Page 1: User Guide
CoreBuilder Extended Switching ® User Guide Extended Switching software Revision 8.3.1 http://www.3com.com/ Part No. 10005361 Published May 1998 2500 ™...
Page 2 3Com Corporation reserves the right to revise this documentation and to make changes in content from time 95052-8145 to time without obligation on the part of 3Com Corporation to provide notiﬁcation of such revision or change. 3Com Corporation provides this documentation without warranty, term, or condition of any kind, either implied or expressed, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties, terms or conditions of merchantability, satisfactory quality, and ﬁtness for a particular purpose.
Page 3: Table Of Contents
Year 2000 Compliance CoreBuilder 2500 Documentation Paper Documents Documents on CD Documents on the Web Documentation Comments ETTING TARTED UILDER About CoreBuilder 2500 Extended Switching Using Menus Extended Switching Features Bridge Menus IP Menus IPX Menus AppleTalk Menus UIDE 2500 E...
Page 4 Protocol-Sensitive VLANs CoreBuilder 2500 Protocol-Sensitive VLAN Conﬁguration Protocol Suite Switch Ports Layer 3 Addressing Information Default VLAN Modifying the Default VLAN Flooding Decisions in the CoreBuilder 2500 VLAN Exception Flooding Overlapped IP VLANs Routing Between VLANs BOUT OUTING ROTOCOLS RIDGING AND...
Page 5 IP T OUTING WITH ECHNOLOGY IP Routing and the OSI Reference Model Elements of IP Routing IP Addresses Network Part Subnetwork Part Router Interfaces Routing Table Default Route Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) IP Routing Transmission Errors Routing with Classical IP over ATM About Logical IP Subnets (LISs) ATM ARP Servers 4-10...
Page 6 IPX Routing in the NetWare Environment How IPX Routing Works Elements of IPX Routing Elements of OSPF Routing OUTING WITH Internet Packet Exchange (IPX) Routing Information Protocol (RIP) Service Advertising Protocol (SAP) IPX Packet Format IPX Packet Delivery Sending Node’s Responsibility Router’s Responsibility Router Interfaces Routing Tables...
Page 7 Cost 7-10 Delay 7-10 Hello Timer 7-10 Retransmit Timer Dead Interval 7-11 Password 7-11 Stub Default Metrics Virtual Links 7-11 How OSPF Routing Works Starting Up 7-12 Finding Neighbors 7-12 Establishing Adjacencies Electing the Backup Designated Router Electing the Designated Router Calculating Shortest Path Trees Routing Packets 7-14...
Page 8 About AARP IV A Displaying VLAN Information Deﬁning VLAN Information Modifying VLAN Information Removing a VLAN Deﬁnition Administering Interfaces Administering Routes viii Session Layer Protocols AppleTalk Data Stream Protocol (ADSP) Zone Information Protocol (ZIP) AppleTalk Session Protocol (ASP) Printer Access Protocol (PAP) Presentation Layer Protocols 8-10 DMINISTERING...
Page 9 Administering the ARP Cache Displaying the ARP Cache Removing an ARP Cache Entry Flushing the ARP Cache 10-12 Administering ATM ARP Servers Displaying ATM ARP Servers Deﬁning an ATM ARP Server Removing an ATM ARP Server Displaying the ATM ARP Cache Removing an ATM ARP Cache Entry Flushing the ATM ARP Cache Administering UDP Helper...
Page 10 Enabling and Disabling DVMRP Enabling and Disabling IGMP Administering IP Multicast Interfaces Administering Multicast Tunnels Displaying Routes Displaying the Multicast Cache Administering Interfaces Administering Routes Administering Servers Setting IPX Forwarding Setting the RIP Mode Setting the Enhanced RIP Mode Setting RIP Triggered Updates Setting the SAP Mode Setting SAP Triggered Updates IP M...
Page 11 Displaying Statistics 12-11 Displaying IPX Summary Statistics Displaying IPX RIP Statistics Displaying IPX SAP Statistics Displaying IPX Forwarding Statistics OSPF R DMINISTERING Administering Areas 13-1 Displaying Areas 13-2 Deﬁning Areas 13-2 Modifying Areas 13-3 Removing Areas 13-3 Adding Network Ranges Modifying Network Ranges Removing Network Ranges Setting the Default Route Metric...
Page 12 Displaying the Link State Database Administering Neighbors Setting OSPF Router IDs Administering Memory Partitions Administering Stub Default Metrics Administering Virtual Links Displaying OSPF Statistics Administering Interfaces Administering Routes Administering the AARP Cache Displaying a Database Summary Displaying Router LSAs 13-16 Displaying Network LSAs 13-18 Displaying Summary Network LSAs...
Page 13 Displaying NBP Statistics V RMON AND THE EMOTE ONITORING Overview 15-1 RMON Beneﬁts RMON in the CoreBuilder 2500 RMON Groups Statistics and axFDDIStatistics Groups History and axFDDIHistory Groups Alarm Group Setting Alarm Thresholds RMON Hysteresis Mechanism Host Group HostTopN Group...
Page 14 Online Technical Services Support from Your Network Supplier Support from 3Com Returning Products for Repair NDEX PPENDIX UPPORT World Wide Web Site 3Com FTP Site 3Com Bulletin Board Service Access by Analog Modem Access by Digital Modem 3ComFacts Automated Fax Service...
Page 15: Introduction
IP, IP multicast, classical IP over ATM, IPX, AppleTalk routing, virtual LAN (VLAN) conﬁguration, and remote monitoring (RMON). Use this guide with the CoreBuilder 2500 Administration Console User Guide when you conﬁgure your system. See the CoreBuilder 2500 Extended Switching Software Installation and Release Notes for information about how to install Extended Switching software on your CoreBuilder 2500 system.
Page 16: How To Use This Guide
Administering IP multicast routing Administering IPX routing Administering OSPF routing Administering AppleTalk routing Remote monitoring (RMON) 3Com Technical Support Conventions Table 1 and Table 2 list conventions that are used throughout this guide. Table 1 Notice Icons Icon Notice Type...
Page 17: Year 2000 Compliance
“type” Keyboard key names If you must press two or more keys simultaneously, the key Words in italics Year 2000 For information on Year 2000 compliance and 3Com products, visit the Compliance 3Com Year 2000 Web page: http://www.3com.com/products/yr2000.html Year 2000 Compliance Description screen.
Page 18: Corebuilder 2500 Documentation
Documentation Paper documents are shipped with your system. Additional documents are included on the 3Com compact disc. To order a paper copy of a document that you see on the compact disc, or to order additional compact discs, call your 3Com sales representative.
Page 19: Documents On Cd
In addition to the paper documents that are shipped with your product, the compact disc that comes with your system contains these books: Documents on You can view most 3Com documentation on the World Wide Web at our the Web Web site: http://www.3Com.com...
Page 21 ETTING TARTED Chapter 1 CoreBuilder 2500 Extended Switching Features...
Page 23 Administration Console menus. About The CoreBuilder CoreBuilder 2500 existing CoreBuilder 2500 software and adds new functionality to your Extended Switching system. Extended Switching software contains all of the features of CoreBuilder 2500 Intelligent Switching software and adds these features: The RMON feature is available only through an SNMP connection, not through the Administration Console.
Page 24: Using Menus
1: C 2500 E HAPTER UILDER Using Menus When you gain access to the Administration Console, the top-level menu appears. The Extended Switching software contains top-level menus and additions to the Intelligent Switching’s menu options Menu options: ------------------–----------------------------------------- Menu options vary with the system configuration and your level of access...
Page 25: Switching Features
Extended The rest of this chapter reviews the features in the CoreBuilder 2500 Switching Features Extended Switching software. Subsequent chapters describe these features in greater detail. Bridge Menus From the (VLANs). Figure 1-2 shows the create a new VLAN, from the top level of the Administration Console,...
Page 26 1: C 2500 E HAPTER UILDER XTENDED WITCHING EATURES IP Menus From the menu, you can conﬁgure and manage: Internet Protocol (IP) interfaces and routes (see Chapter 4) Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) cache (see Chapter 4 and Chapter 10) Multicast routing (see Chapter 5 and Chapter 11) UDP Helper (see Chapter 10) IP routing (see Chapter 4 and Chapter 10) Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing (see Chapter 7 and...
Page 27 Figure 1-3 (on this page and the next) shows the example, to deﬁne a new IP interface, from the top level of the Administration Console, enter: Top-Level Menu ip menu system interface ethernet route fddi atmArpServer bridge multicast udpHelper routing appletalk icmpRouterDiscovery snmp...
Page 28 1: C 2500 E HAPTER UILDER Top-Level Menu system ethernet fddi bridge appletalk snmp analyzer script logout Figure 1-3 XTENDED WITCHING EATURES (OSPF and RIP continued) ip menu ospf menu interface areas route defaultRouteMetric interface atmArpServer linkStateData multicast neighbors udpHelper routerID routing partition...
Page 29 IPX Menus From the Internet Packet Exchange (IPX) interfaces, routes, and servers Forwarding Routing Information Protocol (RIP) and enhanced RIP Service Advertising Protocol (SAP) Statistics displays Figure 1-4 shows the IPX interface, from the top level of the Administration Console, enter: ipx interface define Top-Level Menu system...
Page 30 1: C 2500 E HAPTER UILDER AppleTalk Menus From the Figure 1-5 shows the a new AppleTalk interface, from the top level of the Administration Console, enter: Top-Level Menu system ethernet fddi bridge appletalk snmp analyzer script logout Figure 1-5 For more information about AppleTalk routing, see Chapter 8 and Chapter 14.
Page 31 LAN T IRTUAL ECHNOLOGY Chapter 2 VLANs on the CoreBuilder 2500 System...
Page 33: About Vlans
Types of VLANs You can use several types of VLANs to group users: The packet ﬁltering capabilities in the CoreBuilder 2500 system provide support for port group, MAC address group, and application-oriented VLANs. For information about how to ﬁlter port groups and MAC address groups, see the Operation Guide and the Administration Console User Guide.
Page 34: Port Group Vlans
VLANs. Application-Oriented VLANs Using the CoreBuilder 2500 ﬁltering capability, a switch can ﬁlter application-speciﬁc trafﬁc such as telnet trafﬁc or FTP trafﬁc based on higher-layer information. To create this application-oriented VLAN, you conﬁgure packet ﬁlters that specify data and offsets of the data within...
Page 35: Protocol-Sensitive Vlans
About VLANs Protocol-Sensitive VLANs The CoreBuilder 2500 system forwards, to all ports, any data that has a broadcast, multicast, or unknown destination address. This process is referred to as bridge ﬂooding. With protocol-sensitive VLANs, you can restrict ﬂood trafﬁc for routable and nonroutable protocols.
Page 36: Switch Ports
2: VLAN HAPTER S ON THE Table 2-1 lists the protocol suites that the CoreBuilder 2500 supports, as well as the protocol types included in each protocol suite. Table 2-1 Supported Protocols for VLAN Conﬁguration Protocol Suite Novell IPX AppleTalk...
Page 37: Default Vlan
VLAN appears in the system at initialization, the system software adds that switch port to the ﬁrst default VLAN deﬁned in the system. With CoreBuilder 2500 VLANs you can modify the initial default VLAN to form two or more subsets of switch ports. If you remove the default VLAN and no other VLANs are deﬁned for the system, no ﬂooding of...
Page 38: Vlan Exception Flooding
2: VLAN HAPTER S ON THE The following example shows how ﬂooding occurs according to VLANs set up by protocol. The example assumes an 18-port switch. VLAN Index VLAN Protocol VLAN Ports Data received on this port IP — port 1 IPX —...
Page 39: Overlapped Ip Vlans
Overlapped IP VLANs You can assign network layer information to IP VLANs so you can manage your VLANs by subnetwork. The CoreBuilder 2500 system makes ﬂooding decisions by ﬁrst matching the incoming frame using the protocol (IP) and then matching the frame with Layer 3 subnetwork information.
Page 40: Routing Between Vlans
Stations in two different VLANs communicate only by routing between VLANs them. The CoreBuilder 2500 system supports internal routing among IP, IPX, and AppleTalk VLANs. If VLANs are conﬁgured for other routable network layer protocols, they communicate only through an external router.
Page 41: Vlan Conﬁguration Examples
VLAN Conﬁguration In Figure 2-1, three protocol-sensitive VLANs (two IP and one IPX) Examples interconnect over a high-speed FDDI link. The end stations and servers are on 10 Mbps ports with trafﬁc that is segregated by protocol. Trafﬁc aggregates only over the FDDI link. IP-1 IP-2 IPX-1...
Page 42 2-10 2: VLAN HAPTER S ON THE In Figure 2-2, two overlapping protocol-sensitive VLANs (IP and IPX) are connected to servers on separate, high-speed 100BASE-T ports. The client end stations share the same switch ports, yet the IP trafﬁc and IPX trafﬁc remain separate.
Page 43 BOUT Chapter 3 Bridging and Routing in the CoreBuilder 2500 System Chapter 4 Routing with IP Technology Chapter 5 Routing with IP Multicast Chapter 6 Routing with IPX Chapter 7 Routing with OSPF Chapter 8 Routing with AppleTalk OUTING ROTOCOLS...
Page 45: What Is Routing?
Routers typically: Figure 3-1 shows where routers are typically used in a network. CoreBuilder 2500 system routing connects subnetworks to the enterprise network, providing connectivity between devices within a workgroup, department, or building.
Page 46 Bridge Bridge Figure 3-1 Traditional Routing Architecture CoreBuilder 2500 in a With the CoreBuilder 2500 system, you ﬁt Ethernet switching capability Subnetworked into subnetworked environments. When you put the CoreBuilder 2500 Environment system into such a network, the system streamlines your network architecture by routing trafﬁc between subnetworks and switching within...
Page 47 What Is Routing? Integrating Bridging The CoreBuilder 2500 system integrates bridging and routing. You can and Routing assign multiple switch ports to each subnetwork. See Figure 3-3. Subnetwork 4 FDDI ports CoreBuilder™ 2500 system Ethernet ports Subnetwork 3 Subnetwork 1...
Page 48: Bridging And Routing Models
Traditionally, network systems ﬁrst try to route packets that belong to recognized protocols; all other packets are bridged. In the CoreBuilder 2500 model, the system ﬁrst tries to bridge a packet. Then, if a packet’s destination network address is not on the same subnetwork, the system routes the packet.
Page 49 Figure 3-5 illustrates traditional routing: 1 The packet enters the bridge or router. 2 The bridge or router determines that the packet belongs to a recognized routing protocol, so the packet is passed to the router. 3 The router examines the destination network address and forwards the packet to the interface (port) that is connected to the destination subnetwork.
Page 50: Corebuilder 2500 Bridging And Routing
HAPTER RIDGING AND CoreBuilder 2500 The destination MAC address determines whether the CoreBuilder 2500 Bridging and Routing system bridges or routes a packet. Before a host system sends a packet to another host, the host system compares its own network address to the...
Page 51 Figure 3-7 illustrates CoreBuilder 2500 routing: 1 The packet enters the CoreBuilder system. 2 The bridging layer examines the packet’s destination address. The destination address corresponds to the address of one of the system ports conﬁgured for routing (as opposed to a learned end station address).
Page 53: Ip Routing And The Osi Reference Model
This chapter reviews IP routing technology in these sections: IP Routing and the An IP router, unlike a bridge, operates at the network layer of the Open OSI Reference Systems Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model. An IP router routes Model packets by examining the network layer address (IP address). Bridges use data link layer MAC addresses to perform forwarding.
Page 54: Elements Of Ip Routing
4: R HAPTER OUTING WITH When an IP router sends a packet, it does not know the complete path to a destination — only the next hop. Each hop involves three steps: 1 The IP routing algorithm computes the next hop IP address and the next router interface, using routing table entries.
Page 55: Network Part
Network Part The location of the boundary between the network part and the host part depends on the class that the central agency assigns to your network. The three primary classes of IP addresses are A, B, and C: Class A address — Uses 8 bits for the network part and 24 bits for the host part.
Page 56: Router Interfaces
A router interface IP address serves two functions: 158.101.1.1 Figure 4-4 Router Interfaces in the CoreBuilder 2500 System ECHNOLOGY 158.101 is the network part 230 is the subnetwork part 52 is the host part ™...
Page 57: Routing Table
Status — Information that the routing protocol has about the interface. Figure 4-5 shows the routing table of the router in Figure 4-4. Routing table Destination IP address 158.101.1.1 158.101.2.1 158.101.3.1 default route Figure 4-5 Sample CoreBuilder 2500 Routing Table Subnet mask Gateway Metric 255.255.255.0 158.101.1.2 255.255.255.0 158.101.2.2 255.255.255.0 158.101.3.2...
Page 58: Default Route
Interior Gateway Protocols (IGPs), which operate within networks, provide this automated method. The CoreBuilder 2500 system uses RIP and Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Protocol to conﬁgure its routing tables dynamically.
Page 59: Address Resolution Protocol (Arp)
Address Resolution ARP is a low-level protocol used to locate the MAC address Protocol (ARP) corresponding to a given IP address. This protocol allows a host or router to use IP addresses to make routing decisions while it uses MAC addresses to forward packets from one hop to the next.
Page 60: Ip Routing Transmission Errors
4: R HAPTER OUTING WITH When devices on the network receive this packet, they examine it. If their address is not the target protocol address, they discard the packet. When a device receives the packet and conﬁrms that its IP address matches the target protocol address, the receiving device places its MAC address in the target hardware address ﬁeld and sends the packet back to the source hardware address.
Page 61: Routing With Classical Ip Over Atm
ATM ARP in an ATM network. The Classical IP over ATM model uses Logical IP Subnetworks (LISs) to forward packets within the network environment. See the CoreBuilder 2500 Operation Guide for detailed information about the ATM protocol architecture. See the CoreBuilder 2500 Administration Console User Guide for information about how to conﬁgure ATM ports.
Page 62: Atm Arp Servers
4-10 4: R IP T HAPTER OUTING WITH ATM ARP Servers An ATM ARP server maintains a table of IP addresses and their corresponding ATM addresses and circuit information. To forward IP packets over an ATM interface, the network node learns the ATM address for the corresponding IP address from the ATM ARP server.
Page 63: Ip Routing References
IP Routing Comer, Douglas E. Internetworking with TCP/IP. Volume I: Principles, References Protocols, and Architecture. Prentice Hall, Inc., 1991. Perlman, Radia. Interconnections: Bridges and Routers. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc., 1992. Sterns, Richard. TCP/IP Illustrated. Volume 1: The Protocols. Addison-Wesley Professional Computing Services, 1992. RFC 791.
Page 65: About Ip Multicast Routing
Multicast destinations include: Multicast routing operates without loops or excess transmissions. The CoreBuilder 2500 system supports two IP multicast protocols: This chapter describes these protocols and the algorithms that the CoreBuilder 2500 system uses for multicast routing.
Page 66: Igmp
See “Multicast Tunnels” on page 5-5 for more information about tunnels. At software revisions earlier than 8.0, CoreBuilder 2500 systems that are connected to the MBONE network support up to 16 IP multicast tunnels or routing interfaces. CoreBuilder 2500 systems at revision 8.0 or later support up to 32 IP multicast tunnels or routing interfaces connected to the MBONE.
Page 67: Multicast Routing Algorithms
Multicast Routing The CoreBuilder 2500 system uses three multicast routing algorithms: Algorithms Flooding In most ﬂooding algorithms, a network node receives a packet that was sent to a multicast destination. The node determines whether the packet is an original that it has not received before or a duplicate of a packet that it has received before.
Page 68: Reverse Path Forwarding
The message notiﬁes the router not to send any further packets to this group. In the CoreBuilder 2500 system, the Administration Console IP multicast pruning occurs on the Spanning Tree.
Page 69: Multicast Interfaces
Rate Limit The rate limit determines how many multicast packets can travel over the interface per second. The CoreBuilder 2500 system drops multicast trafﬁc that travels faster than this rate. The default value of 0 means that no rate limit is in effect. A lower rate limit results in fewer multicast packets traveling over the interface.
Page 71: Ipx Routing In The Netware Environment
This chapter provides an overview of IPX routing, including: IPX Routing in The NetWare network operating system was developed and introduced the NetWare to the market by Novell, Inc., in the early 1980s. Much of the NetWare Environment networking technology was derived from XNS, a networking system developed by Xerox Corporation.
Page 72 6: R HAPTER OUTING WITH Layers in the OSI Reference Model Applications Application Presentation Session NetBIOS Transport Network Data link Physical Figure 6-1 NetWare Protocols and the OSI Reference Model NetWare NetWare Control Protocol (NCP) NetWare shell (client) Media access protocols (Ethernet, FDDI) Service Routing...
Page 73 IPX Routing in the NetWare Environment Internet Packet IPX is the primary protocol used for routing in a NetWare environment. Exchange (IPX) This connectionless, datagram protocol does not require an acknowledgment for each packet sent. Protocols above IPX provide packet acknowledgment or connection control. IPX deﬁnes internetwork and intranode addressing schemes.
Page 74: How Ipx Routing Works
6: R HAPTER OUTING WITH How IPX Routing A router operates at the network layer of the OSI Reference Model. The Works router receives instructions to route packets from one segment to another from the network-layer protocol. IPX, with the help of RIP, performs network-layer tasks, including: This section describes the “IPX Packet Format”...
Page 75: Ipx Packet Delivery
The packet includes the following elements: Checksum — A 16-bit checksum that is set to 1s. Packet length — A 16-bit ﬁeld that indicates the packet’s length in bytes. This length includes both header and data. The length must be at least 30 bytes.
Page 76: Sending Node's Responsibility
6: R HAPTER OUTING WITH However, the way that the MAC header of the packet is addressed depends on whether a router separates the sending and destination nodes. See Figure 6-3. Sending node Network = 000000AA Node = Socket = 4003 Figure 6-3 IPX Packet Routing Sending Node’s Responsibility When sending and destination nodes have the same network number,...
Page 77: Router's Responsibility
A router interface connects the router and the network number (address). In traditional routing models, the router interface is the same as the port, because only one interface exists per port. But in the CoreBuilder 2500 system, more than one port can connect to a network number. Therefore, the router interface is a relationship between one or more ports and the network number (address) in your IPX network.
Page 78: Routing Tables
6: R HAPTER OUTING WITH Each router interface has a network address. This address deﬁnes the network number to which the router interface is attached. The router interface’s IPX address serves two functions: Routing Tables A routing table collects information about all intranetwork segments. This table allows a router to send packets toward their destinations over the best possible routes.
Page 79: Generating Routing Table Information
Interior Gateway Protocols (IGPs), which operate within intranetworks, provide this automated learning. The CoreBuilder 2500 system uses RIP (one of the most widely used IGPs) to dynamically build routing tables. RIP operates with active and passive network devices. Active devices, usually routers, broadcast their RIP messages to all devices in a network;...
Page 80: Selecting The Best Route
6-10 6: R HAPTER OUTING WITH Selecting the Best Route Large networks contain many possible routes to each destination. A router performs the following steps to ﬁnd the best route toward a destination: Service Advertising With the Service Advertising Protocol (SAP), ﬁle, print, application, and Protocol in IPX gateway servers broadcast their addresses and services throughout the intranetwork.
Page 81 Figure 6-5 illustrates the SAP packet structure. Note that the SAP packet is encapsulated within the IPX packet data area. IPX packet format IPX Header (30 bytes) Packet type = 4 Socket = 452h Data Figure 6-5 SAP Packet Structure A SAP packet consists of the following ﬁelds: Operation —...
Page 82: Server Information Tables
6-12 6: R HAPTER OUTING WITH Client systems do not use this SAP information directly. Rather, SAP agents within each router on the server’s network segment collect this information. The SAP agents store this information in their server information tables. If a server also contains a SAP agent, the server’s bindery stores the SAP information.
Page 83 This table contains the following data: Interface — The interface from which server information is received Server name — The name of the server Server type — The type of service the server provides Network address — The address of the network that contains the server Node address —...
Page 84: Server Information Maintenance
6-14 6: R HAPTER OUTING WITH Server Information Maintenance When a router’s SAP agent receives a SAP broadcast response indicating a change in a server’s conﬁguration, the agent updates its server information table and informs other SAP agents. Examples of such a change are when a server is disconnected or becomes accessible through a better route.
Page 85 OUTING WITH This chapter describes Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing, including: Elements of OSPF Routing How OSPF Routing Works The OSPF link-state protocol dynamically responds to changes in network topology that occur within a group of networks and routers called an autonomous system.
Page 86 7: R OSPF HAPTER OUTING WITH Area 2 border router 1 Segment 2 Router 1 Segment 3 Point- to-point link Router 2 border router 3 Figure 7-1 Sample OSPF Routing Application (stub) Area Area 0 (backbone) Segment 1 Segment 4 Router 3 Segment 5 Router 4...
Page 87: Elements Of Ospf Routing
Elements of OSPF OSPF routing uses the following network elements: Routing Autonomous Systems An autonomous system consists of a set of OSPF routers that exchange routing information. The network shown in Figure 7-1 contains two autonomous systems. Using identical topology databases, each router in an autonomous system calculates shortest-path routes from itself to every known destination in the autonomous system.
Page 88: Area Border Routers
7: R OSPF HAPTER OUTING WITH An area’s network topology is not visible outside the area. Conversely, an area’s systems cannot see detailed network structures outside the area. Because of this restriction of topological information, you can control trafﬁc ﬂow between areas and reduce routing trafﬁc to below the levels that occur when the entire autonomous system is a single routing domain.
Page 89: Routing Databases
Routing Databases All routers connected to an area maintain identical routing databases about the area. Routers connected to multiple areas maintain a separate routing database for each attached area. For example, in Figure 7-1: Routers 1, 2, 3, and 4 maintain identical routing databases about backbone area 0.
Page 90: Neighbors
7: R OSPF HAPTER OUTING WITH Neighbors Neighbor routers are physically attached to the same network segment. A router attached to multiple network segments may have different sets of neighbors on each segment. For example, Figure 7-1 includes several sets of OSPF neighbor routers.
Page 91: Protocol Packets
Protocol Packets The OSPF protocol uses ﬁve types of packets: Hello — Router interfaces periodically transmit hello packets to identify and maintain communications with their neighbors. In nonmulticast networks, routers ﬁnd neighbors by sending unicast hello packets to other statically conﬁgured routers. Database description —...
Page 92: Router Ids
7: R OSPF HAPTER OUTING WITH Area border routers send conﬁguration summaries for their attached areas to the backbone area, which distributes this information to other OSPF areas in the autonomous system. The DR exchanges routing data with all routers that are connected to its network segment.
Page 93: Mode
Interface You conﬁgure OSPF router interfaces by adding OSPF characteristics to Characteristics existing IP Virtual LAN (VLAN) interfaces. See Chapter 9, “Administering VLANs,” for information about how to conﬁgure VLAN interfaces. The OSPF interface has the following characteristics and statistics, which are discussed in the next sections: Mode Priority...
Page 94: Cost
7-10 7: R OSPF HAPTER OUTING WITH Area ID The area ID associates the router interface with an OSPF area. See Chapter 13, “Administering OSPF Routing,” for more information. CAUTION: Set the area ID to the same value for all routers on the network segment because they are in the same area.
Page 95: Dead Interval
Dead Interval The dead interval determines how long neighbor routers wait for a hello packet before they determine that a neighbor is inactive. A router that receives a hello packet from a neighbor resets its dead interval timer for the neighbor. CAUTION: Set the dead interval to the same value for all routers on the same network segment.
Page 96: How Ospf Routing Works
7-12 7: R HAPTER OUTING WITH How OSPF Routing This section summarizes how the OSPF algorithm works for a router that Works meets these characteristics: Starting Up When the router starts, the interfaces that are conﬁgured to run OSPF begin in the down state. When the lower-level IP protocols indicate that an interface is available, the interface moves to the waiting state.
Page 97 How OSPF Routing Works 7-13 Electing the OSPF selects a designated router, which originates LSAs on behalf of the Designated Router network segment. These advertisements list all routers (including the designated router) that are attached to the segment. The designated router also ﬂoods LSA packets throughout the segment to allow its neighbors to update their databases.
Page 98: Routing Packets
7-14 7: R OSPF HAPTER OUTING WITH Routing Packets A packet’s source and destination determine the routers that move it: You can use virtual links to inﬂuence the routes that are taken for interarea trafﬁc. You conﬁgure default routing in area border routers that serve an OSPF stub area, such as area border router 1 in Figure 7-1.
Page 99: About Appletalk
This chapter provides an overview of AppleTalk routing, including these topics: About AppleTalk AppleTalk is a suite of protocols deﬁned by Apple Computer, Inc., for connecting computers, peripherals devices, and other equipment on a network. AppleTalk protocols support most of the functions offered by the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model.
Page 100: Appletalk Networks
2500 system does not translate Phase 1 packets to Phase 2 packets, it does route packets to a Phase 1 network. The CoreBuilder 2500 system anticipates that a gateway exists between the two networks to translate the packets. An extended intranet can span a range of logical networks. Network numbers in an extended network consist of a range, such as network 15 through 20.
Page 101 Figure 8-1 illustrates the relationship between physical AppleTalk networks and logical AppleTalk zones. Network 8-8 Router Network 47-47 Router Figure 8-1 AppleTalk Networks and Zones This example shows an AppleTalk intranet with three subnetworks: 47-47, 20-40, and 8-8. Three AppleTalk zones span these networks: Administration, Accounting, and Marketing.
Page 102: Seed Routers
8: R HAPTER OUTING WITH Seed Routers A seed router initializes the intranet with AppleTalk conﬁguration information, including network numbers and zone names. The seed router broadcasts this information so that nonseed routers can learn it. You designate a seed router through the Administration Console. A nonseed router listens for a seed router and takes conﬁguration information from the ﬁrst one it detects.
Page 103: Physical Layer Protocols
Each layer includes four protocols that work together to support these services. This section describes these protocols and provides more detail for the protocols that you can view using the CoreBuilder 2500 Administration Console. AppleTalk Protocols...
Page 104: Routing Table Maintenance Protocol (Rtmp)
8: R HAPTER OUTING WITH An AppleTalk intranet has four transport layer protocols: Routing Table Maintenance Protocol (RTMP) This protocol maintains information about AppleTalk addresses and connections between different networks. It speciﬁes that each router: Each router builds a routing table for dynamic routing operations in an AppleTalk intranet.
Page 105 The data in the routing table is cross-referenced to the Zone Information Table (ZIT). This table maps networks into zones. See “Session Layer Protocols” on page 8-8 for more information about the ZIT. Figure 8-3 illustrates a simple AppleTalk network, and Table 8-1 shows the corresponding routing table.
Page 106: Appletalk Echo Protocol (Aep)
8: R HAPTER OUTING WITH AppleTalk Echo Protocol (AEP) AppleTalk nodes use the AEP to send datagrams to other nodes in the network. The AEP datagram transmitted causes the destination node to return, or echo, the datagram to the sending node. This protocol determines whether a node is accessible before any sessions are started, and it enables users to estimate the round-trip delay time between nodes.
Page 107: Appletalk Session Protocol (Asp)
AppleTalk Protocols ZIP creates a zone information table in each router. Each entry in the ZIT is a tuple, or pair, that includes a network number and a network zone name. When an NBP packet arrives at the router, the router compares the zone name in the packet with zone names in the ZIT entries.
Page 108: About Aarp
If an address is not in this table, AppleTalk sends a request to the protocol address and adds the hardware address to the table when the destination node replies. You view this table, called the AARP cache, through the CoreBuilder 2500 Administration Console.
Page 109 WITCHING Chapter 9 Administering VLANs Chapter 10 Administering IP Routing Chapter 11 Administering IP Multicast Routing Chapter 12 Administering IPX Routing Chapter 13 Administering OSPF Routing Chapter 14 Administering AppleTalk Routing DMINISTERING EATURES XTENDED...
Page 111: Displaying Vlan Information
This chapter describes how to display information about and conﬁgure VLANs, in these sections: Displaying VLAN You can display a summary of VLAN information or a detailed report. Information When you display a summary, you receive information about the protocols and ports assigned to each VLAN, plus the Layer 3 addresses that are used to manage ﬂood domains for overlapping IP subnetworks.
Page 112 9: A VLAN HAPTER DMINISTERING The following sample shows a summary display for several VLANs: - VLAN summary Index Index The following sample shows a detailed display for these VLANs: - VLAN detail Index Index Index Table 9-1 describes these statistics. Table 9-1 Field Attributes for VLAN Information Field Index...
Page 113: Deﬁning Vlan Information
Enter IP Subnet Address: 158.111.122.0 Enter subnet mask [255.255.0.0] 255.255.255.0 You can deﬁne up to 32 VLANs on a single bridge. The CoreBuilder 2500 VLAN database allows up to 16 simultaneous VLAN protocols and reserves the ﬁrst seven database entries for default, IP, IPX, and AppleTalk VLANs.
Page 114: Modifying Vlan Information
9: A HAPTER DMINISTERING Modifying VLAN To modify VLAN information: Information 1 From the top level of the Administration Console, enter: Top-Level Menu system bridge vlan modify ethernet fddi display 2 Enter the number of the VLAN interface index. mode bridge ipFragmentation 3 Enter the protocol for that VLAN:...
Page 115: Removing A Vlan Deﬁnition
Removing a VLAN To remove a VLAN deﬁnition: Deﬁnition 1 From the top level of the Administration Console, enter: Top-Level Menu system bridge vlan remove ethernet fddi display 2 Enter the indexes for the VLANs that you want to remove. mode bridge ipFragmentation...
Page 117 Chapter 7 and Chapter 13. DMINISTERING Administering Interfaces Administering Routes Administering the ARP Cache Administering ATM ARP Servers (for CoreBuilder 2500 systems that have ATM modules) Administering UDP Helper Enabling and Disabling IP Routing Enabling and Disabling ICMP Router Discovery Conﬁguring RIP (Routing Information Protocol)
Page 118: Administering Interfaces
10: A HAPTER DMINISTERING Administering You can deﬁne two types of IP interfaces through CoreBuilder 2500 Interfaces Extended Switching software: IP VLAN interfaces and IP LIS interfaces. This section describes these interfaces and how to administer them. IP VLAN Interfaces An IP VLAN interface deﬁnes the relationship between an IP virtual LAN...
Page 119: Displaying Interfaces
(PVCs), switched virtual circuits (SVCs), or both on the LIS interface. See the CoreBuilder 2500 Operation Guide for more on PVCs and SVCs. If you deﬁne only SVCs, enter an ATM ARP server address. This server maintains the IP-to-ATM address translation table.
Page 120: Deﬁning An Ip Vlan Interface
10-4 10: A HAPTER DMINISTERING Deﬁning an IP VLAN When you deﬁne an IP VLAN interface, you specify several interface Interface characteristics, as well as the index of the VLAN that is associated with the interface. You must ﬁrst deﬁne a VLAN, as described in Chapter 9, Administering IP Routing, before you deﬁne an associated IP VLAN interface.
Page 121: Deﬁning An Ip Lis Interface
For a LIS interface with only PVCs — Enter the ATM port and the PVCs associated with the interface. You can enter up to 51 PVCs for each interface. (The maximum number of PVCs on the CoreBuilder 2500 system is 64.) Administering Interfaces 10-5...
Page 122: Modifying An Interface
10-6 10: A HAPTER DMINISTERING Modifying an You can change the conﬁguration of an interface that you have already Interface deﬁned. You can add one or more advertisement addresses or PVCs to an interface with the commands as well as with the or change an advertisement address or PVC with the you must reenter all addresses or PVCs that are associated with the interface, not only the one that you want to add or change.
Page 123: Adding A Permanent Virtual Circuit (Pvc)
Adding a Permanent To add a PVC to an LIS interface: Virtual Circuit (PVC) 1 From the top level of the Administration Console, enter: Top-Level Menu system ip interface addPvc ethernet interface display fddi route 2 Enter the index interface number that you want to associate with the define modify bridge...
Page 124: Administering Routes
10-8 10: A HAPTER DMINISTERING Administering Each system maintains a table of routes to other IP networks, Routes subnetworks, and hosts. You either make static entries in this table using the Administration Console, or you conﬁgure the system to use RIP to automatically exchange routing information.
Page 125: Displaying The Routing Table
Displaying the You display a module’s routing table to determine the routes that are Routing Table conﬁgured and whether they are operational. To display the contents of the routing table, from the top level of the Top-Level Menu Administration Console, enter: system ethernet ip route display...
Page 126: Removing A Route
10-10 10: A HAPTER DMINISTERING Example: Enter destination IP address: 158.101.4.0 Enter subnet mask [255.255.0.0]: 255.255.255.0 Enter gateway IP address: 158.101.2.8 Removing a Route To remove a route: Top-Level Menu 1 From the top level of the Administration Console, enter: system ethernet interface...
Page 127: Removing The Default Route
Administering the The CoreBuilder 2500 system uses the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) ARP Cache to ﬁnd the MAC addresses that correspond to the IP addresses of hosts and routers on the same subnetworks. An ARP cache is a table of known IP addresses and their corresponding MAC addresses.
Page 128: Removing An Arp Cache Entry
10-12 10: A HAPTER DMINISTERING Removing an ARP You can remove an entry from the ARP cache if the MAC address has Cache Entry changed. To remove an entry from the ARP cache: Top-Level Menu system 1 From the top level of the Administration Console, enter: ethernet interface fddi...
Page 129: Administering Atm Arp Servers
Determine the location of the ATM ARP server that you want to use. You Server can deﬁne the ATM ARP server externally on another CoreBuilder 2500 system or on an ATM switch, such as 3Com’s CoreBuilder 7000 system. Top-Level Menu system 1 To deﬁne an ATM ARP server, from the top level of the Administration...
Page 130: Removing An Atm Arp Server
10-14 10: A HAPTER DMINISTERING Removing an ATM To delete a currently deﬁned ATM ARP server, from the top level of the ARP Server Administration Console, enter: ip atmArpServer remove Top-Level Menu system The system prompts you for one or more of the index numbers associated ethernet interface fddi...
Page 131: Removing An Atm Arp Cache Entry
Removing an ATM To remove an entry from the ATM ARP cache, from the top level of the ARP Cache Entry Administration Console, enter: Top-Level Menu ip atmArpServer arp remove system ethernet Enter the ATM address that you want to remove from the cache. interface fddi route...
Page 132: Displaying Udp Helper Information
10-16 10: A HAPTER DMINISTERING Displaying UDP You can display the hop and threshold conﬁguration and list the ports Helper Information with their IP routing addresses that are deﬁned for your system. To display UDP Helper information, from the top level of the Top-Level Menu Administration Console, enter: system...
Page 133: Setting The Bootp Hop Count Limit
Setting the BOOTP You can set the maximum hop count, that is, the maximum number of Hop Count Limit times that packets will be forwarded within the router. The range is 0 through 16 hops. The default hop count setting is 4. Default Top-Level Menu system...
Page 134: Conﬁguring Overlapped Interfaces
10-18 10: A HAPTER DMINISTERING Conﬁguring Overlapped IP interfaces deﬁne multiple logical interfaces for a single Overlapped physical port. You can specify how UDP Helper forwards packets from Interfaces overlapped IP interfaces using the Top-Level Menu To conﬁgure UDP Helper to support overlapped IP interfaces: system interface ethernet...
Page 135: Enabling And Disabling Icmp Router Discovery
Enabling and The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Router Discovery protocol Disabling ICMP (RFC 1256) allows an appropriately conﬁgured end station to locate one Router Discovery or more routers on the LAN to which it is attached. The end station then installs a default route to each of the routers that is running ICMP Router Discovery.
Page 136: Setting The Rip Mode
10-20 10: A HAPTER DMINISTERING Setting the RIP Mode You can select an RIP mode that is appropriate for each interface. RIP can operate in any of three modes: The default RIP mode is passive. Default Top-Level Menu To set the RIP mode: system ethernet interface...
Page 137: Setting The Poison Reverse Mode
Setting the Poison The poison reverse mode allows you to prevent a routing loop if a route is Reverse Mode advertised on the interface on which it came in. Poison reverse has two modes: Top-Level Menu system To set the poison reverse mode, from the top level of the Administration ethernet interface fddi...
Page 138: Removing An Rip Advertisement Address
10-22 10: A HAPTER DMINISTERING Removing an You can remove an RIP advertisement address from an IP interface. RIP Advertisement Address 1 From the top level of the Administration Console, enter: Top-Level Menu system ip rip removeAdvertisement ethernet interface fddi route display 2 Enter the RIP advertisement addresses that you want to remove.
Page 139: Pinging An Ip Station
Pinging an IP Ping uses the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) echo facility to Station send an ICMP echo request packet to the IP station that you specify. Ping then waits for an ICMP echo reply packet. Possible responses from ping: A network is unreachable when there is no route to that network.
Page 140: Displaying Ip Statistics
10-24 10: A HAPTER DMINISTERING Displaying IP To display IP statistics, from the top level of the Administration Console, Statistics enter: ip statistics Top-Level Menu system The examples shows statistics displays for IP, UDP, and ICMP general interface ethernet route statistics: The accompanying tables describe the ﬁelds.
Page 141 UDP general statistics inDatagrams 14431 outDatagrams 43266 ICMP general statistics messages inTimeExcds inRedirects inTimeStamps inAddrMaskReps outDestUnreach outSrcQuenchs outEchoReps outAddrMasks Displaying IP Statistics 10-25 noPorts inErrors inParmProbs inEchos inTimeStampsReps outMsgs outTimeExcds outRedirects outTimeStamps outTimeStampReps outAddrMaskReps inErrors inDestUnreach inSrcQuenchs inEchoReps inAddrMasks outErrors outParmProbs outEchos...
Page 142 10-26 10: A HAPTER DMINISTERING Table 10-2 describes the general IP statistics. Table 10-2 IP Statistics Field forwDatagrams fragCreates fragFails fragOks inAddrErrors inDelivers inDiscards inHdrErrors inReceived osReceives osTransmits outDiscards outNoRoutes outRequests reasmFails reasmReqs reasmOks rtDiscards unkProtos IP R OUTING Description Number of datagrams that the IP station tried to forward Number of IP datagram fragments that were generated as a result of fragmentation on this system...
Page 143 Table 10-3 describes the UDP statistics. Table 10-3 UDP Statistics Field Description inDatagrams Number of UDP packets received and addressed to the router or broadcast address inErrors Number of received UDP or ICMP packets that contain header errors noPorts Number of UDP packets received but addressed to an unsupported UDP port outDatagrams Number of UDP packets sent by the router...
Page 144 10-28 10: A HAPTER DMINISTERING Table 10-4 ICMP Statistics (continued) Field outMsgs outParmProbs outRedirects outSrcQuenchs outTimeExcds outTimeStampReps Number of ICMP time stamp reply packets that were sent outTimeStamps IP R OUTING Description Number of ICMP packets that were sent Number of ICMP parameter problem packets that were sent Number of ICMP redirect packets that were sent Number of ICMP source quench packets that were sent Number of ICMP time exceeded packets that were sent...
Page 145: Enabling And Disabling Dvmrp
IP M This chapter describes how to set up your CoreBuilder use IP multicast routing, including information about these tasks: Before you deﬁne any IP multicast interfaces, you must ﬁrst deﬁne IP interfaces and routes, as described in Chapter 10. For more information about how IP multicast routing works, see Chapter 5, “Routing with IP Multicast.”...
Page 146: Enabling And Disabling Igmp
11-2 11: A HAPTER DMINISTERING Enabling and The Internet Group Membership Protocol (IGMP) enables a router or Disabling IGMP switch to determine whether group members exist in a subnetwork, or leaf, of the Spanning Tree. The protocol uses two search methods to make this determination: When you select the IGMP option, the interface prompts you to enable or disable IGMP snooping mode and IGMP query mode.
Page 147: Administering Ip Multicast Interfaces
Administering IP With the IP multicast interface selections, you can enable and disable Multicast Interfaces multicast characteristics on previously deﬁned IP interfaces. Multicast Interface A multicast interface has three characteristics: Characteristics Displaying Multicast To display a multicast interface: Interfaces 1 From the top level of the Administration Console, enter: Top-Level Menu system interface...
Page 148: Enabling Multicast Interfaces
11-4 11: A HAPTER DMINISTERING Enabling Multicast Multicast routing is enabled on all existing IP interfaces unless you have Interfaces speciﬁcally disabled it. Use the option described in this section to change the characteristics of an existing interface or to enable an interface that you previously disabled.
Page 149: Administering Multicast Tunnels
CoreBuilder 2500 router. When you deﬁne the tunnel, specify the associated interface on the local CoreBuilder 2500 router, specify the IP address of the remote multicast router, and then specify the characteristics of the tunnel. Tunnel characteristics are the same as those of an interface. Also specify the IP address of the remote multicast router.
Page 150: Deﬁning A Multicast Tunnel
11-6 11: A HAPTER DMINISTERING Deﬁning a Multicast To deﬁne a multicast tunnel: Tunnel Top-Level Menu 1 From the top level of the Administration Console, enter: system interface ethernet ip multicast tunnel define dvmrp route fddi igmp display 2 Enter the index numbers of the interfaces that you want to associate with interface atmArpServer define...
Page 151: Displaying Routes
Displaying Routes To display all available routes in the IP multicast routing table: 1 From top level of the Administration Console, enter: Top-Level Menu system ip multicast routeDisplay ethernet interface fddi route dvmrp 2 The system displays the DVMRP and IGMP status: igmp bridge atmArpServer...
Page 152: Displaying The Multicast Cache
11-8 11: A HAPTER DMINISTERING Displaying the The multicast cache contains the IP source address and destination Multicast Cache address for packets observed on the system. The multicast cache shows how information is routed over interfaces and ports in your system. Top-Level Menu system interface...
Page 153 Table 11-2 describes the ﬁelds in the cache conﬁguration display. Table 11-2 Field Attributes for the Cache Conﬁguration Display Field Description Origin The source of the incoming packets. Entries preceded by an angle bracket (>) indicate a multicast subnetwork. Entries without an angle bracket are multicast routers within the subnetwork immediately preceding them in the table.
Page 155 This chapter describes how to set up your CoreBuilder use the Internet Packet Exchange (IPX) protocol to route packets. The chapter discusses these tasks: For information about how IPX works, see Chapter 6, “Routing with IPX.” DMINISTERING Administering Interfaces Administering Routes Administering Servers Setting IPX Forwarding Setting the RIP Mode...
Page 156: Administering Interfaces
12-2 12: A HAPTER DMINISTERING Administering An IPX interface deﬁnes the relationship between an IPX Virtual LAN Interfaces (VLAN) and the IPX network. Every IPX interface has one IPX VLAN associated with it. Each switching module has one IPX interface deﬁned for each subnetwork directly connected to it.
Page 157: Displaying Ipx Interfaces
Displaying IPX Use this command to display a table that shows all IPX interfaces and Interfaces their parameter settings currently conﬁgured for the system. To display IPX interface information, from the top level of the Top-Level Menu system Administration Console, enter: ethernet interface fddi...
Page 158: Removing An Interface
12-4 12: A HAPTER DMINISTERING Modifying an To change the conﬁguration of a deﬁned IPX interface: Interface Top-Level Menu 1 From the top level of the Administration Console, enter: system ethernet interface ipx interface modify fddi route display define server 2 At the prompt for each interface parameter, enter the new values for bridge forwarding...
Page 159: Deﬁning A Static Route
Displaying the You can display the routing tables for the system, determine which routes Routing Table are conﬁgured, and ﬁnd out whether they are operational. To display the contents of the routing table, from the top level of the Top-Level Menu Administration Console, enter: system interface...
Page 160: Flushing Routes
12-6 12: A HAPTER DMINISTERING Removing a Route To remove a route from the IPX routing table: 1 From the top level of the Administration Console, enter: Top-Level Menu system ipx route remove interface ethernet fddi route display 2 Enter the 4-byte IPX network address. static server bridge...
Page 161: Displaying The Server Table
Displaying the You can display the system server table to determine which servers are Server Table learned and whether they are operational. To display the server table, from the top level of the Administration Top-Level Menu system Console, enter: interface ethernet route fddi...
Page 162: Removing A Server
12-8 12: A HAPTER DMINISTERING Removing a Server To remove a server from the IPX server table: 1 From the top level of the Administration Console, enter: Top-Level Menu system ipx server remove interface ethernet route fddi display 2 Enter the service type of the server. server static bridge...
Page 163: Setting The Enhanced Rip Mode
Setting the RIP Use this command to select an RIP mode that is appropriate for your Mode network. RIP can operate in any of three modes: The default RIP mode is off. Default To set the RIP mode: 1 From the top level of the Administration Console, enter: Top-Level Menu system ipx rip mode...
Page 164: Setting Rip Triggered Updates
12-10 12: A HAPTER DMINISTERING Setting RIP Triggered Updates broadcast newly learned routes. The default setting is enabled. Default To conﬁgure IPX RIP broadcast timing: 1 From the top level of the Administration Console, enter: Top-Level Menu system ipx rip triggered ethernet interface fddi...
Page 165: Setting Sap Triggered Updates
Setting SAP Triggered Updates broadcast newly learned SAP server addresses. The default setting is enabled. Default To conﬁgure IPX SAP broadcast timing: 1 From the top level of the Administration Console, enter: Top-Level Menu system ipx sap triggered ethernet interface fddi route mode...
Page 166: Displaying Ipx Rip Statistics
12-12 12: A HAPTER DMINISTERING Table 12-1 describes the IPX summary statistics. Table 12-1 IPX Summary Statistics Field Received Transmitted Dropped Msg Pool Empty Number of RIP or IPX SAP messages that were delivered to the IPX Displaying IPX RIP To display IPX RIP statistics, from the top level of the Administration Statistics Console, enter:...
Page 167: Displaying Ipx Sap Statistics
Displaying IPX SAP To display IPX SAP statistics, from the top level of the Administration Statistics Console, enter: ipx statistics sap This example shows IPX SAP statistics: Top-Level Menu system interface ethernet IPX forwarding is enabled, RIP is active, SAP is active, route fddi summary...
Page 168: Displaying Ipx Forwarding Statistics
12-14 12: A HAPTER DMINISTERING Displaying IPX To display IPX forwarding statistics, from the top level of the Forwarding Statistics Administration Console, enter: Top-Level Menu ipx statistics forwarding system interface ethernet route summary fddi server forwarding bridge forwarding statistics appletalk snmp analyzer script...
Page 169: Administering Areas
This chapter describes how to set up your CoreBuilder use the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) protocol to route packets. Use this chapter to perform the following tasks: For more information about how OSPF works, see Chapter 7 “Routing with OSPF.” Administering An OSPF area is a logical, user-deﬁned group of networks, hosts, and Areas...
Page 170: Displaying Areas
13-2 13: A HAPTER DMINISTERING Displaying Areas Use this command to display a list of existing areas according to their area identiﬁcation (ID) numbers. To display areas: Top-Level Menu system interface 1 From the top level of the Administration Console, enter: ethernet route fddi...
Page 171: Modifying Areas
1 From the top level of the Administration Console, enter: Top-Level Menu system interface ethernet route areas fddi 2 Enter the area identiﬁcation number. defaultRouteMetric display multicast interface bridge defineArea udphelper linkStateData 3 Specify whether this is a stub area. The default is no. Press Return or routing modifyArea neighbors...
Page 172: Adding Network Ranges
13-4 13: A HAPTER DMINISTERING Adding A range is a network segment that can include multiple network nodes. Network Ranges You can add a range to a previously deﬁned OSPF area. When you add a range, you specify only the network portion of the IP address. To add a network range: 1 From the top level of the Administration Console, enter: Top-Level Menu...
Page 173: Removing Network Ranges
Removing This command removes a previously deﬁned range. Network Ranges To remove a range from an area: 1 From the top level of the Administration Console, enter: Top-Level Menu system interface ip ospf areas removeRange ethernet route areas fddi 2 Enter the address to remove. defaultRouteMetric display multicast...
Page 174: Deﬁning Default Route Metrics
13-6 13: A HAPTER DMINISTERING Deﬁning Default Use this command to deﬁne the default route metric for the router. Route Metrics To deﬁne the default route metric: Top-Level Menu system interface 1 From the top level of the Administration Console, enter: ethernet route areas...
Page 175: Displaying Ospf Interface Information
Displaying OSPF The OSPF interface summary and detail displays contain information Interface Information about the system’s OSPF interface conﬁguration. To display OSPF interface conﬁguration information, from the top level of Top-Level Menu system the Administration Console, enter: interface ethernet route areas summary fddi...
Page 176: Displaying Ospf Interface Statistics
13-8 13: A HAPTER DMINISTERING Table 13-2 Field Attributes for the OSPF Interface Displays (continued) Field State Notes Displaying OSPF Use this command to display statistics associated with speciﬁc OSPF Interface Statistics interfaces. To display IP interface statistics: 1 From the top level of the Administration Console, enter: Top-Level Menu system interface...
Page 177 This example shows OSPF interface statistics: OSPF interface statistics receiveHello transmitDD receiveLsAck transmitLSU adjacencyDown mismatchHello mismatchAreaId authError Table 13-3 describes the ﬁelds for the interface statistics display. Table 13-3 Field Attributes for Interface Statistics Display Field Description receiveHello Number of hello packets that were received transmitHello Number of hello packets that were transmitted receiveDD...
Page 178: Setting Modes
13-10 13: A HAPTER DMINISTERING Table 13-3 Field Attributes for Interface Statistics Display (continued) Field transmitError receiveError mismatchHello mismatchDead mismatchMask mismatchAreaID mismatchAreaType Number of interface area type mismatches that were detected receivedUnknown authError packetXsum lsaXsumError Setting Modes Use this command to set the OSPF mode for each interface. The mode can be off or active.
Page 179: Setting Priorities
Setting Priorities The interface priority is a value that you assign to an OSPF router to determine its status as a designated router. A router can function in one of three ways: The default priority value is 1. Default Top-Level Menu To set the interface priority: system interface...
Page 180: Setting Costs
13-12 13: A HAPTER DMINISTERING Setting Costs The interface cost reﬂects the line speed of the port. Although the system calculates a default cost value based on the module media type, you can manually change the cost to a different value. In most cases, you can accept the system default value.
Page 181: Setting Hello Timers
Setting Hello Timers The interface hello timer determines how often, in seconds, the interface transmits hello packets to neighbor routers on the network. Hello packets notify other routers that the sending router is still active on the network. If a router does not send hello packets for a period of time speciﬁed by the dead interval, the router is considered inactive by its neighbors.
Page 182: Setting Dead Intervals
13-14 13: A HAPTER DMINISTERING Setting The value of the dead interval determines how long neighbor routers wait Dead Intervals for a hello packet before they determine that the transmitting router is inactive. Each time a router receives a hello packet from a neighbor, the router resets the dead interval timer for that neighbor.
Page 183: Displaying The Link State Database
Displaying the Link The link state database contains information about different link state State Database advertisements (LSAs). An asterisk ( originated locally. Displaying a This display summarizes all LSAs in the link state database. Database Summary To display a link state database summary: 1 From the top level of the Administration Console, enter: Top-Level Menu system...
Page 184: Displaying Router Lsas
13-16 13: A HAPTER DMINISTERING Displaying Use this command to show the router LSAs in the link state database. Router LSAs To display a link state router information summary: 1 From the top level of the Administration Console, enter: Top-Level Menu system interface ip ospf linkStateData router...
Page 185 Table 13-5 describes the ﬁelds for the link state database router display. Table 13-5 Field Attributes for a Link State Database Router Display Field Description LSID ID of the router that originated the LSI Router ID ID of the remote router LS Seq Hexadecimal sequence number of the LSA (used to detect older LSAs)
Page 186: Displaying Network Lsas
13-18 13: A HAPTER DMINISTERING Displaying Use this command to show the network LSAs in the link state database. Network LSAs To display network link state advertisement information: 1 From the top level of the Administration Console, enter: Top-Level Menu system interface ip ospf linkStateData network...
Page 187: Displaying Summary Network Lsas
Displaying Summary Use this command to summarize all network LSAs in the link state Network LSAs database. To display network link state summary information: Top-Level Menu system interface 1 From the top level of the Administration Console, enter: ethernet route areas fddi defaultRouteMetric...
Page 188: Displaying External Network Lsas
13-20 13: A HAPTER DMINISTERING Displaying External To display network link state external information: Network LSAs 1 From the top level of the Administration Console, enter: Top-Level Menu system interface ip ospf linkStateData external ethernet route areas fddi 2 Enter the ID of the OSPF area. defaultRouteMetric databaseSummary multicast...
Page 189: Administering Neighbors
Administering Neighbor routers are physically attached to the same network segment Neighbors and exchange OSPF routing tables. Displaying Neighbors Use this command to display information about the currently deﬁned neighbors in an OSPF area. Top-Level Menu system interface ethernet route To display information about OSPF neighbors, from the top level of the areas fddi...
Page 190: Adding Neighbors
ReqQ Flags Adding Neighbors You can add a neighbor static IP address to an existing interface. The CoreBuilder 2500 system learns neighbor addresses dynamically on interfaces that support multicast routing. Deﬁne static neighbors only on nonmulticast interfaces. Top-Level Menu To add a neighbor:...
Page 191: Setting Ospf Router Ids
Setting OSPF The OSPF router ID identiﬁes the router to other routers within an Router IDs autonomous system. Three types of router identiﬁers are available; all three take the form of an IP address: OSPF routing must be inactive (off) before you can add or modify an OSPF router ID.
Page 192: Administering Memory Partitions
If the system shows a partition size of CoreBuilder 2500 system memory partition. Modifying Memory Use this command to change the OSPF memory allocation. This change Partitions takes effect at system reboot. To modify a module’s OSPF memory...
Page 193: Administering Stub Default Metrics
Administering Stub The stub default metric value determines whether the router generates Default Metrics the default route into the stub areas of the network. This value applies to area border routers that have attached stub areas. Displaying Stub To display the stub default metric value, enter the following command Default Metrics from the top level of the Administration Console: Top-Level Menu...
Page 194: Administering Virtual Links
13-26 13: A HAPTER DMINISTERING Administering Virtual links establish connections from your local area to other Virtual Links autonomous systems in the network. You can deﬁne, remove, modify, and display the virtual links on your system. Displaying The virtual links display shows the virtual links associated with the Virtual Links interface you specify.
Page 195: Modifying Virtual Links
To deﬁne a virtual link: Top-Level Menu system interface 1 From the top level of the Administration Console, enter: ethernet route areas fddi display defaultRouteMetric ip ospf virtualLinks define multicast define interface bridge udphelper linkStateData modify 2 Enter the IP interface index. routing neighbors remove...
Page 196: Displaying Ospf Statistics
13-28 13: A HAPTER DMINISTERING Displaying OSPF Use this command to display general OSPF statistics. To display general Statistics OSPF statistics, from the top level of the Administration Console, enter: ip ospf statistics Top-Level Menu system interface ethernet route areas fddi defaultRouteMetric multicast...
Page 197: Administering Interfaces
This chapter describes how to set up your CoreBuilder use the AppleTalk protocol to route packets. For more information about how AppleTalk routing works, see Chapter 8, “Routing with AppleTalk Technology.“ This chapter describes the following tasks: Administering An AppleTalk interface deﬁnes the relationship between an AppleTalk Interfaces virtual LAN (VLAN) and the AppleTalk network.
Page 198: Displaying Appletalk Interfaces
Network Range — A range of numbers used to designate a network segment’s identity. This element allows the physical segment between two CoreBuilder 2500 systems to support a range of multiple networks. Address — The AARP address based on the network range and the network node (1 through 253).
Page 199: Deﬁning An Interface
Deﬁning an Interface When you deﬁne an interface, you deﬁne the interface’s network range, zone name, and the VLAN index associated with the interface. Before you deﬁne the AppleTalk interface to associate with an AppleTalk VLAN, deﬁne the VLAN. To deﬁne an AppleTalk interface: 1 From the top level of the Administration Console, enter: Top-Level Menu system...
Page 200: Removing An Interface
14-4 14: A HAPTER DMINISTERING Removing an Use this command to remove an interface when you no longer perform Interface routing on the ports that are associated with the interface. Top-Level Menu To remove an interface: system ethernet interface 1 From the top level of the Administration Console, enter: fddi display route...
Page 201: Flushing All Routes
This example shows a routing table: AppleTalk forwarding is enabled. Flushing all Routes Flushing deletes all dynamically learned routes from the routing table. To ﬂush all learned routes, from the top level of the Administration Top-Level Menu Console, enter: system interface ethernet fddi...
Page 202: Administering The Aarp Cache
14-6 14: A HAPTER DMINISTERING Administering the Use AARP to map hardware addresses to an AppleTalk protocol address. AARP Cache AppleTalk uses dynamically assigned 24-bit addresses, unlike the statically assigned 48-bit addresses that Ethernet uses. To make the address mapping process easier, AARP uses an Address Mapping Table (AMT).
Page 203: Removing An Address From The Cache
This example shows an AARP cache: AppleTalk forwarding is enabled. Removing To remove an AARP cache entry: an Address from the Cache 1 From the top level of the Administration Console, enter: Top-Level Menu system appletalk aarp remove interface ethernet route fddi display...
Page 204: Flushing All Cache Entries
14-8 14: A HAPTER DMINISTERING Flushing All To ﬂush all AARP cache entries, from the top level of the Administration Cache Entries Console, enter: appletalk aarp flush Top-Level Menu system interface ethernet All addresses are removed from the AARP cache. route fddi display...
Page 205 Network 201-300 has 1 known zone Fred_Wilma Network 2010-2015 has 1 known zone Network 10009-10009 has 2 known zones Hemel NSOPS 3Com Arpeggio Displaying the Zone Table Zone Table by Zones AppleTalk forwarding is enabled. Zone Holmdel is assigned to 2 networks...
Page 206: Conﬁguring Forwarding
14-10 14: A HAPTER DMINISTERING Conﬁguring You can control whether the router forwards or discards AppleTalk Forwarding packets addressed to other hosts. When you enable forwarding, the router processes packets as usual, forwarding AppleTalk packets from one subnetwork to another when required. When you disable AppleTalk forwarding, the router discards any AppleTalk packets not addressed Top-Level Menu directly to one of its deﬁned interfaces.
Page 207: Pinging An Appletalk Node
Pinging an The AppleTalk Echo Protocol (AEP) sends a datagram (an Echo Request) AppleTalk Node from one node to another. The destination node returns, or echoes, the datagram to the sender (using an Echo Reply). This process allows you to determine whether or not a node is accessible before starting a session.
Page 208 14-12 14: A HAPTER DMINISTERING Table 14-1 describes DDP statistics. Table 14-1 AppleTalk DDP Statistics Field inReceives inForwards inLocals inNoRoutes inNoClients inTooShorts inTooLongs inShortDdps inCsumErrors inBcastErrors inTooFars inDiscards outLocals PPLE OUTING Description Total number of packets that were received, including those with errors Total number of packets that were forwarded, including those with errors...
Page 209: Displaying Rtmp Statistics
Displaying RTMP To display RTMP statistics, from the top level of the Administration Statistics Console, enter: Top-Level Menu appletalk statistics rtmp system The following example shows RTMP statistics: interface ethernet route fddi summary aarp rtmp AppleTalk forwarding is enabled. zone bridge forwarding checksum...
Page 210: Displaying Zip Statistics
14-14 14: A HAPTER DMINISTERING Displaying ZIP To display ZIP statistics, from the top level of the Administration Console, Statistics enter: appletalk statistics zip Top-Level Menu system This example shows ZIP statistics: interface ethernet route fddi summary aarp rtmp AppleTalk forwarding is enabled. zone bridge forwarding...
Page 211 Table 14-3 describes the ZIP statistics that you can view. Table 14-3 AppleTalk ZIP Statistics Field Description inQueries Number of ZIP queries that were received inReplies Number of ZIP replies that were received inExReplies Number of ZIP extended replies that were received inGniRequests Number of ZIP GetNetInfo request packets that were received inGniReplies...
Page 212: Displaying Nbp Statistics
14-16 14: A HAPTER DMINISTERING Displaying NBP The NBP translates between numeric IP addresses and alphanumeric Statistics AppleTalk entity names. To display NBP statistics, from the top level of the Administration Console, enter: appletalk statistics nbp Top-Level Menu system interface ethernet This example shows NBP statistics: route...
Page 213 RMON AND THE 2500 S UILDER YSTEM Chapter 15 Remote Monitoring (RMON) Technology...
Page 215: Overview
ECHNOLOGY ™ 2500 RMON implementation. Overview RMON Beneﬁts RMON in the CoreBuilder 2500 RMON Groups 3Com Transcend RMON Agents RMON Management Information Base (MIB) Probe — Connects to a LAN segment, examines all the LAN trafﬁc on that segment, and keeps a summary of statistics (including historical data) in its local memory.
Page 216: Rmon Beneﬁts
You can gain access to the RMON capabilities of the CoreBuilder 2500 system only through SNMP applications such as Transcend Manager software, not through the serial interface or telnet. For more...
Page 217: Rmon Groups
RMON Groups The CoreBuilder 2500 system supports seven of the RMON groups that the IETF has deﬁned. These seven groups are described in Table 15-1. Table 15-1 RMON Groups Supported in the CoreBuilder 2500 Group Statistics History Alarm Host HostTopN...
Page 218: Statistics And Axfddistatistics Groups
15-4 15: R HAPTER EMOTE ONITORING Statistics and The statistics and axFDDIStatistics groups record frame statistics for axFDDIStatistics Ethernet and FDDI interfaces. The information available per interface Groups segment includes these statistics: Byte sizes include the 4-byte FCS but exclude the framing bits. Table 15-3 lists the number of the packet length counters.
Page 219: History And Axfddihistory Groups
Number of received packets that are oversized but otherwise well-formed Number of detected transmit collisions Estimate of the mean physical layer network utilization Alarm Group The CoreBuilder 2500 system supports the following RMON alarm mechanisms: Counters Gauges Integers Timeticks These RMON MIB objects yield alarms when the network exceeds predeﬁned limits.
Page 220: Setting Alarm Thresholds
15-6 15: R (RMON) T HAPTER EMOTE ONITORING ECHNOLOGY Occasionally, counters can produce misleading results. Because counters are ﬁnite, they are useful for comparing rates. When counters reach a predetermined limit, they roll over (that is, return to 0). A single low counter value may accurately represent a condition on the network.
Page 221: Rmon Hysteresis Mechanism
Figure 15-1 shows a counter with thresholds set manually. Counter User specified low threshold Figure 15-1 Manually Set Thresholds You can associate an alarm with the high threshold, the low threshold, or both. The actions that occur because of an alarm depend on the network management application.
Page 222: Host Group
15-8 15: R HAPTER EMOTE ONITORING Host Group The host group detects hosts on the network by their physical MAC addresses. The host group records the following statistics for each host: These statistics, indexed by the relative order in which the hosts are discovered, appear in hostTimeTable.
Page 223: Com Transcend Rmon Agents
LAN that is separated by a bridge or router, the cost of implementing many probes in a large network can be high. To solve this problem, 3Com has built an inexpensive RMON probe into the Transcend SmartAgent software in each CoreBuilder 2500 system.
Page 224: Rmon Management Information Base (Mib)
EMOTE ONITORING Figure 15-2 shows an example of a CoreBuilder RMON implementation. The CoreBuilder 2500 system in this ﬁgure has two Fast Ethernet connections in addition to the 10BASE-T connections. Figure 15-2 Embedded RMON Implemented on the CoreBuilder 2500 System...
Page 225 RMON Management Information Base (MIB) 15-11 A counter is a common type of MIB object used by RMON. A counter object may record the number of frames that are transmitted onto the network. The MIB may contain an entry for the counter object something like the one in Figure 15-3.
Page 227 PPENDIX Appendix A Technical Support...
Page 229: Online Technical Services
For the very latest, 3Com recommends that you access the 3Com Corporation World Wide Web site. Online Technical 3Com offers worldwide product support 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, Services through the following online systems: World Wide Web Site...
Page 230: Com Ftp Site
3Com FTP Site Download drivers, patches, and software across the Internet from the 3Com public FTP site. This service is available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. To connect to the 3Com FTP site, enter the following information into...
Page 231: Access By Digital Modem
Access by Digital Modem ISDN users can dial in to the 3Com BBS using a digital modem for fast access up to 56 Kbps. To access the 3Com BBS using ISDN, use the following number: 1 408 654 2703 3ComFacts...
Page 232 A: T PPENDIX ECHNICAL UPPORT When you contact 3Com for assistance, have the following information ready: Below is a list of worldwide technical telephone support numbers: Country Telephone Number Asia Paciﬁc Rim Australia 1 800 678 515 China From anywhere in China:...
Page 233: Returning Products For Repair
Returning Products Before you send a product directly to 3Com for repair, you must ﬁrst for Repair obtain a Return Materials Authorization (RMA) number. Products sent to 3Com without RMA numbers will be returned to the sender unopened, at the sender’s expense.
Page 235 NDEX Numbers 3Com bulletin board service (3Com BBS) 3Com URL 3ComFacts AARP (AppleTalk Address Resolution Protocol) cache administering 14-6 displaying 14-6 ﬂushing all entries from removing an entry from address classes 10-2 10-11 IP to MAC, translating network RIP advertisement 10-21 Address Resolution Protocol.
Page 236 4-10 nodes that can function as an 7-8, 7-12 hop count limit 10-17 10-17 relay threshold 1-3, 1-4 CoreBuilder 2500 model traditional model 14-6 to 14-8 AARP 4-7, 10-11 11-8 displaying the IP multicast 14-10 notice icons, About This Guide...
Page 237 default route metric, OSPF deﬁning 13-6 13-5 displaying 13-6 removing 13-5 setting default route, IP 4-6, 10-8 deﬁned 10-11 removing setting 10-10 default VLAN deﬁning 10-5 10-13 deﬁning an ATM ARP 10-5 ATM ARP server 7-8, 7-13 designated routers, OSPF 10-8 direct, route status documentation...
Page 238 NDEX 7-10 cost 13-12 cost, setting dead interval 7-11 13-14 dead interval, setting delay 7-10 7-10 hello timer 13-13 hello timer, setting mode 13-10 mode, setting parts of 7-11 password password, setting 13-14 priority 13-11 priority, setting 7-10 retransmit timer 13-13 retransmit timer, setting 7-12...
Page 239 enhanced RIP mode, setting 12-9 forwarding setting 12-8 12-14 statistics interface 12-3 deﬁning 12-3 displaying modifying 12-4 12-4 removing main menu 12-9 RIP mode, setting 12-12 RIP statistics RIP triggered updates, setting route administering 12-4 12-5 deﬁning a static removing 12-6 routing table 12-6...
Page 240 NDEX 7-6, 7-7, 7-10, 7-11, 7-12, 7-13 neighbors, OSPF 13-22 adding administering 13-21 13-21 displaying removing 13-22 NetWare deﬁned OSI Reference Model, and the 6-1 to 6-3 protocols network address network layer and IP address AppleTalk network numbers extended nonextended network supplier support nodes, AppleTalk nonextended network numbers...
Page 241 IP multicast routing and bridging in switching modules and bridging, traditional model AppleTalk CoreBuilder 2500 system, and the inter-area, OSPF intra-area, OSPF to different autonomous system, OSPF to stub area, OSPF See also IP routing, IPX routing, and AppleTalk Routing Information Protocol.
Page 242 10-2 for IP address 10-8 in IP routing table in routing table deﬁned Ethernet switching and subnet mask, and the with the CoreBuilder 2500 3Com URL bulletin board service fax service network suppliers product repair 10-8 ICMP echo reply ICMP echo request...
Page 243 UDP Helper 10-13 and BOOTP 10-13 and DHCP 10-13 and routed networks conﬁguring overlapped IP interfaces deﬁning port and IP routing address displaying conﬁguration information removing port and IP routing address setting the BOOTP hop count limit setting the BOOTP relay threshold 10-27 UDP statistics 7-4, 7-6, 7-7, 7-11, 7-14...

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