7) Bit Error Rate Tester–Option UN7 Figure 11-3 Agilent X-Series Signal Generators User’s Guide...
Page 309: Clock Delay Function
BERT (Option UN7) Bit Error Rate Tester–Option UN7 Clock Delay Function In this example, the clock delay function is off. Figure 11- 4 shows the input of the internal error detector of UN7 through AUX I/O and indicates that the data is delayed from the clock. Figure 11-4 CH1: BER TEST OUT (pin 17 of AUX I/O connector) CH2: BER MEAS END (pin 15 of AUX I/O connector)
Page 310: Gate Delay Function In The Clock Mode
BERT (Option UN7) Bit Error Rate Tester–Option UN7 Gate Delay Function in the Clock Mode To use this function, the clock must be set to continuous mode. In this example, the clock is used to delay the gate function. The clock of the internal error detector was gated by the gate signal which is delayed by two clocks.
Page 311: Triggering
BERT (Option UN7) Bit Error Rate Tester–Option UN7 Triggering This section describes the operating principles of the triggering function for Option UN7. To see the signal flow of the triggering function refer to Figure 11- Figure 11-7 Agilent X-Series Signal Generators User’s Guide...
Page 312 BERT (Option UN7) Bit Error Rate Tester–Option UN7 In this example, the triggering sequence is where you have an incoming data clock and data bit sequences, the trigger is active, and the BERT measurement begins. Refer to Figure 11- Figure 11-8 Agilent X-Series Signal Generators User’s Guide...
Page 313 BERT (Option UN7) Bit Error Rate Tester–Option UN7 In this example, synchronization occurs after receiving a trigger. The reference data is generated by stored data bits. If the BERT measurement accepts data bits immediately after receiving a trigger, set the trigger delay to On and the trigger delay count to a value corresponding to the data format.
Page 314: Data Processing
BERT (Option UN7) Bit Error Rate Tester–Option UN7 In this example, the triggering sequence is where the trigger delay is active with a cycle count. The reference data is generated by stored data bits. If the BERT measurement accepts data bits immediately after receiving a trigger, set the trigger delay to On and the trigger delay count to a value corresponding to the data format.
Page 315: Repeat Measurements
BERT (Option UN7) Bit Error Rate Tester–Option UN7 Special Pattern Ignore Function The special pattern ignore function is especially useful when performing BERT analysis on radios that generate consecutive 0’s or 1’s data for traffic channels when they fail to detect the Unique Word or lose synchronization.
Page 316: Testing Signal Definitions
BERT (Option UN7) Bit Error Rate Tester–Option UN7 Figure 11-12 Repeat Measurements Example Testing Signal Definitions The timing diagram Figure 11- 13, “Testing Signal Definitions,” shows the relationships between a trigger event and the output signals at the BER MEAS END and BER TEST OUT connectors. If a BER MEAS END signal stays high following a trigger event, the BERT measurement is in progress and other trigger events are ignored.
Page 317 BERT (Option UN7) Bit Error Rate Tester–Option UN7 • T2 is a firmware handling time measured from the falling edge of a BER TEST OUT signal to the falling edge of the BER MEAS END signal. • T3 is a minimum requirement time measured from the falling edge of the BER MEAS END signal to the next trigger event.
Page 318: Verifying Bert Operation
BERT (Option UN7) Verifying BERT Operation Verifying BERT Operation The following procedures verify the operation of the signal generator’s bit error rate test (BERT) function. The tests can be performed as part of a daily validation routine or can be used whenever you want to check the validity of your BERT measurements.
Page 319 BERT (Option UN7) Verifying BERT Operation Figure 11-14 Rear Panel Connectors for BERT Configuration BER Gate In BER Clock In BER Data In Preset 2. Press the hardkey. This configures the signal generator to a pre- defined state. Aux Fctn 3.
Page 320 BERT (Option UN7) Verifying BERT Operation Figure 11-15 Self-Test Mode Results Agilent X-Series Signal Generators User’s Guide...
Page 321: Measurement Example Using Custom Digital Modulation (Requires Option 431)
BERT (Option UN7) Verifying BERT Operation Measurement Example Using Custom Digital Modulation (Requires Option 431) The following steps set up the signal generator for a BERT measurement using Custom Digital Modulation. 1. Refer to Figure 11- 14 and make the following connections on the signal generator’s rear panel. •...
Page 322 BERT (Option UN7) Verifying BERT Operation Figure 11-16 Configuration Using Custom Digital Modulation BERT Verification BERT Trigger 1. Press to Immediate. Notice the cycle counter updating in the lower left- hand corner of the signal generator display. 2. Disconnect the cable connecting the DATA OUT to BER DATA IN connectors. Notice the No Data annunciator in the lower left corner of the display and the BER result is approximately 50%.
Page 323: Real-Time Phase Noise Impairments (Option 432)
Real–Time Phase Noise Impairments (Option 432) Before using this information, you should be familiar with the basic operation of the signal generator. If you are not comfortable with functions such as setting the power level and frequency, refer to Chapter 3, “Basic Operation,” on page 43 and familiarize yourself with the information in that chapter.
Page 324: Real-Time Phase Noise Impairment
Real–Time Phase Noise Impairments (Option 432) Real–Time Phase Noise Impairment Real–Time Phase Noise Impairment This feature lets you degrade the phase noise performance of the signal generator by controlling two frequency points and an amplitude value. The signal generator adds this phase noise to the phase noise normally produced by the signal generator.
Page 325: The Agilent X-Series Phase Noise Shape And Additive Phase Noise Impairments
Real–Time Phase Noise Impairments (Option 432) The Agilent X-Series Phase Noise Shape and Additive Phase Noise Impairments The Agilent X-Series Phase Noise Shape and Additive Phase Noise Impairments Phase Noise Plots Without Phase Noise Impairment −50 dBc/Hz −50 dBc/Hz The Agilent X-Series vector signal generator demonstrates a definitive shape to its phase noise plot.
Page 326 Real–Time Phase Noise Impairments (Option 432) The Agilent X-Series Phase Noise Shape and Additive Phase Noise Impairments Phase Noise Plots With Phase Noise Impairments Flat mid–frequency offset −50 dBc/Hz −50 dBc/Hz characteristics (Lmid) When turned on, this phase noise is added Resultant phase to the base phase noise of the signal noise plot...
Page 327: Understanding The Phase Noise Adjustments
Real–Time Phase Noise Impairments (Option 432) Understanding the Phase Noise Adjustments Understanding the Phase Noise Adjustments The signal generator bases the resultant phase noise shape on three settings, Lmid (amplitude), f1 (start frequency), and f2 (stop frequency). The range for Lmid is coupled to f2, so as f2 increases in value, Lmid’s upper boundary decreases. If the current Lmid setting is too high for the new f2 setting, the signal generator changes the Lmid value and generates an error to alert you to the change.
Page 328: Dac Over-Range Conditions And Scaling
Real–Time Phase Noise Impairments (Option 432) DAC Over–Range Conditions and Scaling DAC Over–Range Conditions and Scaling When using phase noise impairment, it is possible to create a DAC over–range condition, which causes the signal generator to generate an error. To minimize this condition with the phase noise impairment feature, the Agilent X- Series signal generator incorporates an automatic DAC over–range protection feature that scales down the I/Q data.
Page 329: Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431)
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Before using this information, you should be familiar with the basic operation of the signal generator. If you are not comfortable with functions such as setting the power level and frequency, refer to Chapter 3, “Basic Operation,” on page 43 and familiarize yourself with the information in that chapter.
Page 330: Custom Modulation
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Custom Modulation Custom Modulation For creating custom modulation, the signal generator offers two modes of operation: the ARB custom modulation mode and the real- time custom modulation mode. The ARB custom modulation mode has built- in modulation formats such as NADC or GSM and pre- defined modulation types such as BPSK and 16QAM that can be used to create a signal.
Page 331 Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Custom Modulation Figure 13-1 ARB Custom Modulation Softkeys Enables the current ARB custom modulation settings. page 146 page 350 This softkey changes, depending on the selected Available only when mode of modulation. page 321 Multicarrier is Off. page 200 page 236 page 318...
Page 332 Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Custom Modulation Figure 13-2 Quick Setup Softkeys Mode > ARB Custom Modulation > Single Carrier Setup This softkey label shows the currently selected modulation standard. page 343 page 319 page 353 page 320 Press Symbol Rate softkey and use numeric keypad to change value as...
Page 333 Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Custom Modulation Figure 13-3 Mod Type Softkeys Mode > ARB Custom Modulation > Single Carrier Setup page 318 page 353 page 339 page 320 These symbol maps utilize Gray coded bit mapping. Sets the modulation depth for the Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK).
Page 334 Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Custom Modulation Figure 13-4 Custom Modulation Formats and Applications Figure 13-5 Store Custom Dig Mod State Softkeys Mode > ARB Custom Modulation > Single Carrier Setup > Store Custom Dig Mod State page 342 Catalog displays digital modulation (DMOD) files that have been previously saved.
Page 335 Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Custom Modulation Figure 13-6 Real-Time Custom Modulation Softkeys page 146 page 316 Enables the current custom real-time modulation settings. page 236 page 322 page 369 Opens a menu from which you can set burst shape parameters. page 362 page 245 page 310...
Page 336 Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Custom Modulation Figure 13-7 Modulation Setup Softkeys Mode > Real-Time Custom Modulation > Modulation Setup This softkey label shows the currently selected modulation page 323 page 353 page 325 Press Symbol Rate softkey and use numeric keypad to change value as required.
Page 337 Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Custom Modulation Figure 13-8 Modulation Type Softkeys Mode > Real-Time Custom Modulation > Modulation Setup page 322 page 344 page 345 page 353 page 324 These symbol maps utilize Gray coded bit mapping. These symbol maps are consistent with the symbol maps in the VSA software.
Page 338: Creating And Using Bit Files
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Creating and Using Bit Files Creating and Using Bit Files This procedure teaches you how to use the Bit File Editor to create, edit, and store user- defined files for data transmission within real time I/Q baseband generated modulation. For this example, a user file is defined within a custom digital communications format.
Page 339: Creating A User File
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Creating and Using Bit Files Figure 13-9 Data Selection Softkeys Mode > Real-Time Custom Modulation > Modulation Setup Press this key to select from a number of P sequences and whether to invert them. Press this key to select data patterns of 1s and 0s.
Page 340 Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Creating and Using Bit Files Figure 13-10 Bit File Display Offset Cursor Position Indicator Bit Data Hexadecimal Data File Name Indicator (in Hex) (in Hex) NOTE When you create new file, the default name appears as UNTITLED, or UNTITLED1, and so forth.
Page 341: Renaming And Saving A User File
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Creating and Using Bit Files Figure 13-11 Entering Bit Values Enter these bit values Cursor Position Indicator Hexadecimal Data Renaming and Saving a User File In this example, you learn how to store a user file. If you have not created a user file, complete the steps in the previous section, “Creating a User File”...
Page 342: Recalling A User File
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Creating and Using Bit Files Recalling a User File In this example, you learn how to recall a user- defined data file from the memory catalog. If you have not created and stored a user- defined data file, complete the steps in the previous sections, “Creating a User File”...
Page 343: Applying Bit Errors To A User File
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Creating and Using Bit Files Inverting Bit Values 1. Press 1011. This inverts the bit values that are positioned 4C through 4F. Notice that hex data in this row has now changed to 76DB6DB6, as shown in the following figure. Figure 13-13 Inverting Bit Values Bits 4C through 4F are inverted Hex Data changed...
Page 344: Using Customized Burst Shape Curves
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Using Customized Burst Shape Curves Using Customized Burst Shape Curves You can adjust the shape of the rise time curve and the fall time curve using the Rise Shape and Fall Shape editors. Each editor allows you to enter up to 256 values, equidistant in time, to define the shape of the curve.
Page 345 Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Using Customized Burst Shape Curves User-Defined User-Defined Values Values Rise Fall Rise Fall Time Time Delay Delay Time Burst shape maximum rise and fall time values are affected by the following factors: • the symbol rate •...
Page 346 Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Using Customized Burst Shape Curves The signal generator firmware computes optimum burst shape based on the settings you’ve chosen for modulation. You can further optimize burst shape by lining up the data portion with the modulation. For example, if you’re designing a new modulation scheme, do the following: •...
Page 347: Creating A User-Defined Burst Shape Curve
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Using Customized Burst Shape Curves Figure 13-14 Burst Shape Softkeys Mode > Real-Time Custom Modulation For details on each key, use key help as described on page Creating a User-Defined Burst Shape Curve Using this procedure, you learn how to enter rise shape sample values and mirror them as fall shape values to create a symmetrical burst curve.
Page 348 Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Using Customized Burst Shape Curves Entering Sample Values Use the sample values in the following table. Rise Shape Editor Sample Value Sample Value 0.000000 0.830000 0.400000 0.900000 0.600000 1.000000 0.750000 1. Highlight the value (1.000000) for sample 1. 2.
Page 349: Storing A User-Defined Burst Shape Curve
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Using Customized Burst Shape Curves Display the Burst Shape Press Display Burst Shape. This displays a graphical representation of the waveform’s rise and fall characteristics, as shown in Figure 13- Figure 13-16 Burst Shape To return the burst to the default conditions, press the following keys: Return >...
Page 350 Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Using Customized Burst Shape Curves 2. Press Mode > Real-Time Custom Modulation > Burst Shape > Burst Shape Type > User File. 3. Highlight the desired burst shape file (for example, NEWBURST). 4. Press Select File. The selected burst shape file is now applied to the current real time I/Q baseband digital modulation state.
Page 351: Using The Arbitrary Waveform Generator
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Using the Arbitrary Waveform Generator Using the Arbitrary Waveform Generator This section teaches you how to build dual arbitrary (ARB) waveform files containing custom digital modulation for testing component designs. Figure 13-17 Adding Custom Modulation to a Waveform Mode >...
Page 352 Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Using the Arbitrary Waveform Generator Configuring the RF Output 1. Set the RF output frequency to 891 MHz. 2. Set the output amplitude to −5 dBm. 3. Press RF On/Off. The predefined EDGE signal is now available at the signal generator’s RF OUTPUT connector. Agilent X-Series Signal Generators User’s Guide...
Page 353: Creating A Custom Digital Modulation State
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Using the Arbitrary Waveform Generator Creating a Custom Digital Modulation State In this procedure, you learn how to set up a single–carrier NADC digital modulation with customized modulation type, symbol rate, and filtering. Figure 13-18 Setting a Digital Modulation Filter Mode >...
Page 354 Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Using the Arbitrary Waveform Generator Figure 13-19 Modifying a Digital Modulation Type > > > For details on each key, use key help as described on page Mode ARB Custom Modulation Single Carrier Setup > Modulation Type Select These softkeys,...
Page 355: Storing A Custom Digital Modulation State
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Using the Arbitrary Waveform Generator Selecting the Filter 339), press Filter > Select > Nyquist. 1. In the Setup Mod menu (page 2. Press Return > Return. Generating the Waveform Press Digital Modulation Off On. This generates a waveform with the custom, single–carrier NADC, digital modulation state created in the previous sections.
Page 356 Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Using the Arbitrary Waveform Generator Figure 13-20 Storing a Custom Digital Modulation State Mode > ARB Custom Modulation > Single Carrier Setup page 45 These keys manage the table of DMOD files in internal storage. Catalog displays DMOD files that have been previously saved by For details on each key, use key help as described on...
Page 357: Recalling A Custom Digital Modulation State
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Using the Arbitrary Waveform Generator Recalling a Custom Digital Modulation State Using this procedure, you will learn how to recall a custom digital modulation state from signal non–volatile memory. If you have not created and stored a user- defined, single–carrier, digital modulation state, complete the steps in the previous sections, Creating a Custom Digital Modulation State on page 339 and...
Page 358: Defining A Modulation
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Using the Arbitrary Waveform Generator Defining a Modulation You can build a unique modulation by utilizing two tools, the FSK table editor or the I/Q table editor. These tables map data onto specific absolute modulation states. To map transitions between states, a differential table editor is provided.
Page 359 Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Using the Arbitrary Waveform Generator Figure 13-22 FSK Table Editor Mode > Real-Time Custom Modulation > Modulation Setup > Modulation Type > Define User FSK For details on each key, use key help as described on page Mapping I/Q Values with the I/Q Table Editor In most digital radio systems, the frequency of the carrier is fixed so only phase and magnitude need...
Page 360 Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Using the Arbitrary Waveform Generator Figure 13-23 I/Q Constellation Diagram By modulating the carrier to one of several predetermined positions in the I/Q plane, you can then transmit encoded information. Each position or state represents a certain bit pattern that can be decoded at the receiver.
Page 361 Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Using the Arbitrary Waveform Generator Utilizing this I/Q mapping flexibility, you can create unique modulation schemes. For example, a circular constellation arrangement called a STAR QAM is easily implemented and saved for later recall with the real- time I/Q baseband generator. Figure 13- 25 shows that the STAR QAM has 16 states or symbols.
Page 362 Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Using the Arbitrary Waveform Generator Figure 13- 26 shows the X- Series setup and the I/Q display. Figure 13-26 Custom Modulation and I/Q Display Hints for Constructing Modulations • The map is limited to 16 total signal levels for I and Q combined. The readout on the right- hand side of the table tracks the number of I and Q levels utilized.
Page 363 Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Using the Arbitrary Waveform Generator Figure 13-27 8PSK Signal Built Two Ways Figure 13-28 16QAM I/Q Map with Even and Uneven Levels Agilent X-Series Signal Generators User’s Guide...
Page 364: Creating A Custom Multicarrier Digital Modulation State
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Using the Arbitrary Waveform Generator Creating a Custom Multicarrier Digital Modulation State In this procedure, you learn how to customize a predefined, multicarrier, digital modulation setup by creating a custom, 3–carrier EDGE, digital modulation state. This section teaches you how to perform the following tasks: •...
Page 365 Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Using the Arbitrary Waveform Generator Creating a Multicarrier Digital Modulation Setup 1. Press Preset. 2. Press Mode > ARB Custom Modulation > Multicarrier Off On to On. 3. Press Multicarrier Setup > Select Carrier and Initialize Table > Carrier Setup > EDGE > Done. Modifying Carrier Frequency Offset 1.
Page 366: Storing A Custom Multicarrier Digital Modulation State
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Using the Arbitrary Waveform Generator Storing a Custom Multicarrier Digital Modulation State Using this procedure, you learn how to store a custom, multicarrier, digital modulation state to non–volatile memory. If you have not created a custom, multicarrier, digital modulation state, complete the steps in the previous section, “Creating a Custom Multicarrier Digital Modulation State”...
Page 367: Using Finite Impulse Response (Fir) Filters With Custom Modulation
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Using Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filters with Custom Modulation Using Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filters with Custom Modulation Finite Impulse Response filters can be used to refine the transitions between symbol decision points of the generated waveforms. Figure 13-31 Filter Menu Mode >...
Page 368 Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Using Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filters with Custom Modulation The NADC and TETRA standards specify an alpha of 0.35. PDC and PHS standards specify an alpha of 0.50. For each of these standards, the Agilent X- Series signal generator provides a root Nyquist filter with the designated alphas as the default premodulation filter.
Page 369: Creating A User-Defined Fir Filter Using The Fir Table Editor
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Using Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filters with Custom Modulation NOTE To change the filter Bbt, press Mode > Real-Time Custom Modulation > Modulation Setup > Filter > Select Gaussian > Filter Bbt. Enter a new value between 0.1 and 1. Creating a User–Defined FIR Filter Using the FIR Table Editor In this procedure, you use the FIR Values table editor to create and store an 8–symbol, windowed sync function filter with an oversample ratio of 4.
Page 370 Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Using Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filters with Custom Modulation Entering the Coefficient Values 1. Press the Return softkey to get to the first page of the table editor. 2. Use the cursor to highlight the Value field for coefficient 0. 3.
Page 371 Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Using Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filters with Custom Modulation Duplicating the First 16 Coefficients Using Mirror Table In a windowed sinc function filter, the second half of the coefficients are identical to the first half in reverse order.
Page 372 Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Using Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filters with Custom Modulation Figure 13-35 For details on each key, use key help as described on page 2. Press Return. 3. Press Display Impulse Response. Refer to Figure 13- Figure 13-36 For details on each key, use key help as described on...
Page 373: Modifying A Fir Filter Using The Fir Table Editor
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Modifying a FIR Filter Using the FIR Table Editor Figure 13-37 These keys manage the table of DMOD files in internal storage. Catalog displays FIR files that For details on each key, use key help as described on page have been previously saved by the user.
Page 374: Loading The Default Gaussian Fir File
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Modifying a FIR Filter Using the FIR Table Editor Loading the Default Gaussian FIR File Figure 13-38 Loading the Default Gaussian FIR File Mode > ARB Custom Modulation > Single Carrier For details on each key, use key help as described on page Setup These softkeys select a...
Page 375: Modifying The Coefficients
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Modifying a FIR Filter Using the FIR Table Editor 5. Press Filter Symbols > 8 > Enter. 6. Press Generate. NOTE The actual oversample ratio during modulation is automatically selected by the instrument. A value between 4 and 16 is chosen dependent on the symbol rate, the number of bits per symbol of the modulation type, and the number of symbols.
Page 376: Storing The Filter To Memory
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Differential Encoding Refer to Figure 13- 40 on page 361. The graphic display can provide a useful troubleshooting tool (in this case, it indicates that a coefficient value is missing, resulting in an improper Gaussian response).
Page 377 Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Differential Encoding The following illustration shows a 4QAM modulation I/Q State Map. 2nd Symbol 1st Symbol Data = 00000001 Data = 00000000 Distinct values: –1, +1 Distinct values: +1, +1 3rd Symbol 4th Symbol Data = 00000010 Data = 00000011 Distinct values: –1, –1 Distinct values: +1, –1...
Page 378 Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Differential Encoding Table 13-2 Data Offset Value 00000010 00000011 NOTE The number of bits per symbol can be expressed using the following formula. Because the equation is a ceiling function, if the value of x contains a fraction, x is rounded up to the next whole number.
Page 379 Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Differential Encoding These symbol table offsets will result in one of the transitions, as shown. Data Value 00000001 Data Value 00000000 with Symbol Table Offset –1 with Symbol Table Offset +1 transition 1 state backward transition 1 state forward Data Value 00000010 Data Value 00000011...
Page 380: Using Differential Encoding
Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Differential Encoding 1st Symbol 5th Symbol 3rd Symbol Data = 0011100001 4th Symbol 2nd Symbol Data Value Symbol Table Offset –1 As you can see from the previous illustration, the 1st and 4th symbols, having the same data value (00), produce the same state transition (forward 1 state).
Page 381 Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Differential Encoding This loads a default 4QAM I/Q modulation and displays it in the I/Q table editor. The default 4QAM I/Q modulation contains data that represent 4 symbols (00, 01, 10, and 11) mapped into the I/Q plane using 2 distinct values (1.000000 and −1.000000). These 4 symbols will be traversed during the modulation process by the symbol table offset values associated with each symbol of data.
Page 382 Custom Digital Modulation (Option 431) Differential Encoding Editing the Differential State Map 1. Press 1 > Enter. This encodes the first symbol by adding a symbol table offset of 1. The symbol rotates forward through the state map by 1 value when a data value of 0 is modulated. 2.
Page 383: Multitone And Two-Tone Waveforms (Option 430)
Multitone and Two–Tone Waveforms (Option 430) Before using this information, you should be familiar with the basic operation of the signal generator. If you are not comfortable with functions such as setting the power level and frequency, refer to Basic Operation on page 43 and familiarize yourself with the information in that chapter.
Page 384: Two-Tone Modulation Softkeys
Multitone and Two–Tone Waveforms (Option 430) Using Two–Tone Modulation • Changing the Alignment of a Two–Tone Waveform on page 373 See also: Saving a Waveform’s Settings & Parameters on page 155 NOTE For more information about two–tone waveform characteristics, and the two–tone standard, download Application Note 1410 from our website by going to http://www.agilent.com and searching for “AN 1410”...
Page 385: Viewing A Two-Tone Waveform
Multitone and Two–Tone Waveforms (Option 430) Using Two–Tone Modulation 4. Press Mode > More > Two–Tone > Freq Separation > 10 > MHz. 5. Press Two Tone Off On to On. 6. Turn on the RF output. The two–tone signal is now available at the signal generator RF OUTPUT connector. Figure 14- 1 on page 371 shows what the signal generator display should look like after all steps have been...
Page 386: Minimizing Carrier Feedthrough
Multitone and Two–Tone Waveforms (Option 430) Using Two–Tone Modulation Figure 14-2 Two–Tone Channels Carrier Intermodulation Feedthrough Distortion Carrier Feedthrough For details on each key, use key help as described on page Distortion Minimizing Carrier Feedthrough This procedure describes how to minimize carrier feedthrough and measure the difference in power between the tones and their intermodulation distortion products.
Page 387: Changing The Alignment Of A Two-Tone Waveform
Multitone and Two–Tone Waveforms (Option 430) Using Two–Tone Modulation 8. Create a marker and place it on the peak of one of the two tones. 9. Create a delta marker and place it on the peak of the adjacent intermodulation product, which should be spaced 10 MHz from the marked tone.
Page 388 Multitone and Two–Tone Waveforms (Option 430) Using Two–Tone Modulation NOTE Whenever a change is made to a setting while the two–tone generator is operating (Two Tone Off On set to On), you must apply the change by pressing the Apply Settings softkey before the updated waveform will be generated.
Page 389: Using Multitone Modulation
Multitone and Two–Tone Waveforms (Option 430) Using Multitone Modulation Using Multitone Modulation Multitone Modulation Softkeys This softkey is active if changes have been made to the current Multitone waveform in the table editor. The softkey must be pressed to apply those changes. page 375 page 376 page 377...
Page 390: Configuring Tone Powers And Tone Phases
Multitone and Two–Tone Waveforms (Option 430) Using Multitone Modulation Figure 14-5 The Random Seed softkey that affects the Multitone’s phase values is not used in the following examples and is shown for reference, only. For details on each key, use key help as described on page 5.
Page 391: Applying Changes To An Active Multitone Signal
Multitone and Two–Tone Waveforms (Option 430) Using Multitone Modulation 2. Set the output amplitude to 0 dBm. 3. Press RF On/Off. The multitone waveform is now available at the signal generator’s RF OUTPUT connector. Applying Changes to an Active Multitone Signal If the multitone generator is currently in use (Multitone Off On set to On) while changes are made in the Multitone Setup table editor, you must apply the changes before the updated waveform will be generated.
Page 392 Multitone and Two–Tone Waveforms (Option 430) Using Multitone Modulation Recalling a Multitone Waveform Using this procedure, you learn how to recall a multitone waveform from the signal generator’s memory catalog. If you have not created and stored a multitone waveform, complete the steps in the previous sections, Creating a Custom Multitone Waveform on page 369 and...
Page 393: Working In A Secure Environment
Working in a Secure Environment If you are using the instrument in a secure environment, you may need details of how to clear or sanitize its memory, in compliance with published security standards of the United States Department of Defense, or other similar authorities. For the Series B MXG and EXG instruments, this information is contained in the PDF document "Security Features and Document of Volatility".
Page 394: Using Secure Display
Working in a Secure Environment Using Secure Display Using Secure Display This function prevents unauthorized personnel from reading the instrument display or tampering with the current configuration via the front panel. When Secure Display is active, the display is blank, except for an advisory message, as shown in Figure 15- 1 below.
Page 395 388 • Front Panel Tests on page 389 • Self Test Overview on page 390 • Licenses on page 393 • Contacting Agilent Technologies on page 393 — Returning a Signal Generator to Agilent Agilent X-Series Signal Generators User’s Guide...
Page 396: Troubleshooting
Troubleshooting Display Display The Display is Too Dark to Read Brightness may be set to minimum. Use the figure in “Display Settings” on page 28 to locate the brightness softkey and adjust the value so that you can see the display. The Display Turns Black when Using USB Media Removing the USB media when the instrument begins to use it can cause the screen to go black.
Page 397: Rf Output Power Too Low
Troubleshooting RF Output RF Output Power too Low • If the AMPLITUDE area of the display shows the OFFS indicator, eliminate the offset: Press Amptd > More 1 of 2 > Amptd Offset > 0 > dB. See also “Setting an Output Offset” on page 122.
Page 398: Signal Loss While Working With A Mixer
Troubleshooting RF Output Signal Loss While Working with a Mixer CAUTION To avoid damaging or degrading the performance of the signal generator, do not exceed 33 dBm (2W) maximum of reverse power levels at the RF input. See also Tips for Preventing Signal Generator Damage on www.agilent.com.
Page 399 Troubleshooting RF Output The solution at right shows a similar configuration with the Reverse Power Solution addition of a 10 dB attenuator connected between Signal Generator the RF output of the signal Output Control generator and the input of the mixer. The signal ALC Level/ generator’s ALC level Mixer...
Page 400: Sweep
Troubleshooting Sweep Sweep Cannot Turn Off Sweep Press Sweep > Sweep > Off. Sweep Appears Stalled The current status of the sweep is indicated as a shaded rectangle in the progress bar (see “Configuring a Swept Output” on page 50). If the sweep appears to stall, check the following: 1.
Page 401: Internal Media Data Storage
Troubleshooting Internal Media Data Storage Internal Media Data Storage Instrument State Saved but the Register is Empty or Contains the Wrong State If the register number you intended to use is empty or contains the wrong instrument state, recall register 99. If you selected a register number greater than 99, the signal generator automatically saves the instrument state in register 99.
Page 402: Error Messages
Troubleshooting Error Messages Error Messages Error Message Types Events do not generate more than one type of error. For example, an event that generates a query error does not generate a device–specific, execution, or command error. Query Errors (–499 to –400) indicate that the instrument’s output queue control has detected a problem with the message exchange protocol described in IEEE 488.2, Chapter 6.
Page 403: Front Panel Tests
Troubleshooting Front Panel Tests Front Panel Tests Set all display pixels to the selected color. To return to normal operation, press any key. Blink RF On/Off, Mod on/Off, and More LEDs Displays a keyboard map. As you press a key, the map indicates the key location. Correct operation: Full CCW = –10 Full CW = 10...
Page 404: Self Test Overview
Troubleshooting Self Test Overview Self Test Overview The self test is a series of internal tests that checks different signal generator functions. The self test, is also available by via the remote web interface. For more information on the Web- Enabled MXG, refer to the Programming Guide.
Page 405 Troubleshooting Self Test Overview Utility > Instrument Info Automatically runs diagnostic self test. Self Test Summary displays current status. Opens a table in which user selects specific tests and view details in Test Editor display. Displays detailed information of highlighted test. Refer page 44 Executes highlighted operation.
Page 406 Troubleshooting Self Test Overview Agilent X-Series Signal Generators User’s Guide...
Page 407: Licenses
Returning a Signal Generator to Agilent Use the following steps to return a signal generator to Agilent Technologies for servicing: 1. Gather as much information as possible regarding the signal generator’s problem.
Page 408 Troubleshooting Contacting Agilent Technologies Agilent X-Series Signal Generators User’s Guide...
Page 409 Glossary Active Entry The currently selected, and therefore editable, entry or parameter Filter factor Alpha The filter’s alpha coefficient. It is only valid for root nyquist and nyquist ARB Arbitrary waveform generator filters. AWG Arbitrary waveform generator. Additive Filter Factor BbT The filter’s white Gaussian noise bandwidth- bit- time (BbT).
Page 410 stored. equals zero at all symbol times except the center (desired) one. IP Internet protocol. The network layer for the TCP/IP protocol suite widely used on Ethernet Persistent That which is unaffected by preset, networks. user preset, or power cycle. Point- to- point Time In a step sweep (page 52),...
Page 411 peak value. Softkey A button located along the instrument’s display that performs whatever function is shown next to it on that display. TCP Transmission control protocol. The most common transport layer protocol used on Ethernet and the Internet. Terminator A unit indicator (such as Hz or dBm) that completes an entry.
Page 412 Agilent X-Series Signal Generators User’s Guide...
Page 413 Index Symbols Advanced Settings softkey, Aeroflex softkey, 35, Agilent MXG ΦM modes of operation, annunciator, Agilent sales and service offices, dc offset, removing, hardkey, hold, 162, softkeys, 75, OFF annunciator, # points softkey, off mode, # Skipped Points softkey, softkeys, 47, 49, Numerics setting, 10 MHz OUT connector, 15, 25,...
Page 414 Index ASK softkey, 319, 323, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329, system, ATTEN HOLD annunciator, trigger setup, Atten/ALC Control softkey, 47, BbT, Auto softkeys BERT, (DHCP/Auto- IP), Binary softkey, Auto, 94, bit file editor, using, Recall, bits per symbol, equation, AUTOGEN_WAVEFORM file, Bk Sp hardkey, auto- IP, Bluetooth softkey, 318, 319, 322, 323, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329,...
Page 415 Index Error Queue(s), Copy softkeys Header, All Files, File, 62, Text, clipping correction array (user flatness), circular, 189, viewing, rectangular, 190, See also user flatness correction softkeys, corrections, internal channel, clock adjustment cosine filter. See nyquist filter phase and skew, Create Directory softkey, 62, clock gate, crossover cable,...
Page 416 Index system, restoring, distortion, troubleshooting, Default softkey, 318, DNS Server Override softkey, delay DNS Server softkey, xiii I/Q, documentation, multiple BBG sync, Domain Name softkey, Delete softkeys doublet All Regs in Seq, 68, 148, 62, 68, 128, 151, adjustable, File, 62, 64, 67, softkeys, Item, trigger,...
Page 417 Index Erase All, creating, Erase and Sanitize All, editing, 157, ERR annunciator, viewing a different file, Error hardkey, files error messages, catalog. See data storage DAC over range, 195, extensions, display area, working with, message format, filter types, equalization, Esc hardkey, real- time modulation EVENT softkey location,...
Page 418 Index hardkey, help on, softkeys, overview, formula, skew discrete steps, See also specific key Free Run softkey, 51, 126, header utilities softkeys, Free- Run softkey, Help hardkey, 7, Freq Dev softkey, 319, 323, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329, Hostname softkey, FREQ hardkey, 47, hostname, setting, Freq softkeys,...
Page 419 Index interface frequency, GPIB, source LAN, function generator, internal internal modulation monitor, reference oscillator, using, start frequency, Internal Baseband Adjustments softkey, waveform, 76, 81, internal clock source selection, 277, LFO. See LF output internal media, licenses Internal Storage to USB softkey, manager, Internal/USB Storage Selection softkey, service software,...
Page 420 Index markers, aligning signal, Bluetooth, markers, waveform, 161–177 CDPD, media DECT, BBG, EDGE, erasing, GSM, Flash Drive, NADC, int, PDC, storage, TETRA, types, 146, multicarrier setup softkeys, USB, 72, multicarrier TDMA waveforms memory creating, erasing data from, multicarrier, Default softkey. See quick setup, Default See also media softkey, settings menu keys,...
Page 421 Index performance, optimizing, persistent settings OFFS annunciator, definition, offset, resetting, 44, offset binary use, 274, phase clock timing, offsets phase noise baseband frequency, adjustments, I/Q, DAC over range & scaling, output, using, description & plots, on/off switch, impairments, operation softkeys, modes of, Phase Ref Set softkey, 47, operation, basic,...
Page 422 Index using, real- time AWGN,bandwidth ratio, Preset softkeys real- time AWGN,channel bandwidth, Language, 29, 55, real- time AWGN,flat bandwidth, Preset, real- time modulation Prev REG softkey, Dual ARB, Prev SEQ softkey, real- time modulation filter Proceed With Reconfiguration softkey, 33, softkey, programming guide content, xiii...
Page 423 Index output security, configuring, 48, Security softkey, 110–117 leveling, external, Segment Advance softkey, troubleshooting, segment advance triggering, RF During Power Search softkey, 94, segments RF Output softkey, 205, advance triggering, RFC NETBIOS Naming softkey, file headers, ringing, loading, ripple, softkeys, RMS, Select hardkey, RMS softkey, 94,...
Page 424 Index definition of, help on, T annunciator, label area, 12, talker mode annunciator, See also specific key TCP, source settled signal, TCP Keep Alive softkeys, Source Settled softkey, 52, TDMA Span softkey, 94, custom digital modulation, predefined, special pattern ignore function, TDMA digital modulation, Specify Default Storage Path for User Media softkey, terminator,...
Page 425 Index unfiltered & filtered samples, 274, warranted logic output clock rates, UNLEVEL annunciator, waveform unleveled operation, adding custom modulation, UNLOCK annunciator, Waveform license, Opt 25x Unspecified softkey, adding a waveform, UNT, option, backup warning, UNU, option, file missing warning, license status messages, 241, 237, UNW, option, Up Directory softkey, 62, 64, replacing a waveform,...
Page 426 Index Agilent X-Series Signal Generators User’s Guide...

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Agilent Technologies X Series User Manual

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