FLIR ThermaCAM E4 Operator's Manual
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FLIR ThermaCAM E4 Operator's Manual

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Publ. No.
1 558 017
Revision
a62
Language
English (EN)
Issue date
August 19, 2004
ThermaCAM™ E4
Operator's manual

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Summary of Contents for FLIR ThermaCAM E4

  • Page 1 ThermaCAM™ E4 Operator’s manual Publ. No. 1 558 017 Revision Language English (EN) Issue date August 19, 2004...
  • Page 3 ThermaCAM™ E4 Operator’s manual Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004...
  • Page 4 The purchaser shall promptly report any defect to FLIR Systems or this warranty will not apply. FLIR Systems will, at its option, repair or replace any such defective product free of charge if, upon inspection, it proves to be defective in material or workmanship and provided that it is returned to FLIR Systems within the said one-year period.

  • Page 5: Table Of Contents

    Table of contents Warnings & cautions ..............................Important note about this manual ........................Welcome! ..................................About FLIR Systems ............................3.1.1 A few images from our facilities ..................... Comments & questions ..........................Packing list ..................................System overview ................................. Connecting system components .........................
  • Page 6 Camera overview ................................. Camera parts ..............................Keypad buttons & functions ........................Laser LocatIR ..............................LED indicator on keypad ..........................Camera program ................................Result table ................................ System messages ............................9.2.1 Status messages ........................... 9.2.2 Warning messages ........................Selecting screen objects ..........................9.3.1 Selecting screen objects ......................
  • Page 7 13.9.3 CVBS connector ..........................13.10 Relationship between fields of view and distance ................13.11 Camera – dimensional drawing (36 mm IR lens) ................. 13.12 Camera – dimensional drawing (17 mm IR lens) ................. 13.13 Camera – dimensional drawing (9.2 mm IR lens) ................13.14 Battery charger –...
  • Page 8 Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004...

  • Page 9: Warnings & Cautions

    Each camera from FLIR Systems is calibrated prior to shipping. It is advisable that ■ the camera is sent in for calibration once a year.

  • Page 10: Important Note About This Manual

    Important note about this manual As far as it is practically possible, FLIR Systems configures each manual to reflect each customer’s particular camera configuration. However, please note the following ex- ceptions: The packing list is subject to specific customer configuration and may contain more ■...

  • Page 11: Welcome

    30 000 infrared cameras in use worldwide, FLIR is the undisputed global commercial IR industry leader. 10380703;2 Figure 3.1 FLIR Systems, Boston, USA, FLIR Systems, Danderyd, Sweden, and FLIR Systems, Portland, USA. Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004...
  • Page 12 Figure 3.2 Indigo Systems, Niceville, USA, and Indigo Systems, Santa Barbara, USA. Indigo Systems is a division of FLIR Systems. As pioneers in the IR industry, FLIR Systems has a long list of ‘firsts’ the world of infrared thermography: 1965: 1st thermal imaging system for predictive maintenance (Model 650).

  • Page 13: A Few Images From Our Facilities

    10 L (2.6 US gallon) jar with liquid nitrogen. To the left of the oscilloscope the Polaroid attachment (6 kg/13 lb) can be seen. RIGHT: FLIR Systems’ ThermaCAM Model E2 from 2002 – weight: 0.7 kg (1.54 lb), including battery.

  • Page 14: Comments & Questions

    Comments & questions FLIR Systems is committed to a policy of continuous development, and although we have tested and verified the information in this manual to the best of our ability, you may find that features and specifications have changed since the time of printing.
  • Page 15 3.2 – Comments & questions ➲ Do not use this e-mail address for technical support questions. Technical support is handled by FLIR Systems’s local sales offices. Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004...

  • Page 16: Packing List

    The ThermaCAM™ E4 and its accessories are delivered in a hard transport case which typically contains the items below. On receipt of the transport case, inspect all items and check them against the delivery note. Any damaged items must be reported to the local FLIR Systems representative immediately. Description Part Number Qty.

  • Page 17: System Overview

    System overview 10396603;3 Figure 5.1 System overview Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004...

  • Page 18: Connecting System Components

    Connecting system components 10438203;2 Figure 6.1 How to connect system components Figure 6.2 Explanations of callouts Callout Explanation Power supply cable (11–16 VDC) USB / RS-232 cable Video cable (CVBS, i.e. composite video) Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004...

  • Page 19: Tutorials

    Tutorials Switching on & switching off the camera 7.1.1 Switching on the camera Step Action Insert the battery into the battery compartment. Press PWR/NO to switch on the camera. 7.1.2 Switching off the camera Step Action To switch off the camera, press and hold down PWR/NO until the message Shutting down...

  • Page 20: Saving An Image

    7.3 – Working with measurements Step Action Briefly pressing SAVE/FRZ will display a confirmation box. To save the image, press YES ■ To leave the confirmation box without saving the image, press NO ■ 7.2.3 Saving an image Step Action Adjust the focus by turning the focus ring at the front of the lens.

  • Page 21: Laying Out A Measurement Area

    7.4 – Working with alarms Step Action Select Spot in the Meas. mode dialog box and press MENU/YES. Press SEL until small brackets appear around the spot. You can now move the spot by pressing the navigation pad left/right or up/down. To add additional spots, repeat step 1–4.

  • Page 22: Setting The Reference Temperature

    Press the navigation pad left/right to select shutter period. Although the shutter period works independently of other functions described in this document, FLIR Systems recommends that Short is selected when using the camera for detection of face temperature. ➲ Selecting Normal will calibrate the camera at least every 15th minute, while selecting Short will calibrate the camera at least every 3rd minute.

  • Page 23: Setting Up A Color Alarm Without Using The Menu System

    7.4 – Working with alarms Step Action For Alarm, select one of the following by pressing the navigation pad left/right: Above ■ Below ■ For Alarm output, select Color only by pressing the navigation pad left/right. Specify the Alarm temp by pressing the navigation pad left/right. You can also change the color alarm without using the menu system by pressing the navigation pad up/down after having selected the temperature result by pressing SEL.

  • Page 24: Setting Up An Audible Alarm

    7.5 – Creating a text comment file Step Action Specify Delta alarm by pressing the navigation pad left/right. ➲ Delta alarm will only be available if Update ref temp has been previously select- ed in the Settings dialog box. 7.4.4 Setting up an audible alarm Step Action...

  • Page 25: Changing Level & Span

    7.6 – Changing level & span Step Action The final result should look like this: <Recommendation> Check connections Check cables Check gaskets Check mountings Save the file to Desktop and change the file extension to .tcf. Transfer the *.tcf file to your PDA. You can also move the file to the camera using ThermaCAM QuickView.

  • Page 26: Changing System Settings

    7.7 – Changing system settings Changing system settings 7.7.1 Changing language Step Action Press MENU/YES to display the vertical menu bar. Point to Local Settings on the Setup menu and press MENU/YES. Press the navigation pad up/down to select Language. Press the navigation pad left/right to change the language.

  • Page 27: Changing Date & Time

    7.8 – Working with the camera Step Action Press the navigation pad up/down to select Time format. Press the navigation pad left/right to change the time format. Press MENU/YES to confirm your changes and leave the dialog box. 7.7.5 Changing date & time Step Action Press MENU/YES to display the vertical menu bar.
  • Page 28 7.8 – Working with the camera 10374803;4 Figure 7.1 Removing a lens. 1: Locking ring; 2: Focus ring 10396303;3 Figure 7.2 Removing a lens Step Action Rotate the locking ring on the camera 30° counter-clock-wise until the index mark is lined up with the laser window. Carefully pull out the lens.

  • Page 29: Adjusting The Focus

    7.8 – Working with the camera 7.8.2 Adjusting the focus ➲ Please note what is the locking ring and what is the focus ring in the figure 7.1 on page 20. Trying to adjust the focus by rotating the locking ring will remove the lens. Step Action To adjust the focus, rotate the focus ring clock-wise or counter-clock-wise.

  • Page 30: Removing The Battery

    7.8 – Working with the camera 7.8.3.2 Removing the battery 10396503;2 Figure 7.4 Removing the battery Step Action Remove the lid of the battery compartment by pressing the locking mechanism. Remove the battery by firmly grabbing its rear end and carefully lifting it out from the battery compartment.

  • Page 31: Camera Overview

    Camera overview Camera parts 10308903;5 Figure 8.1 Camera parts – front view Callout Description of part IrDA infrared communication link Lid of the battery compartment Ring for hand strap Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004...
  • Page 32 8.1 – Camera parts Callout Description of part Laser LocatIR with lens cap ➲ Please note the following: A laser icon appears on the screen when the Laser LocatIR is switched on. ■ Since the distance between the laser beam and the image center will vary by ■...
  • Page 33 8.1 – Camera parts 10310603;5 Figure 8.3 Camera parts – view from above Callout Description of part SEL button For more information about the functionality of this button, see section 8.2 – Keypad buttons & functions on page 26 SAVE/FRZ button For more information about the functionality of this button, see section 8.2 –...

  • Page 34: Keypad Buttons & Functions

    8.2 – Keypad buttons & functions Keypad buttons & functions Button Comments Briefly press SAVE/FRZ to freeze the current image and display a SAVE/FRZ button ■ dialog box where you can choose to save or cancel the image Press and hold down SAVE/FRZ for more than one second to save ■...

  • Page 35: Laser Locatir

    8.3 – Laser LocatIR Button Comments Trigger Pull the trigger to do one of the following: Save the image ■ Switch on or switch off the Laser LocatIR ■ Autoadjust the camera ■ Update ref. temp ■ The function of the trigger depends on the trigger settings in the Settings dialog box.

  • Page 36: Led Indicator On Keypad

    8.4 – LED indicator on keypad 10311303;4 Figure 8.5 Distance between the laser beam and the image center LED indicator on keypad Figure 8.6 Explanations of the LED indicator on the keypad Indicator mode Explanation Continuous green light Powering up or operating. Flashing green light Battery charging in standby mode.

  • Page 37: Camera Program

    Camera program Result table The results of measurement markers are displayed in a result table in the top right- hand corner of the screen. Figure 9.1 Explanation of measurement markers appearing in the result table Icon Explanation Spot Area, maximum temperature Area, minimum temperature Area, average temperature Color alarm above...

  • Page 38: Warning Messages

    9.3 – Selecting screen objects 9.2.2 Warning messages Warning messages are displayed in the center of the screen. Here you will find impor- tant information about battery status, for example. Figure 9.3 Critical camera information – a few examples Message Explanation Battery low The battery level is below a critical level.
  • Page 39 9.3 – Selecting screen objects 10383503;4 Figure 9.5 A selected temperature scale. Press the navigation pad up/down at this stage to increase/de- crease the level, and left/right to increase/decrease the span. 10383403;3 Figure 9.6 A selected color alarm. Press the navigation pad up/down at this stage to increase/decrease the color alarm temperature.

  • Page 40: Menu System

    9.4 – Menu system Menu system 10381903;2 Figure 9.8 Vertical menu bar 9.4.1 Navigating the menu system Press MENU/YES to display the vertical menu bar ■ Press MENU/YES to confirm selections in menus and dialog boxes ■ Press PWR/NO to exit the menu system ■...

  • Page 41: Meas. Mode

    9.4 – Menu system 9.4.2 Meas. mode 10429603;1 Figure 9.9 Meas. mode dialog box Figure 9.10 Explanations of the Meas. mode dialog box Label Value Explanation None Select None to disable the measurement mode. Meas. mode ■ ■ Spot Select Spot to lay out a spot, where the temper- ■...

  • Page 42: Manual Adjust/Automatic Adjust

    9.4 – Menu system Label Value Explanation Delta alarm Enter an delta alarm value by pressing the naviga- tion pad left/right. ➲ This label is only available if Update ref temp has been previously selected in the Settings dialog box. Ref temp User-defined For information purposes only.

  • Page 43: Emissivity

    9.4 – Menu system 10392103;3 Figure 9.12 Symbols in the temperature scale, indicating (1) increasing span; (2) decreasing span; (3) in- creasing level, and (4) decreasing level Point to Automatic adjust and press MENU/YES to put the camera in automatic mode, continuously optimizing the image for best level and span.

  • Page 44: Palette

    9.4 – Menu system 9.4.5 Palette 10382603;3 Figure 9.14 Palette dialog box Point to Palette on the vertical menu bar and press MENU/YES to display the Palette dialog box. To select another palette, press the navigation pad left/right ■ To confirm the choice, press MENU/YES ■...

  • Page 45: File

    9.4 – Menu system ➲ The laser icon overrides the Hide graphics menu selection. This means that even though Hide graphics is selected when the Laser LocatIR is lit, the laser icon will still be displayed on the screen. 9.4.8 File 10567703;1 Figure 9.17 File menu...

  • Page 46: Setup

    By letting the camera read any value of the first label in a standard ■ FLIR Systems *.tcf file (text comment file) located in the camera file system, and use this value as the image description The image description can then be read out by other software – e.g.
  • Page 47 9.4 – Menu system Label Value Explanation Select On to display the information field at the Info field ■ ■ bottom of the screen ■ On + TRefl Select Off to hide the information field ■ ■ Select On + TRefl to display the information ■...

  • Page 48: Date/Time

    9.4 – Menu system ➲ For protective reasons, the LCD will be switched off if the detector temperature exceeds +60 °C (+149 °F) and the camera will be switched off if the detector temper- ature exceeds +68 °C (+154.4 °F) 9.4.9.2 Date/time 10382103;2 Figure 9.22 Date/time dialog box Figure 9.23 Explanations of the Date/time dialog box Label Explanation...

  • Page 49: Local Settings

    9.4 – Menu system 9.4.9.3 Local settings 10382203;3 Figure 9.24 Local settings dialog box Figure 9.25 Explanations of the Local settings dialog box Label Explanation Language Configuration-dependent Video output NTSC ■ ■ °C – degrees Celsius or Temp unit ■ °F –...

  • Page 50: Electrical Power System

    Electrical power system The camera’s electrical power system consists of the following parts: a removable battery ■ a power supply ■ an internal battery charger ■ a stand-alone, external battery charger ■ The camera may powered either by using the battery, or by using the power supply. When using the power supply, the battery will –...

  • Page 51: Internal Battery Charging

    10.1 – Internal battery charging 10306103;4 Figure 10.1 Battery and battery compartment Callout Description of part Battery Battery cover Release button The removable battery gives an operation time of approx. 1.5–2 hours. When Battery low is displayed on the screen it is time to charge the battery. ➲...

  • Page 52: External Battery Charging

    10.2 – External battery charging Step Action Make sure that the battery is correctly inserted into the camera. Connect the power cable to the camera. While charging, the battery status symbol will pulse until the battery is fully charged. When the battery is fully charged the battery symbol will stop pulsing and be completely filled.

  • Page 53: Battery Safety Warnings

    10.3 – Battery safety warnings 10379603;4 Figure 10.4 LED indicators on the external battery charger Figure 10.5 LED indicators – explanations of callouts Situation LED indicator no. Color & mode The charger is under power, but Fixed red light no battery is inserted The charger is under power, and Fixed green light a battery is inserted...
  • Page 54 10.3 – Battery safety warnings Do not place the battery on or near fires, stoves, or other high-temperature loca- ■ tions. When the battery is worn out, insulate the terminals with adhesive tape or similar ■ materials before disposal. Immediately discontinue use of the battery if, while using, charging, or storing the ■...

  • Page 55: Maintenance & Cleaning

    Maintenance & cleaning 11.1 Camera body, cables & accessories The camera body, cables and accessories may be cleaned by wiping with a soft cloth. To remove stains, wipe with a soft cloth moistened with a mild detergent solution and wrung dry, then wipe with a dry soft cloth. ➲...

  • Page 56: Troubleshooting

    Troubleshooting Problem Possible reason Solution The LCD displays no image The camera may have been switched off Press PWR/NO to switch on at all. automatically due the settings in the Set- the camera. tings dialog box. The LCD may have been switched off auto- Press PWR/NO to switch on matically due to the settings in the Settings the camera.
  • Page 57 Problem Possible reason Solution The trigger button does The function of the trigger button may Change the function of the not work as expected. have accidently been changed. trigger button. The trigger button does The trigger button may have accidentally Enable the trigger button.

  • Page 58: Technical Specifications & Dimensional Drawings

    Technical specifications & dimensional drawings ➲ FLIR Systems reserves the right to discontinue models, parts and accessories, and other items, or change specifications at any time without prior notice. 13.1 Imaging performance Minimum focus distance (25° lens) 0.3 m (0.98 ft.)

  • Page 59: Electrical Power System

    13.5 – Electrical power system 13.5 Electrical power system Battery type Rechargeable Li/Ion battery Battery operating time 1.5 hours. Display shows battery status Battery charging Internal, AC adapter, or 12 VDC car adapter. 2-bay desktop charger. AC operation AC adapter, 90–260 VAC, 50/60 Hz, 12 VDC out Voltage 11–16 VDC Power management...

  • Page 60: Pin Configurations

    13.9 – Pin configurations RS-232 (optional) Image transfer to PC 13.9 Pin configurations 13.9.1 RS-232/USB connector 10384403;4 Figure 13.1 Pin configuration – RS-232/USB (on camera – operator’s side) Figure 13.2 Pin configuration Signal name USB - RS-232_TX USB POWER USB + RS-232_RX Publ.

  • Page 61: Power Connector

    13.9 – Pin configurations 13.9.2 Power connector 10402503;1 Figure 13.3 Pin configuration for power connector (on camera – operator’s side). A: Center pin; B: Chassis Connector type: 2.5 mm DC Signal name Type Pin number +12V POWER CENTER PIN POWER CHASSIS 13.9.3 CVBS connector...

  • Page 62: Relationship Between Fields Of View And Distance

    13.10 – Relationship between fields of view and distance 13.10 Relationship between fields of view and distance 10402003;1 Figure 13.5 Relationship between fields of view and distance. 1: Distance to target; 2: VFOV = vertical field of view; 3: HFOV = horizontal field of view, 4: IFOV = instantaneous field of view (size of one detector element).
  • Page 63 13.10 – Relationship between fields of view and distance 10564803;1 Figure 13.7 Horizontal, vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets. D = distance to target. 17 mm IR lens. Applies to detector type 215 only. 10565103;1 Figure 13.8 Horizontal, vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets.
  • Page 64 13.10 – Relationship between fields of view and distance 10564903;1 Figure 13.10 Horizontal, vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets. D = distance to target. 17 mm IR lens. Applies to detector type 243 only. 10565203;1 Figure 13.11 Horizontal, vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets.
  • Page 65 13.10 – Relationship between fields of view and distance 10565003;1 Figure 13.13 Horizontal, vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets. D = distance to target. 17 mm IR lens. Applies to detector type 247 only. 10563603;1 Figure 13.14 Horizontal, vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets.

  • Page 66: Camera - Dimensional Drawing (36 Mm Ir Lens)

    13.11 – Camera – dimensional drawing (36 mm IR lens) 13.11 Camera – dimensional drawing (36 mm IR lens) 10384503;3 Figure 13.16 Overall dimensions of the camera with a 36 mm IR lens. Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004...

  • Page 67: Camera - Dimensional Drawing (17 Mm Ir Lens)

    13.12 – Camera – dimensional drawing (17 mm IR lens) 13.12 Camera – dimensional drawing (17 mm IR lens) 10384603;3 Figure 13.17 Overall dimensions of the camera with a 17 mm IR lens. Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004...

  • Page 68: Camera - Dimensional Drawing (9.2 Mm Ir Lens)

    13.13 – Camera – dimensional drawing (9.2 mm IR lens) 13.13 Camera – dimensional drawing (9.2 mm IR lens) 10384703;3 Figure 13.18 Overall dimensions of the camera with a 9.2 mm IR lens. Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004...

  • Page 69: Battery Charger - Dimensional Drawing

    13.14 – Battery charger – dimensional drawing 13.14 Battery charger – dimensional drawing 10387403;3 Figure 13.19 Overall dimensions of the battery charger Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004...

  • Page 70: Battery - Dimensional Drawing

    13.15 – Battery – dimensional drawing 13.15 Battery – dimensional drawing 10387503;3 Figure 13.20 Overall dimensions of the battery Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004...

  • Page 71: Glossary

    Glossary Figure 14.1 Glossary of common infrared terms & expressions Term or expression Explanation absorption (absorption factor) The amount of radiation absorbed by an object relative to the received radiation. A number be- tween 0 and 1. ambient Objects and gases that emit radiation towards the object being measured.
  • Page 72 Term or expression Explanation emissivity (emissivity factor) The amount of radiation coming from an object, compared to that of a blackbody. A number be- tween 0 and 1. emittance Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time and area (W/m estimated atmospheric transmission A transmission value, supplied by a user, replacing a calculated one...
  • Page 73 Term or expression Explanation laser pointer An electrically powered light source on the camera that emits laser radiation in a thin, concentrated beam to point at certain parts of the object in front of the camera. level The center value of the temperature scale, usually expressed as a signal value.
  • Page 74 Term or expression Explanation relative humidity Percentage of water in the air, relative to what is physically possible. Air temperature dependent. saturation color The areas that contain temperatures outside the present level/span settings are colored with the saturation colors. The saturation colors contain an ‘overflow’...

  • Page 75: Thermographic Measurement Techniques

    Thermographic measurement techniques 15.1 Introduction An infrared camera measures and images the emitted infrared radiation from an object. The fact that radiation is a function of object surface temperature makes it possible for the camera to calculate and display this temperature. However, the radiation measured by the camera does not only depend on the tem- perature of the object but is also a function of the emissivity.

  • Page 76: Finding The Emissivity Of An Object

    15.3 – Reflected temperature 15.2.1 Finding the emissivity of an object 15.2.1.1 Using a thermocouple Select a reference point and measure its temperature using a thermocouple. Alter the emissivity until the temperature measured by the camera agrees with the ther- mocouple reading.

  • Page 77: History Of Infrared Technology

    History of infrared technology Less than 200 years ago the existence of the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum wasn't even suspected. The original significance of the infrared spectrum, or simply ‘the infrared’ as it is often called, as a form of heat radiation is perhaps less obvious today than it was at the time of its discovery by Herschel in 1800.
  • Page 78 effect reaches a maximum, and that measurements confined to the visible portion of the spectrum failed to locate this point. 10398903;1 Figure 16.2 Marsilio Landriani (1746–1815) Moving the thermometer into the dark region beyond the red end of the spectrum, Herschel confirmed that the heating continued to increase.
  • Page 79 10399103;1 Figure 16.3 Macedonio Melloni (1798–1854) Thermometers, as radiation detectors, remained unchallenged until 1829, the year Nobili invented the thermocouple. (Herschel’s own thermometer could be read to 0.2 °C (0.036 °F), and later models were able to be read to 0.05 °C (0.09 °F)). Then a breakthrough occurred;...
  • Page 80 consisted of a thin blackened strip of platinum connected in one arm of a Wheatstone bridge circuit upon which the infrared radiation was focused and to which a sensitive galvanometer responded. This instrument is said to have been able to detect the heat from a cow at a distance of 400 meters.

  • Page 81: Theory Of Thermography

    Theory of thermography 17.1 Introduction The subjects of infrared radiation and the related technique of thermography are still new to many who will use an infrared camera. In this section the theory behind thermography will be given. 17.2 The electromagnetic spectrum The electromagnetic spectrum is divided arbitrarily into a number of wavelength re- gions, called bands, distinguished by the methods used to produce and detect the radiation.

  • Page 82: Blackbody Radiation

    Such cavity radiators are commonly used as sources of ra- diation in temperature reference standards in the laboratory for calibrating thermo- graphic instruments, such as a FLIR Systems camera for example. Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004...

  • Page 83: Planck's Law

    17.3 – Blackbody radiation If the temperature of blackbody radiation increases to more than 525 °C (977 °F), the source begins to be visible so that it appears to the eye no longer black. This is the incipient red heat temperature of the radiator, which then becomes orange or yellow as the temperature increases further.

  • Page 84: Wien's Displacement Law

    17.3 – Blackbody radiation Planck’s formula, when plotted graphically for various temperatures, produces a family of curves. Following any particular Planck curve, the spectral emittance is zero at λ = 0, then increases rapidly to a maximum at a wavelength λ and after passing it approaches zero again at very long wavelengths.
  • Page 85 17.3 – Blackbody radiation 10399403;1 Figure 17.5 Wilhelm Wien (1864–1928) The sun (approx. 6 000 K) emits yellow light, peaking at about 0.5 μm in the middle of the visible light spectrum. At room temperature (300 K) the peak of radiant emittance lies at 9.7 μm, in the far infrared, while at the temperature of liquid nitrogen (77 K) the maximum of the almost insignificant amount of radiant emittance occurs at 38 μm, in the extreme infrared wavelengths.

  • Page 86: Stefan-Boltzmann's Law

    17.3 – Blackbody radiation 17.3.3 Stefan-Boltzmann's law By integrating Planck’s formula from λ = 0 to λ = ∞, we obtain the total radiant emit- tance (W ) of a blackbody: This is the Stefan-Boltzmann formula (after Josef Stefan, 1835–1893, and Ludwig Boltzmann, 1844–1906), which states that the total emissive power of a blackbody is proportional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature.
  • Page 87 17.3 – Blackbody radiation or less wavelength dependent, the subscript λ is used to imply the spectral depen- dence of their definitions. Thus: The spectral absorptance α = the ratio of the spectral radiant power absorbed by ■ λ an object to that incident upon it. The spectral reflectance ρ...
  • Page 88 17.3 – Blackbody radiation For highly polished materials ε approaches zero, so that for a perfectly reflecting λ material (i.e. a perfect mirror) we have: For a graybody radiator, the Stefan-Boltzmann formula becomes: This states that the total emissive power of a graybody is the same as a blackbody at the same temperature reduced in proportion to the value of ε...

  • Page 89: Infrared Semi-Transparent Materials

    17.4 – Infrared semi-transparent materials 10327303;3 Figure 17.9 Spectral emissivity of three types of radiators. 1: Spectral emissivity; 2: Wavelength; 3: Black- body; 4: Graybody; 5: Selective radiator. 17.4 Infrared semi-transparent materials Consider now a non-metallic, semi-transparent body – let us say, in the form of a thick flat plate of plastic material.

  • Page 90: Emissivity Tables

    Emissivity tables This section presents a compilation of emissivity data from the infrared literature and FLIR Systems’s own measurements. 18.1 References Mikaél A. Bramson: Infrared Radiation, A Handbook for Applications, Plenum press, N.Y. William L. Wolfe, George J. Zissis: The Infrared Handbook, Office of Naval Research, Department of Navy, Washington, D.C.
  • Page 91 18.2 – Tables Aluminum anodized, light 0.61 gray, dull Aluminum anodized sheet 0.55 Aluminum as received, plate 0.09 Aluminum as received, sheet 0.09 Aluminum cast, blast cleaned 0.46 Aluminum cast, blast cleaned 0.47 Aluminum dipped in HNO 0.05 plate 3 µm Aluminum foil 0.09...
  • Page 92 18.2 – Tables Aluminum oxide activated, powder 0.46 Aluminum oxide pure, powder (alu- 0.16 mina) Asbestos board 0.96 Asbestos fabric 0.78 Asbestos floor tile 0.94 Asbestos paper 40–400 0.93–0.95 Asbestos powder 0.40–0.60 Asbestos slate 0.96 Asphalt paving 0.967 Brass dull, tarnished 20–350 0.22 Brass...
  • Page 93 18.2 – Tables Brick Dinas silica, 1000 0.80 unglazed, rough Brick firebrick 0.68 Brick fireclay 0.85 Brick fireclay 1000 0.75 Brick fireclay 1200 0.59 Brick masonry 0.94 Brick masonry, plas- 0.94 tered Brick red, common 0.93 Brick red, rough 0.88–0.93 Brick refractory, corun- 1000...
  • Page 94 18.2 – Tables Carbon graphite, filed sur- 0.98 face Carbon graphite powder 0.97 Carbon lampblack 20–400 0.95–0.97 Chipboard untreated 0.90 Chromium polished 0.10 Chromium polished 500–1000 0.28–0.38 Clay fired 0.91 Cloth black 0.98 Concrete 0.92 Concrete 0.95 Concrete rough 0.97 Concrete walkway 0.974...
  • Page 95 18.2 – Tables Copper polished, mechan- 0.015 ical Copper pure, carefully 0.008 prepared surface Copper scraped 0.07 Copper dioxide powder 0.84 Copper oxide red, powder 0.70 Ebonite 0.89 Emery coarse 0.85 Enamel Enamel lacquer 0.85–0.95 Fiber board hard, untreated 0.85 Fiber board masonite 0.88...
  • Page 96 18.2 – Tables Iron, cast casting 0.81 Iron, cast ingots 1000 0.95 Iron, cast liquid 1300 0.28 Iron, cast machined 800–1000 0.60–0.70 Iron, cast oxidized 0.63 Iron, cast oxidized 0.64 Iron, cast oxidized 0.66 Iron, cast oxidized 0.76 Iron, cast oxidized at 600 °C 200–600 0.64–0.78...
  • Page 97 18.2 – Tables Iron and steel hot rolled 0.60 Iron and steel oxidized 0.74 Iron and steel oxidized 0.74 Iron and steel oxidized 125–525 0.78–0.82 Iron and steel oxidized 0.79 Iron and steel oxidized 1227 0.89 Iron and steel oxidized 200–600 0.80 Iron and steel...
  • Page 98 18.2 – Tables Iron galvanized sheet, oxidized 0.28 Iron tinned sheet 0.064 Lacquer 3 colors sprayed 0.92–0.94 on Aluminum Lacquer 3 colors sprayed 0.50–0.53 on Aluminum Lacquer Aluminum on rough surface Lacquer bakelite 0.83 Lacquer black, dull 40–100 0.96–0.98 Lacquer black, matte 0.97 Lacquer...
  • Page 99 18.2 – Tables Magnesium polished 0.07 Magnesium pow- 0.86 Molybdenum 600–1000 0.08–0.13 Molybdenum 1500–2200 0.19–0.26 Molybdenum filament 700–2500 0.1–0.3 Mortar 0.87 Mortar 0.94 Nichrome rolled 0.25 Nichrome sandblasted 0.70 Nichrome wire, clean 0.65 Nichrome wire, clean 500–1000 0.71–0.79 Nichrome wire, oxidized 50–500 0.95–0.98 Nickel...
  • Page 100 18.2 – Tables Nickel oxidized 0.37 Nickel oxidized 0.37 Nickel oxidized 1227 0.85 Nickel oxidized at 600 °C 200–600 0.37–0.48 Nickel polished 0.045 Nickel wire 200–1000 0.1–0.2 Nickel oxide 500–650 0.52–0.59 Nickel oxide 1000–1250 0.75–0.86 Oil, lubricating 0.025 mm film 0.27 Oil, lubricating 0.050 mm film 0.46...
  • Page 101 18.2 – Tables Paint oil, various colors 0.92–0.96 Paint oil based, average 0.94 of 16 colors Paint plastic, black 0.95 Paint plastic, white 0.84 Paper 4 different colors 0.92–0.94 Paper 4 different colors 0.68–0.74 Paper black 0.90 Paper black, dull 0.94 Paper black, dull...
  • Page 102 18.2 – Tables Plastic glass fibre lami- 0.94 nate (printed circ. board) Plastic polyurethane isola- 0.55 tion board Plastic polyurethane isola- 0.29 tion board Plastic PVC, plastic floor, 0.93 dull, structured Plastic PVC, plastic floor, 0.94 dull, structured Platinum 0.016 Platinum 0.03 Platinum...
  • Page 103 18.2 – Tables Sandstone polished 0.909 Sandstone rough 0.935 Silver polished 0.03 Silver pure, polished 200–600 0.02–0.03 Skin human 0.98 Slag boiler 0–100 0.97–0.93 Slag boiler 200–500 0.89–0.78 Slag boiler 600–1200 0.76–0.70 Slag boiler 1400–1800 0.69–0.67 Snow: See Water Soil 0.92 Soil saturated with...
  • Page 104 18.2 – Tables 0.79–0.84 paper 0.91–0.93 Tile glazed 0.94 burnished 20–50 0.04–0.06 tin–plated sheet 0.07 iron Titanium oxidized at 540 °C 0.40 Titanium oxidized at 540 °C 0.50 Titanium oxidized at 540 °C 1000 0.60 Titanium polished 0.15 Titanium polished 0.20 Titanium polished 1000 0.36 Tungsten...
  • Page 105 18.2 – Tables Water ice, smooth 0.97 Water layer >0.1 mm 0–100 0.95–0.98 thick Water snow Water snow –10 0.85 Wood 0.98 Wood 0.962 Wood ground 0.5–0.7 Wood pine, 4 different 0.81–0.89 samples Wood pine, 4 different 0.67–0.75 samples Wood planed 0.8–0.9 Wood...
  • Page 106 18.2 – Tables Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004...

  • Page 107: Index

    1 195 128, 8 inserting, 21 1 195 221, 8 operating time, 51 1 909 528, 8 removing, 22 1 909 775, 8 type, 51 battery charger external, 42 about FLIR Systems, 3 in packing list, 8 accessories internal, 42 cleaning, 47 battery charging accuracy, 50 externally, 44 acquiring internally, 44 image, 11 battery system, 42 address, ii...
  • Page 108 Index – D Camera info cleaning command, 41 accessories, 47 dialog box, 41 cables, 47 camera overview, 24 camera body, 47 camera parts lenses, 47 location, 23 color alarm battery cover, 23, 24 changing, 14, 15 focus ring, 24 commands IrDA link, 23 Automatic adjust, 34 Laser LocatIR, 24 Camera info, 41 LED indicator, 25 Date/time, 40 lens cap, 24 Delete all images, 37 MENU/YES, 25...
  • Page 109 Dewar, James, 72 far infrared band, 73 dialog boxes field of view, 50 Camera info, 41 file Date/time, 40 opening, 12 Emissivity, 35 saving, 12 Local Settings, 41 FLIR Systems Meas. mode, 33 about, 3 Palette, 36 contact details, ii Range, 36 copyright, ii Settings, 38 e-mail, ii dimensional drawings, 50 history, 3 displaying E series, 4 menu system, 32...
  • Page 110 Index – H hand strap James Dewar, 72 in packing list, 8 Josef Stefan, 78 heat picture, 71 Herschel, William, 69 Hide graphics keys command, 36 functions history, 3 MENU/YES, 26 E series, 4 PWR/NO, 26 first thermo-electrically cooled, 4 SAVE/FRZ, 26 infrared technology, 69 SEL, 26 model 525, 4 location model 650, 4 MENU/YES, 25 model 750, 4 navigation pad, 25 model 780, 4 PWR/NO, 25...
  • Page 111 Index – M Laser LocatIR measuring temperature, 12 classification, 50 Melloni, Macedonio, 70 description, 27 MENU/YES distance, 27 function, 26 output power, 27 location, 25 overriding, 37 menus type, 50 Setup, 38 warning, 27 menu system wavelength, 27 canceling laser pointer selections, 32 overriding, 37 confirming laws selections, 32 Planck's law, 75 displaying, 32 Stefan-Boltzmann's formula, 78 exiting, 32 Wien's displacement law, 76 navigating, 32 laying out messages, 29, 30...
  • Page 112 Index – Q PAL/CCIR, 50 Ref temp palette label, 34 changing, 36 removing Palette battery, 22 command, 36 lens, 20 dialog box, 36 requests for enhancement, 6 part numbers result table 1 120 987, 8 screen object, 29 1 195 102, 8 signs in, 29 1 195 106, 8 RFE, 6 1 195 128, 8 RS-232 1 195 221, 8 interface, 52...
  • Page 113 Index – T span thermographic theory, 73 changing, 17, 34 thermometrical spectrum, 70 specifications thermos bottle, 72 environmental time format EMC, 51 changing, 18 encapsulation, 51 Time format humidity, 51 label, 41 operating temperature range, 51 trademarks, ii shock, 51 TrainIR CD storage temperature range, 51 in packing list, 8 vibration, 51 transferring physical text comment files, 16 size, 51 T Refl tripod mount, 51...
  • Page 114 Index – U saving file, 12 image, 12 switching off camera, 11 switching on camera, 11 unpacking, 8 interface, 51 pin configuration, 51 USB cable in packing list, 8 vibration, 51 video cable in packing list, 8 Video output label, 41 visual alarm changing, 15 warm-up time, 12, 13 warning messages, 29, 30 warnings battery, 45 intensive energy sources, 1 interference, 1...
  • Page 115 This manual was produced using XML – Extensible Markup Language. For more information about XML, point your browser to: http://www.w3c.org/XML/ Customers interested in the history & theory of markup languages may also want to visit the following sites: ■ http://www.gla.ac.uk/staff/strategy/information/socarcpj/ ■...
  • Page 116 Publ. No. 1 558 017 Rev. a62 – ENGLISH (EN) – August 19, 2004...
  • Page 118 FLIR Systems Sarl FLIR Systems S. r. l. Indigo Systems, Inc. 18 rue Hoche BP 81 FLIR Systems S.r.l. ~ A division of FLIR Systems ~ F-92134 Issy les Moulineaux Via L. Manara, 2 70 Castilian Dr. Cedex 20051 Limbiate (MI)

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