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16. Appendices
assist with positioning the dental arches within the three dimensions of the focal trough,
an area where the anatomical structures will be imaged in relative clarity. Most
panoramic x-ray machines have a bite block to indicate the correct anterior-posterior
position or how far forward or back the patient should be positioned, side positioner
guides for determining the correct lateral alignment, and a chin rest to correctly locate
4,10
the superior-inferior dimension or how far up or down the chin should be positioned.
Panoramic x-ray machines are available with a mirror and laser light beam guide that
shines on the patient's face to illustrate various anatomical planes (Figure 2).
Incorrectly positioning the patient in any of these three dimensions will produce unique
and distinct radiographic image errors (Table 1).
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