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Glossary
1043). It is "apparent" because the specimen may be de-
flected past its proportional limit and the value calcu-
lated may not represent the true modulus of elasticity
within the elastic limit of the material.
Modulus of Rupture.
Ultimate strength determined in a flexure or torsion test.
In a flexure test, modulus of rupture in bending is the
maximum fiber stress at failure. In a torsion test, modu-
lus of rupture in torsion is the maximum shear stress in
the extreme fiber of a circular member at failure. Alter-
nate terms are flexural strength and torsional strength.
Modulus of Strain Hardening.
Alternate term for rate of strain hardening.
Modulus of Toughness.
The work done on a unit volume of material as a simple
tensile force is gradually increased from zero to the
value causing rupture is defined as the Modulus of
Toughness. This may be calculated as the entire area un-
der the stress-strain curve from the origin to rupture.
Toughness of a material is its ability to absorb energy in
the plastic range of the material.
Necking.
Localized reduction of cross-sectional area of a speci-
men under tensile load. It is disregarded in calculating
engineering stress but is taken into account in determin-
ing true stress.
B-21
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