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16. Appendices
general dental practices. Br Dent J. 1999; 26: 630-633.
8. White SC, Heslop EW, Hollender LG, Mosier KM, Ruprecht A, Shrout MK. Parameters of
radiologic care: an official report of the American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology.
Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 2001;91:498-511.
9. McDonald RE, Avery DR, Dean JA. Dentistry for the Child and Adolescent. 8th ed. St. Louis:
Elsevier Mosby; 2000:71-72.
10. Johnson ON, Thomson EM. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and
Hygienists. 8th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall 2007:388-397.
11. Serman N, Horrell BM, Singer, S. High-quality panoramic radiographs. Tips and tricks.
Dentistry Today. 2003;22(1):70-73.
16.5.3
Setting Exposure Values to the Age Group
For more information about this topic, refer to the Appendices 15.1 Recommended X-
ray Exposure Table.
16.5.4
The References Pertinent to the Potential Risks for the Pediatric
Patients
1) Literature
I. ESPELID, I. MEJÀRE, K. WEERHEIJM:
EAPD guidelines for use of radiographs in children, P40-48. European Journal of
Pediatric Dentistry 1/2003 Guidelines in dental radiology are designed to avoid
unnecessary exposure to X-radiation and to identify individuals who may benefit
from a radiographic examination. Every prescription of radiographs should be
based on an evaluation of the individual patient benefit. Due to the relatively high
frequency of caries among 5 year old children it is recommended to consider
dental radiography for each child even without any visible caries or restorations.
Furthermore, radiography should be considered at 8-9 years of age and then at
12-14, that is 1-2 years after eruption of premolars and second molars. Additional
bitewing controls should be based on an overall assessment of the caries
activity/risk. The high-risk patient should be examined radiographically annually,
while a 2-3 years interval should be considered when caries activity/risk is low.
Routine survey by radiographs, except for caries, has not been shown to provide
sufficient information to be justified considering the balance between cost
(radiation and resources) and benefit.
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