Agilent Technologies X Series Startup Manual
Agilent Technologies X Series Startup Manual

Agilent Technologies X Series Startup Manual

Measurement applications for modular instruments
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X-Series Measurement
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Startup Guide

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Summary of Contents for Agilent Technologies X Series

  • Page 1 Agilent M90XA X-Series Measurement Applications for Modular Instruments Startup Guide...
  • Page 3 Errata Agilent References in this manual NOTICE: This document contains references to Agilent Technologies. Agilent’s former Test and Measurement business has become Keysight Technologies. For more information, go to: www.keysight.com About this manual We’ve added this manual to the Keysight website in an effort to help you support your product. This manual provides the best information we could find.
  • Page 5 Technology Licenses Safety Notices Notices The hardware and/or software © Agilent Technologies, Inc. 2013-2014 described in this document are A CAUTION notice denotes a hazard. It furnished under a license and may be calls attention to an operating procedure, No part of this manual may be reproduced...
  • Page 6: Table Of Contents

    Table of Contents Documentation Map ............6 Introduction .
  • Page 7 Startup Options ............. . 26 89600 VSA: Running In-Process and Sharing Hardware Driver Sessions .
  • Page 8 Running the C/C++ Example ........... . . 48 Deploying a C/C++ Program .
  • Page 9 External 1 Trigger ............. 71 External 2 Trigger .
  • Page 10: Documentation Map

    X-Series Measurement Applications for Modular Instruments Startup Guide Documentation Map Introduction...
  • Page 11: Introduction

    X-Series Measurement Applications for Modular Instruments Startup Guide Introduction X-Series Measurement Applications for Modular Instruments (M90XA Software) expand the capabilities of your M9391A or M9393A PXIe Vector Signal Analyzers (PXI VSAs). These applications are the same applications used to increase the capability and functionality of Agilent’s X-Series signal analyzers, and include the same GUI and SCPI programming commands.
  • Page 12: High-Level Architecture

    X-Series Measurement Applications for Modular Instruments Startup Guide Note: For details on supported licenses and Product information, please refer M90XA Software Licenses. Note: The LTE-Advanced apps are not supported in 32-bit mode. High-Level Architecture The following diagram provides high level overview of the M90XA Software use model: M90XA Application Container The Agilent M90XA is a container for the X-Series Measurement Applications.
  • Page 13: M9000 Resource Manager

    X-Series Measurement Applications for Modular Instruments Startup Guide measurement applications use a SCPI programming API and offers code compatibility with benchtop analyzers. You can launch the M90XA Software from the Start menu as described in Launching M90XA Software section. Once launched, make measurements in either of the following ways: Interactively by using the M90XA GUI Programmatically by using the SCPI commands M9000 Resource Manager...
  • Page 14 X-Series Measurement Applications for Modular Instruments Startup Guide M9391A Drivers - http://www.agilent.com/find/M9391-DRV M9393A Drivers - http://www.agilent.com/find/M9393A-Driver...
  • Page 15: Related Documentation

    X-Series Measurement Applications for Modular Instruments Startup Guide Related Documentation Document Description Format Path to Access User's and Includes SCPI commands Start > All Programs Ag > Programmer's Guides and queries for the basic ilent Agilent M90XA > measurement X-Series Applications 2.0 M9063A Analog functionality.
  • Page 16 X-Series Measurement Applications for Modular Instruments Startup Guide Document Description Format Path to Access Measurement Guides Includes examples of Start > All Programs Ag > measurements made ilent Agilent M90XA > M9063A Analog using the measurement X-Series Applications 2.0 Demod application and >...
  • Page 17 X-Series Measurement Applications for Modular Instruments Startup Guide Document Description Format Path to Access M9000 C API Help system for M9000 Start > All Programs Ag > Documentation unmanaged C API. ilent Agilent M9000 > Measurement Framework M90XA IVI Driver Provides detailed Start >...
  • Page 18: Installation And License Setup

    X-Series Measurement Applications for Modular Instruments Startup Guide Installation and License Setup This section describes software pre-requisites and how to install and setup licenses for M90XA Software. System Requirements Installing M90XA Software Setting up Licenses System Requirements Following is the Agilent's recommended configuration for M90XA Software: 2 GHz or faster 32-bit (x86) or 64-bit (x64) processor 4 GB recommended (32-bit) / 8 GB recommended...
  • Page 19: Installing M90Xa Software

    X-Series Measurement Applications for Modular Instruments Startup Guide Installing M90XA Software Following are the pre-requisites and procedure to install the M90XA Software on your computer. Note: The M90XA Software must be installed on the same computer that shares the PXI backplane with the M9391A or M9393A VSAs.
  • Page 20: Installation Procedure

    X-Series Measurement Applications for Modular Instruments Startup Guide Installation Procedure Launch the installer file to run the setup. Note: The actual version number of Agilent M90XA X-Series Applications in the above screen will vary depending on the installer available with you. After you accept the terms of license agreement, the Installation wizard prompts you to choose either a Complete Custom...
  • Page 21 X-Series Measurement Applications for Modular Instruments Startup Guide The Custom setup enables you to choose the features to install, out of the following: Agilent M9000 Measurement Framework Agilent M90XA X-Series Applications M90XA IVI Driver This enables you to install only Agilent M9000 Core software and the M90XA IVI Driver in case you do not want to run M90XA X-Series Measurement Applications.
  • Page 22: Setting Up Licenses

    X-Series Measurement Applications for Modular Instruments Startup Guide Follow the guided tour to complete the installation. After the installation completes, the following gets installed on your PC if you choose complete installation: Agilent M90XA X-Series Measurement Applications (This includes Agilent M9000 Core Software) M90XA IVI Driver (AgM90XA) Agilent License Manager Setting up Licenses...
  • Page 23: M90Xa Software Licenses

    X-Series Measurement Applications for Modular Instruments Startup Guide When you purchase M90XA Software, you are provided with a License Redemption Entitlement Certificate that documents the licenses to which you are entitled. You can redeem the certificate at http://www.agilent.com/find/softwaremanager using the purchase order number, entitlement certificate number, the host ID of the target computer/controller and other details as required by the redemption process.
  • Page 24 X-Series Measurement Applications for Modular Instruments Startup Guide Product/Feature Description M9071A-3 EDGE Evolution Measurement Application M9071A-B GSM/EDGE Feature Enhancements M9071A-X Single Acquisition Combined GSM/EDGE Measurements M9072A-2 cdma2000 Measurement Application M9073A-1 W-CDMA Measurement Application M9073A-2 HSDPA/HSUPA Measurement Application M9073A-3 HSPA+ Measurement Application M9073A-D W-CDMA Feature Enhancements M9073A-X...
  • Page 25 X-Series Measurement Applications for Modular Instruments Startup Guide Product/Feature Description M9080B-1 LTE-FDD Measurement Application M9080B-2 LTE-FDD Advanced Measurement Application M9081A-2 Bluetooth Measurement Application M9082A-1 LTE-TDD Measurement Application M9082B-1 LTE-TDD Measurement Application M9082B-2 LTE-TDD Advanced Measurement Application Note: If a license is not available or not valid, the corresponding features/options will not be enabled in the M90XA Software.
  • Page 26: Launching M90Xa Software

    X-Series Measurement Applications for Modular Instruments Startup Guide Launching M90XA Software This section describes the procedure to launch the M90XA Software. You can launch M90XA Software from the Start Menu as follows: Start > All Programs Agilent M90XA X-Series Applications 2.0 Agilent M90XA 2.0 >...
  • Page 27 X-Series Measurement Applications for Modular Instruments Startup Guide After a couple of seconds, the Select IVI Driver Session dialog appears. Select one of the two supported drivers (AgM9391 and AgM9393).
  • Page 28 X-Series Measurement Applications for Modular Instruments Startup Guide If you have previously configured an M9391 or M9393 driver session and saved it to the IVI Configuration Store, then you will see it in the list of Configured driver sessions for AgM9391 Configured driver sessions for AgM9393 .
  • Page 29 X-Series Measurement Applications for Modular Instruments Startup Guide...
  • Page 30: Startup Options

    X-Series Measurement Applications for Modular Instruments Startup Guide Right-click anywhere on the M90XA window to view the Context/Shortcut menu. Use this menu to access different softkey menus. Or, select Virtual Front Panel to open a second window with front panel buttons. Startup Options There are several startup options that can be used when launching the M90XA Software.
  • Page 31 X-Series Measurement Applications for Modular Instruments Startup Guide Startup Option Parameter Description /sim Start in simulate mode /ivi:? Interactive selection of logical name of receiver hardware /ivi: Logical name of receiver Use specific hardware hardware /modes:...
  • Page 32 X-Series Measurement Applications for Modular Instruments Startup Guide Startup Option Parameter Description Comma-separated list of mode Load specific measurement names (e.g. applications /modes:WLAN,EDGEGSM) Valid modes are ADEMOD, BT, CDMA1XEV, CDMA2K, EDGEGSM, LTE, LTETDD, LTEAFDD, LTEATDD, TDSCDMA, VSA, WCDMA, WLAN /hislip: Device number Use a specific HiSLIP device number...
  • Page 33: 89600 Vsa: Running In-Process And Sharing Hardware Driver Sessions

    Hardware Driver Sessions Overview In some applications it is desirable to use the 89600 VSA Software in-process with the M90XA X Series Applications and/or user programming. The primary advantage is that the hardware driver session may be shared between apps very quickly, nearly eliminating mode switching time.
  • Page 34: Preparing The 89600

    X-Series Measurement Applications for Modular Instruments Startup Guide M9391 PXI Receiver: 1.2.300.0 M9393 PXI Receiver: 1.0.72.1 Preparing the 89600 Before attempting to run the 89600 in-process with the M90XA, you must prepare the SCPI Connection Type and the Hardware Configuration as described below. SCPI Preferences When the 89600 is running in-process with the M90XA and a SCPI connection is being used to communicate with the 89600, conflicts can arise.
  • Page 35: Hardware Configuration

    X-Series Measurement Applications for Modular Instruments Startup Guide Hardware Configuration The M9391 and M9393 Soft Front Panels save hardware and driver configuration information to the IVI Config Store as named connections. When the M90XA is initialized, this name is used to specify the hardware to use.
  • Page 36 X-Series Measurement Applications for Modular Instruments Startup Guide Note: When you want to use M9000 Resource Manager for sharing hardware driver session between 89600 VSA and M90XA X-Series Applications and/or user programming, you must pass a command-line argument to 89600 to indicate that Resource Manager sharing should be used along with the configuration to use it with, and the IVI logical name that should be used with it.
  • Page 37: Sharing The Hardware

    X-Series Measurement Applications for Modular Instruments Startup Guide Sharing the Hardware Checkout To “check out” the shared driver session for use by the 89600 VSA Software, simply set a hardware parameter or start the measurement. The 89600 does the checkout automatically any time the user performs an action that requires hardware access.
  • Page 38: Programming With M90Xa Software

    X-Series Measurement Applications for Modular Instruments Startup Guide Programming with M90XA Software This section describes the SCPI usage of the M90XA Software and shared usage of the M9391 or M9393 IVI Driver Session. SCPI Control of M90XA Once you have launched M90XA, you can program the measurement applications by using the SCPI commands.
  • Page 39 X-Series Measurement Applications for Modular Instruments Startup Guide Click SCPI LAN The SCPI I/O configuration appears: Use the displayed I/O configuration information plus the IP address or host name of the computer running the M90XA software to determine the VISA resource address for this instance of the M90XA software. For example, if the M90XA shown above is running on a computer with IP address 192.168.1.1, the full SCPI Socket addresses is “...
  • Page 40: Hislip

    X-Series Measurement Applications for Modular Instruments Startup Guide For details on measurements to be made for individual X-Series measurement application, you can refer to the respective documentation available at Start Menu All Programs Agilent M90XA X-Series Applications > > > 2.0 Help >...
  • Page 41: Shared Usage Of The M9391 Or M9393 Ivi Driver Session

    X-Series Measurement Applications for Modular Instruments Startup Guide Shared Usage of the M9391 or M9393 IVI Driver Session There are several example programs included with the M90XA Software. Each of these example programs show you how to perform the following tasks: Open a M9000 Resource Manager session.
  • Page 42: C (Sharp) Api Example

    X-Series Measurement Applications for Modular Instruments Startup Guide Note: Before compiling an example program, you should first copy the example folder to another location that you will use for development. This will ensure that you always have access to the original examples. Before running an example program, you should be able to manually launch the M90XA Software using a configured M9391 or M9393 driver session name (refer Launching M90XA...
  • Page 43 X-Series Measurement Applications for Modular Instruments Startup Guide Assembly Purpose Copy Local Agilent.AgM90XA.Interop The Agilent M90XA IVI-COM False driver Agilent.AgM9391.Interop The Agilent M9391 IVI-COM False driver Agilent.M9000 The Agilent M9000 Application False Framework Ivi.Driver.Interop For IVI driver communications False Ivi.Visa.Interop For SCPI communications False App.Config...
  • Page 44 X-Series Measurement Applications for Modular Instruments Startup Guide If you are starting from scratch and an app.config file does not exist in your solution, right click on the startup project name and select add new item. From the list of Visual C# items, select “Application Configuration File.”...
  • Page 45: Code Walkthrough

    X-Series Measurement Applications for Modular Instruments Startup Guide Code Walkthrough Open a session to the M9000 Resource Manager. OpenM9000Session _myM9000Session = SessionFactory.OpenM9000Session(); catch (Exception e) Console.WriteLine("Could not start M9000Session (details follow)."); Console.WriteLine(e.ToString()); WaitForUser(); Cleanup(); return 1; Console.WriteLine("M9000Core sucessfully started."); Create a sharable M9391 IVI driver session. OpenSharableResource // Open the IVI driver as a sharable resource var result =...
  • Page 46 X-Series Measurement Applications for Modular Instruments Startup Guide Start the M90XA Software. M90XA.Initialize Console.WriteLine("Starting the M90XA, please be patient."); // Start the M90XA _myM90XA = new AgM90XA(); catch (Exception e) Console.WriteLine("Could not instantiate the M90XA (details follow)."); Console.WriteLine(e.ToString()); WaitForUser(); Cleanup(); return 3;...
  • Page 47 X-Series Measurement Applications for Modular Instruments Startup Guide Switch between the M90XA Software and direct access to the M9391 driver session by sharing the M9391 IVI driver session. The private method shows how to checkout the hardware driver from Agilent UseIviDriver() M9000 Resource Manager, use it, then checkin back so that it is available for use.
  • Page 48 X-Series Measurement Applications for Modular Instruments Startup Guide Use IVI #region Use IVI HW driver resource // Note that if we are doing multiple checkout/checkin we may be able to skip // some setup stuff if we know we were the last user. if (!m9000Resource.StateQuestionable) Console.WriteLine("No one used the driver since we last unlocked it.");...
  • Page 49: Labview Api Example

    X-Series Measurement Applications for Modular Instruments Startup Guide LabVIEW API Example In the LabVIEW 2011 M9000 folder available in the Examples directory, you can find the example code for the 32-bit version of National Instruments’ LabVIEW (version 2011 or higher). Prerequisites Before you execute the example, it is required that you switch the .NET Common Language Runtime (CLR) for LabVIEW to version 4.0.
  • Page 50: The Labview Example Code

    X-Series Measurement Applications for Modular Instruments Startup Guide Note: Two warnings may appear (as displayed below) about the changed .NET assembly versions. You may ignore these warnings and click Close requiredResourceName The front panel of the M9000_LabVIEW.vi has a single input field called Enter the resource configuration name you set up earlier (for example MyVSA, or M9391), during launching of M90XA, in the requiredResourceName...
  • Page 51: C Or C++ Api Example

    X-Series Measurement Applications for Modular Instruments Startup Guide This example code consists of a sequence of Invoke Nodes that call methods on the AgM90XA IVI driver as well as the M9000 API. Please refer to the respective API documentation for more detail. SCPI strings can be used to make measurements using the M90XA Software.
  • Page 52: Building The C/C++ Example

    X-Series Measurement Applications for Modular Instruments Startup Guide Building the C/C++ Example To open this example, first copy the example folder files from the installed location to a temporary folder (for eg, C:\Temp). AgM9000ExampleC.sln If using the M9391 open with Microsoft Visual Studio. If using the M9393 Open open AgM9000withM9393ExampleC.sln Note This example supports Microsoft Visual C++ 2010, so you might be prompted to...
  • Page 53: Deploying A C/C++ Program

    X-Series Measurement Applications for Modular Instruments Startup Guide In addition to the above, the M90XA Software UI appears. Note In case you have not specified any command line parameters, the program will use simulated hardware. To run the program with M9391A hardware: Use the M9391 SFP to select PXI modules.
  • Page 54: C (Sharp) Api Example Form

    X-Series Measurement Applications for Modular Instruments Startup Guide If you are modifying an existing solution you may need to add the startup setting to the configuration section of the existing solution's app.config file. C (Sharp) API Example Form C# API Example Form This section covers the C# APIExampleForm provided with the M90XA Software.
  • Page 55 X-Series Measurement Applications for Modular Instruments Startup Guide After the sharable IVI resource session is open you may use the driver directly as illustrated by the band power measurements. You may also start the M90XA software by clicking the Start M90XA button.
  • Page 56 X-Series Measurement Applications for Modular Instruments Startup Guide After the M90XA Software is launched, you can use the Switch Active App... to switch between the different X-Series Measurement Applications.
  • Page 57 X-Series Measurement Applications for Modular Instruments Startup Guide In the “Hardware Sharing Example: Band Power” area, click the Using X-App button to commands to the M90XA to perform a band power measurement. This is not supported in some X-series applications so you may need to first switch to WLAN.
  • Page 58: Code Walkthrough

    X-Series Measurement Applications for Modular Instruments Startup Guide Code Walkthrough To review or modify this program, make a copy of the ApiExampleForm folder, then open ApiExampleForm.sln in Visual Studio. ApiExample The project has the same assembly references and app.config requirements as the console program described earlier.
  • Page 59: Api Example Form With 89600

    X-Series Measurement Applications for Modular Instruments Startup Guide ApiExampleForm Code #define M9391_SUPPORTED // remove this line to compile without the M9391 IVI driver. #define M9393_SUPPORTED // remove this line to compile without the M9393 IVI driver. #if M9391_SUPPORTED // This 'using' requires installation of the M9391 IVI driver. Disable if not needed.
  • Page 60: References

    X-Series Measurement Applications for Modular Instruments Startup Guide References This example references the assemblies as displayed below:...
  • Page 61 X-Series Measurement Applications for Modular Instruments Startup Guide Assembly Purpose Copy Local Agilent.AgM90XA.Interop The Agilent M90XA IVI-COM False driver Agilent.AgM9391.Interop The Agilent M9391 IVI-COM False driver Agilent.AgM9393.Interop The Agilent M9393 IVI-COM False driver Agilent.M9000 The Agilent M9000 Application False Framework Agilent.SA.Vsa.InProcessFactory For starting the most recent False...
  • Page 62: Running The Program

    X-Series Measurement Applications for Modular Instruments Startup Guide If you are starting from scratch and an app.config file does not exist in your solution, right click on the startup project name and select add new item. From the list of Visual C# items, select Application Configuration File .
  • Page 63 X-Series Measurement Applications for Modular Instruments Startup Guide Here are the steps to run this example program: Open the M9391 or M9393 driver session based on an IVI driver Name , and a saved hardware configuration Alias . Click Open Session to open the driver session.
  • Page 64: Code Walkthrough

    X-Series Measurement Applications for Modular Instruments Startup Guide Make measurement using M90XA X-Apps, IVI Driver, or 89600. “check out” the shared driver session for use by the 89600 VSA Software, simply set a hardware parameter or start the measurement. The 89600 does the checkout automatically any time the user performs an action that requires hardware access.
  • Page 65: Starting The 89600 Vsa Software

    X-Series Measurement Applications for Modular Instruments Startup Guide Starting the 89600 VSA Software This example is designed so that it does not directly reference the Agilent 89600 VSA Software installed on your computer. This allows you to install a newer version of 89600 at a later date, without having to update a reference and re-compile this program.
  • Page 66 X-Series Measurement Applications for Modular Instruments Startup Guide Casting to Agilent.SA.Vsa.Application private bool Setup89600(object appObject) // This is in a private method so that the JIT compiler does not look // for VsaApplication before the InProcessFactory has loaded the interfaces assembly _my89600 = appObject as VsaApplication;...
  • Page 67: Switching Between 89600, M90Xa, And The Ivi Driver Session

    X-Series Measurement Applications for Modular Instruments Startup Guide Switching between 89600, M90XA, and the IVI driver session Because the M90XA and 89600 VSA applications may be used interactively from the graphical user interface, it is possible that one of these applications has the IVI driver session checked out at the time that the Using IVI Driver button is pressed.
  • Page 68: Troubleshooting

    X-Series Measurement Applications for Modular Instruments Startup Guide Troubleshooting This section covers the information on M9000 logging and the procedure to troubleshoot some common problems. Event Logging Common Problems Technical Support Event Logging The logging info is available as entries in the Windows Event Logger. Events from the M9000 Resource Manager are logged under Applications and Services Logs ->...
  • Page 69: Common Problems

    X-Series Measurement Applications for Modular Instruments Startup Guide Common Problems Here are some common problems you may encounter: M90XA Software fails to start on 32-bit Windows Root Cause On a 32-bit version of Windows, each process can access a maximum of 2 GB memory allocation. This allocation is not sufficient for some of the large applications like LTE etc.
  • Page 70: Incorrect Alignment Results In M9393

    X-Series Measurement Applications for Modular Instruments Startup Guide Incorrect Alignment Results in M9393 When using M9393, by default, the measurements are made according to the factory calibration data. If necessary, you can perform additional alignments to improve Amplitude accuracy and LO nulling. Before you perform alignments using M9393, ensure that you disable any RF signal being input to M9393.
  • Page 71: Benchtop Analyzers Vs Modular Instruments

    X-Series Measurement Applications for Modular Instruments Startup Guide Benchtop Analyzers vs Modular Instruments This section covers the information on differences between benchtop analyzers and modular instruments. Overview SCPI Differences Trigger Differences Image Protection Differences Overview The X-Series measurement applications for modular instruments are the same as those available on Agilent's X-Series signal analyzers.
  • Page 72 X-Series Measurement Applications for Modular Instruments Startup Guide Spectrum data acquisitions (Spectrum measurements) are acquired by collecting and converting time data to spectrum data using FFT techniques. If more spectrum data is needed than the acquisition bandwidth supports, multiple FFTs are acquired and stitched together to form the wider span spectrum.
  • Page 73: Scpi Differences

    X-Series Measurement Applications for Modular Instruments Startup Guide SCPI Differences This section lists the differences between various SCPI commands for X-series Measurement Applications for Benchtop Analyzers vs. X-Series Measurement Applications for Modular Instruments: Range vs Attenuation Note: For more details on SCPI commands, refer to Users and Programmers Reference Guide for each Measurement Application.
  • Page 74: Trigger Differences

    X-Series Measurement Applications for Modular Instruments Startup Guide The recommended TCPIP protocol for M90XA is High-Speed LAN Instrument Protocol (HiSLIP). For more information about using HiSLIP, see "Using the TCPIP Interface Type for LAN Access" in the Agilent IO Libraries Connectivity Guide SICL Server connections are typically established with a VISA resource string ending in ::instr0::INSTR Controlling programs can be changed to use HiSLIP by changing the VISA resource string to end in...
  • Page 75: External 1 Trigger

    X-Series Measurement Applications for Modular Instruments Startup Guide Trigger Source X-Series Benchtop Analyzer M9391A and M9393A VSA Modular Instruments Periodic Timer (Frame) Supported Supported (see note below) External 1 Trigger "External 1" uses the M9214A Digitizer module "Trig 1" port as an external trigger input. Level, slope, and delay can be set.
  • Page 76: Gating

    X-Series Measurement Applications for Modular Instruments Startup Guide setup, measurements do not wait to re-synchronizing if the Periodic Timer trigger was previously synchronized. This can be noticeable when synchronizing to a 1 pulse-per-second external trigger. It can be avoided by setting Sync Source to Off after synchronizing the first measurement. Gating Many X-series applications have support for Gating under the Sweep/Control key.
  • Page 77: Image Protection Differences

    X-Series Measurement Applications for Modular Instruments Startup Guide Image Protection Differences Analyzers use super heterodyne techniques, where input signals are shifted to lower frequencies using one or more mixers. Without any filtering or image suppression signal processing, the analyzer will respond at both the desired frequency and also at an image frequency.
  • Page 78 X-Series Measurement Applications for Modular Instruments Startup Guide The Monitor Spectrum measurements may not be image protected. One purpose of Monitor Spectrum is to show the spectrum of the input signal under the same setup as other measurements like Modulation Accuracy.
  • Page 79 As with a tangram, the possibilities may seem infinite as you begin to create For more information on Agilent Technologies' products, applications or services, please contact your local Agilent office. a new test system. With a set of clearly defined elements—...

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