ZyXEL Communications ZyWall 10W User Manual page 183

2. The minimum capacity of server backlog in your LAN network.
3. The CPU power of servers in your LAN network.
4. Network bandwidth.
5. Type of traffic for certain servers.
If your network is slower than average for any of these factors (especially if you have servers that are slow or
handle many tasks and are often busy), then the default values should be reduced.
You should make any changes to the threshold values before you continue configuring firewall rules.
12.11.2 Half-Open Sessions
An unusually high number of half-open sessions (either an absolute number or measured as the arrival rate)
could indicate that a Denial of Service attack is occurring. For TCP, "half-open" means that the session has
not reached the established state-the TCP three-way handshake has not yet been completed (see Figure 11-2).
For UDP, "half-open" means that the firewall has detected no return traffic.
The ZyWALL measures both the total number of existing half-open sessions and the rate of session
establishment attempts. Both TCP and UDP half-open sessions are counted in the total number and rate
measurements. Measurements are made once a minute.
When the number of existing half-open sessions rises above a threshold (max-incomplete high), the
ZyWALL starts deleting half-open sessions as required to accommodate new connection requests. The
ZyWALL continues to delete half-open requests as necessary, until the number of existing half-open sessions
drops below another threshold (max-incomplete low).
When the rate of new connection attempts rises above a threshold (one-minute high), the ZyWALL starts
deleting half-open sessions as required to accommodate new connection requests. The ZyWALL continues to
delete half-open sessions as necessary, until the rate of new connection attempts drops below another
threshold (one-minute low). The rate is the number of new attempts detected in the last one-minute sample
period.
TCP Maximum Incomplete and Blocking Time
An unusually high number of half-open sessions with the same destination host address could indicate that a
Denial of Service attack is being launched against the host.
Whenever the number of half-open sessions with the same destination host address rises above a threshold
(TCP Maximum Incomplete), the ZyWALL starts deleting half-open sessions according to one of the
following methods:
1. If the Blocking Time timeout is 0 (the default), then the ZyWALL deletes the oldest existing half-open
session for the host for every new connection request to the host. This ensures that the number of half-
open sessions to a given host will never exceed the threshold.
Firewall Screens
ZyWALL Series Internet Security Gateway
12-25