1. Manuals
  2. Brands
  3. Waters Manuals
  4. Measuring Instruments
  5. 2410
  6. Operator's manual

Waters 2410 Operator's Manual

Differential refractometer
Hide thumbs Also See for 2410:
Table of Contents

Advertisement

Quick Links

Download this manual
Waters 2410 Operator's Manual

Advertisement

Table of Contents
loading

Related Manuals for Waters 2410

Summary of Contents for Waters 2410

  • Page 1 Artisan Technology Group is your source for quality new and certified-used/pre-owned equipment SERVICE CENTER REPAIRS WE BUY USED EQUIPMENT • FAST SHIPPING AND DELIVERY Experienced engineers and technicians on staff Sell your excess, underutilized, and idle used equipment at our full-service, in-house repair center We also offer credit for buy-backs and trade-ins •...
  • Page 2 Waters 2410 Differential Refractometer Operator’s Guide 34 Maple Street Milford, MA 01757 71500241002, Revision 2 Artisan Technology Group - Quality Instrumentation ... Guaranteed | (888) 88-SOURCE | www.artisantg.com...
  • Page 3 This guide is believed to be complete and accurate at the time of publication. In no event shall Waters Corporation be liable for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising from the use of this guide.
  • Page 4 To protect against fire hazard, replace fuses with those of the same type and rating. Caution: To avoid the possibility of electrical shock, power off the 2410 detector and disconnect the power cord before you service the instrument. Note: The Installation Category (Overvoltage Category) for this instrument is Level II. The Level II category pertains to equipment that receives its electrical power from a local level, such as an electrical wall outlet.
  • Page 5 Symbols on the Rear Panel of the 2410 Detector Direct current Alternating current Protective conductor terminal Frame or chassis terminal Caution, risk of electrical shock (high voltage) Caution or refer to guide Caution, hot surface or high temperature Artisan Technology Group - Quality Instrumentation ... Guaranteed | (888) 88-SOURCE | www.artisantg.com...

  • Page 6: Table Of Contents

    Table of Contents How to Use This Guide..............13 Chapter 1 Waters 2410 Theory of Operation ........... 16 1.1 Overview ................16 1.2 Theory of Operation .............. 17 1.2.1 Optical Refraction ............17 1.2.2 Differential Refractometry .......... 22 1.2.3 Common RI Detection Problems ....... 24 1.3 Principles of Operation............
  • Page 7 Making Signal Connections ............. 39 3.1 Component Connection Overview ........39 3.2 Making IEEE-488 Signal Connections ........41 3.2.1 Connecting to a Waters Data System Using the IEEE-488 Bus ............41 3.2.2 Connecting to a Waters PowerLine System Controller ..............45 3.2.3 Connecting to a Manual Injector ........
  • Page 8 5.2.4 Temperature Guidelines (Ext1 °C, Ext2 °C, Int °C)..79 5.2.5 Polarity Guidelines ............. 79 5.3 Starting Up the 2410 Refractometer........80 5.4 Shutting Down the 2410 Refractometer ........ 82 Chapter 6 Maintenance Procedures ..............83 6.1 Cleaning the Fluidic Path............84 6.2 Replacing Fuses..............
  • Page 9 7.3 Diagnostics ................. 100 7.3.1 Operating the Startup Diagnostics......100 7.3.2 Operating the User-Initiated Diagnostics ....100 7.4 Hardware Troubleshooting ..........103 Appendix A Specifications ................. 105 Appendix B Spare Parts/Accessories ............... 108 Appendix C Warranty Information ..............110 C.1 Limited Express Warranty........... 110 C.2 Shipments, Damages, Claims, and Returns.......
  • Page 10 Waters 2410 Refractometer Fluidic Paths ........28 Waters 2410 Differential Refractometer Optics Bench Assembly Light Path ..............30 Major Steps in Installing the 2410 Differential Refractometer..31 Dimensions of the 2410 Refractometer ......... 32 Waters 2410 Refractometer Rear Panel........34 Fluidic Connections ...............
  • Page 11 3-10 Chart Mark and Auto Zero Connections Between the 2690 Separations Module and the 2410 Refractometer ..51 3-11 Connections to a Waters 745/745B/746 Data Module....52 3-12 Analog Output Connections to a Chart Recorder ......53 3-13 Analog Output Connections to the Bus SAT/IN Module....55 3-14 Auto Zero Connectionto a Manual Injector ........
  • Page 12 Installation Site Requirements ............. 33 Component Connection Summary ..........39 Waters 2410 Refractometer Inject Start Connections ....44 Waters 2410 Connections to a Manual Injector ....... 45 Waters 2410 Analog-Out/Event-In Connections ...... 47 Analog Output Connections to a 745/745B/746 Data Module . 51 Analog Output Connections to a Chart Recorder.....
  • Page 13 Environmental Specifications ..........106 Dimensions ................107 Electrical Specifications ............107 Power Source Specification ........... 107 Recommended Spare Parts ..........108 Waters 2410 Warranty Periods ..........113 Table of Contents Artisan Technology Group - Quality Instrumentation ... Guaranteed | (888) 88-SOURCE | www.artisantg.com...

  • Page 14: How To Use This Guide

    2410 Differential Refractometer. Structure of This Guide The Waters 2410 Differential Refractometer Operator’s Guide is divided into chapters and appendixes. Each page is marked with a tab and a footer to facilitate access to information within the chapter or appendix.
  • Page 15 Includes warranty and service information for the 2410 Information Differential Refractometer. Related Documents The following table lists other documents related to the operation of the 2410 Differential Refractometer. Waters 2690 Separations Module Describes the procedures for unpacking, installing, using, maintaining, and troubleshooting the Waters Operator’s Guide...
  • Page 16 Conventions Used in This Guide This guide uses the following conventions to make text easier to understand. • Bold text indicates user action. For example: Press 0, then press Enter for the remaining fields. • Italic text denotes new or important words, and is also used for emphasis. For example: An instrument method tells the software how to acquire data.

  • Page 17: Waters 2410 Theory Of Operation

    Figure 1-1, is a differential refractive index detector designed for high performance liquid chromatography applications. It can operate as a stand-alone unit with an integrator or chart recorder, or with a Waters system controller or Waters data system. TP01531 Figure 1-1 Waters 2410 Differential Refractometer Waters 2410 Theory of Operation Artisan Technology Group - Quality Instrumentation ...

  • Page 18: Theory Of Operation

    Range and Sensitivity The 2410 detector functions with solvents with refractive indices between 1.00 and 1.75. The measurement range of the instrument is 5 × 10 to 5 × 10 –8 –3 refractive index units full scale (RIUFS). Features Features of the 2410 differential refractometer include: •...
  • Page 19 The refractive index of a medium has a specific value that changes with the wavelength of the incident light beam. Since the 2410 differential refractometer uses monochromatic light at a fixed wavelength, the effect of different wavelengths of light on RI is not discussed in this guide.

  • Page 20: Effect Of Density On Ri

    Weight Percent Sucrose in Water Density (g/mL) Weight Percent Methanol in Water Density (g/mL) Figure 1-2 Effect of Density on RI Theory of Operation Artisan Technology Group - Quality Instrumentation ... Guaranteed | (888) 88-SOURCE | www.artisantg.com...

  • Page 21: Refraction Of Light

    ) = n θ where: = Angle of incidence θ = Angle of refraction = RI of medium 1 = RI of medium 2 Waters 2410 Theory of Operation Artisan Technology Group - Quality Instrumentation ... Guaranteed | (888) 88-SOURCE | www.artisantg.com...

  • Page 22: Presence Of Sample Changes The Photodiode Signal

    You can use Snell’s Law to calculate the RI of a sample solution from the angle of incidence, the RI of the solvent, and the angle of refraction. Using Changes in RI for Sample Detection As the separated components of a sample pass through the refractometer flow cell: •...

  • Page 23: Differential Refractometry

    The small difference in RI between a reference solution and a sample solution is referred to as ∆n. ∆n is expressed in refractive index units (RIU). The 2410 differential refractometer measures ∆n values as small as 5 × 10 –8 RIU by...
  • Page 24 θ φ Reference Side of Flow Cell n + ∆n θ Sample Side of Flow Cell φ = ∆x Figure 1-5 How Refraction Changes φ Effect of Refraction on φ As the beam of light moves along the light path to the photodiode, it encounters and is refracted by the air in the optics bench assembly, the fused quartz walls of the flow cell, the solvent in the reference side of the flow cell, and the solution in the sample side of the flow cell.

  • Page 25: Common Ri Detection Problems

    The shift in the amount of the light beam striking each element of the dual-element photodiode results in a change in the output voltage from the 2410 detector. The integrator or chart recorder registers the changes in output voltage as peaks in your chromatogram.

  • Page 26: Principles Of Operation

    Most common inhomogeneity problems are due to improper solvent preparation. See Chapter 4, Preparing Solvents, for more information. 1.3 Principles of Operation This section describes the design of the 2410 refractometer and its principles of operation, including: • Fluidics •...

  • Page 27: Waters 2410 Refractometer Fluidics

    The other prism is the reference side of the flow cell. It is filled with clean solvent when you purge the 2410 refractometer during equilibration. When you switch from purge to normal operation, the solenoid valve opens and the pressure relief valve shuts, stopping the flow of solvent through the reference prism but leaving the cell filled with solvent.

  • Page 28: Fluidic Line Inner Diameters

    Figure 1-7 indicates the paths of solvent and sample in the 2410 refractometer during normal operation and during a purge. Table 1-1 provides the inner diameters of the sample and reference fluidic lines.

  • Page 29: Waters 2410 Refractometer Fluidic Paths

    5. Passes through the solenoid valve to the outlet tubing port. Fluidic Path During Purge When you purge the 2410 refractometer fluidic path, solvent: 1. Flows in through inlet tubing port. 2. Passes through the Sample In tube of the countercurrent heat exchanger.

  • Page 30: Optics

    7. Flows out through the Reference Out tube of the countercurrent heat exchanger. 8. Flows out through the pressure relief valve to the purge outlet tubing port. 1.3.2 Optics The 2410 refractometer optics bench assembly (Figure 1-8) consists of the following components: •...

  • Page 31: Electronics

    Figure 1-8 Waters 2410 Differential Refractometer Optics Bench Assembly Light Path 1.3.3 Electronics The 2410 refractometer has both analog and digital components, and includes hardware such as the front panel keyboard and printed circuit (PC) boards and their interconnections. The following PC boards are included in the 2410 refractometer electronics.

  • Page 32: Installing The 2410 Refractometer

    Installing the 2410 Refractometer This chapter describes the procedures for selecting the site for installing the Waters 2410 Differential Refractometer, unpacking and inspecting the instrument, installing fuses, and making fluidic connections. For information on connecting the 2410 refractometer to other devices, see Chapter 3.

  • Page 33: Site Selection And Power Requirements

    Section 2.5, Making Fluidic Connections). 2.2 Site Selection and Power Requirements Reliable operation of your 2410 refractometer depends on a proper installation site and a suitable power supply. Site Selection Requirements Install the Waters 2410 Differential Refractometer in an area that meets the requirements...

  • Page 34: Installation Site Requirements

    Surface orientation Level (ensures proper drip tray function) Power Requirements The 2410 refractometer, which operates over the range 100 Vac to 240 Vac, is shipped from the factory with two 2.0 A fuses. Caution: To avoid electrical shock, power off the 2410 refractometer and unplug the power cord from the rear panel receptacle before you replace a fuse.

  • Page 35: Unpacking And Inspection

    Power Input Receptacle Fuse Holder TP01531 Figure 2-3 Waters 2410 Refractometer Rear Panel To replace a fuse in the 2410 refractometer, see Section 6.2, Replacing Fuses. 2.3 Unpacking and Inspection The Waters 2410 refractometer shipping carton contains: • Certificate of Structural Validation •...

  • Page 36: Making Electrical Power Connections

    This section describes the procedures for connecting the 2410 refractometer to: • A column or another detector • A waste container • The drip tray The fluidic connections for the 2410 refractometer are located to the left of the keypad on the front panel (Figure 2-4).

  • Page 37: Connecting A Column Or Second Detector

    Figure 2-4 Fluidic Connections 2.5.1 Connecting a Column or Second Detector Note: If you are using more than one detector in your system, the Waters 2410 Differential Refractometer must be connected as the last detector in line. Required Materials • 1/16-inch stainless steel tubing, 0.009-inch ID (from Startup kit) •...

  • Page 38: Connecting To Waste

    2.5.2 Connecting to Waste Because the 2410 refractometer flow cell is very sensitive to backpressure, be sure to use waste tubing that is 0.040-inch ID and that is no more than 18 to 24 inches (45 to 60 cm) long.

  • Page 39: Connecting To A Drip Tray

    To connect the drip tray: 1. Cut a length of PTFE tubing sufficient to reach between the drip tray and the waste container. 2. Connect the tubing to the white plastic fitting located under the oven of the 2410 refractometer (see Figure 2-4).

  • Page 40: Making Signal Connections

    This chapter describes procedures for making signal connections between the Waters 2410 Differential Refractometer and other HPLC system components. 3.1 Component Connection Overview Table 3-1 summarizes the signal connections needed to connect the 2410 refractometer to other HPLC system components. Table 3-1 Component Connection Summary Connector Type...

  • Page 41: Waters 2410 Differential Refractometer Rear Panel

    Fuse Holder TP01531 Figure 3-1 Waters 2410 Differential Refractometer Rear Panel The signal connections you need to make to your 2410 refractometer depend on the signal connections available on the other instruments in your HPLC system. Figure 3-2 provides an overview of the steps to follow to connect the 2410 refractometer to other instruments in your HPLC system.

  • Page 42: Making Ieee-488 Signal Connections

    You can use the IEEE-488 bus to connect the 2410 refractometer to Waters or third-party data systems. 3.2.1 Connecting to a Waters Data System Using the IEEE-488 Bus You can use the IEEE-488 bus to connect the 2410 refractometer to a Waters data system in any one of the following configurations (see Figure...

  • Page 43: Waters Millennium System Ieee-488 Connections

    • Millennium Chromatography Manager through the busLAC/E™ card installed on the computer (Figure 3-3) • Waters 845 or 860 system through a LAC/E module (Figure 3-4) • Waters 2690 Separations Module as part of an Alliance system (Figure 3-5). Bus LAC/E or Network LAC/E Card Millennium Chromatography Manager...

  • Page 44: Waters Alliance System Ieee-488 Connections

    2 and 29. Your HPLC system may require that the IEEE-488 address for the 2410 refractometer be greater than that for other devices in the system. Consult your data system or controller operator's manual for more information on IEEE-488 communications.

  • Page 45: Waters 2410 Refractometer Inject Start Connections

    Making Inject Start Signal Connections When you are using an IEEE-488 data system with the 2410 differential refractometer, the data system or controller must receive an inject start signal from the autosampler or manual injector to initiate the data collection and time-based programs.

  • Page 46: Connecting To A Waters Powerline System Controller

    Figure 3-6 Waters PowerLine System Controller IEEE-488 Connections 3.2.3 Connecting to a Manual Injector If you are using a manual injector with your IEEE-488 system, connect the signal cables from the rear panel connector on the 2410 refractometer to the injector as indicated in Table 3-3.

  • Page 47: Making Non-Ieee-488 Signal Connections

    For information on injection trigger signals from a manual injector, see Section 3.3.5, Connecting Injection Trigger Signals. 3.3 Making Non-IEEE-488 Signal Connections To connect the 2410 refractometer to instruments that lack an IEEE-488 bus, you use the analog-out/event-in (I/O) connectors on the rear panel (Figure 3-7). Figure 3-7...

  • Page 48: Waters 2410 Rear Panel Analog-Out/Event-In Connectors

    10 Compressed Out + 11 Integrator Out – 11 Compressed Out – 12 Chassis Ground 12 Chassis Ground Figure 3-7 Waters 2410 Rear Panel Analog-Out/Event-In Connectors Table 3-4 describes the functions of the 2410 refractometer analog-out/event-in connectors. Table 3-4 Waters 2410 Analog-Out/Event-In Connections...

  • Page 49: Connecting To A Stand-Alone 2690 Separations Module

    • Both chart mark and auto zero on inject Generating Auto Zero on Inject To generate the auto zero function on the 2410 refractometer at the start of an injection from the 2690 Separations Module, make the connections shown in the table below and Figure 3-8.

  • Page 50: Auto Zero Connections Between The 2690 Separations Module And The 2410 Refractometer

    2410 Refractometer Generating Chart Mark on Inject To generate the chart mark function on the 2410 refractometer at the start of an injection from the 2690 Separations Module, make the connections shown in the table below and Figure 3-9.

  • Page 51: Chart Mark Connections Between The 2690 Separations Module And The 2410 Refractometer

    2410 Refractometer Generating Chart Mark and Auto Zero To generate both a chart mark and an auto zero signal from the 2690 Separations Module to the 2410 refractometer, make the connections shown in the table below and Figure 3-10.

  • Page 52: Connecting To The Waters 745/745B/746 Data Module

    2690 Separations Module and the 2410 Refractometer 3.3.2 Connecting to the Waters 745/745B/746 Data Module To send an integrator analog output signal (–2V to +2V) from the 2410 refractometer to the Waters 745/745B/746 Data Module, make the connections shown in...

  • Page 53: Connections To A Waters 745/745B/746 Data Module

    Note: If you use another manufacturer’s integrator or A/D device, you may need to connect the Chassis Ground (pin 12) to the 2410 detector’s Integrator Out– (black lead) or an equivalent connection. Waters 2410 Refr a ctometer...

  • Page 54: Connecting To A Chart Recorder

    3.3.3 Connecting to a Chart Recorder To send an analog output signal from the 2410 refractometer to a chart recorder, make the connections shown in Table 3-6 Figure 3-12. Table 3-6 Analog Output Connections to a Chart Recorder Chart Recorder...

  • Page 55: Connecting To The Waters 845/860 Expertease System

    Waters 745/745B/746 Data Module. 3.3.4 Connecting to the Waters 845/860 ExpertEase System To send an integrator analog output signal (–2V to +2V) from the 2410 refractometer to an 845/860 ExpertEase System (through a two-channel SAT/IN module), make the connections shown in...

  • Page 56: Connecting Injection Trigger Signals

    • Chart mark (inject start) signal from a contact closure signal with each injection Each time the 2410 refractometer receives a signal from a manual injector, it performs the corresponding auto zero or chart mark function.

  • Page 57: Auto Zero Connections To A Manual Injector

    To send an auto zero or chart mark signal from a manual injector to the 2410 refractometer, make the connections shown in Table 3-8 Figure 3-14 Table 3-9 Figure 3-15. Table 3-8 Auto Zero Connections to a Manual Injector 2410 Refractometer...

  • Page 58: Polarity Connections

    Figure 3-15 Chart Mark Connections to a Manual Injector 3.3.6 Polarity Connections The Polarity 1 and 2 contact closures on the rear panel of the 2410 refractometer determine the peak polarity of the output signal according to the following conditions (negative polarity results in negative, or inverted, peaks): •...

  • Page 59: Connecting The External Column Heaters

    • When Polarity 2 is open (not connected), the +/– key on the 2410 front panel or an IEEE-488 connected data system (such as the Millennium Chromatography Manager or PowerLine) determines the polarity (see Section 5.2.5, Polarity Guidelines). • When Polarity 2 is closed (connected to an instrument), Polarity 1 determines peak polarity.

  • Page 60: Refractometer External Column Heater Ports

    Waters 2410 Refractometer Rear Panel External Column Heater Ports EXT 2 EXT 1 Figure 3-16 2410 Refractometer External Column Heater Ports Connecting the External Column Heaters Artisan Technology Group - Quality Instrumentation ... Guaranteed | (888) 88-SOURCE | www.artisantg.com...

  • Page 61: Chapter 4 Preparing Solvents

    Refer to the Material Safety Data Sheets shipped with solvents for handling information. 4.1 Common Solvent Problems The 2410 refractometer measures changes in the concentration of the solution flowing through the sample side of the flow cell (see Section 1.2, Theory of Operation).

  • Page 62: Selecting A Solvent

    4.2 Selecting a Solvent An ideal solvent for your analysis: • Has good solubility characteristics for your application • Has a significantly different refractive index (RI) than the sample components • Gives satisfactory baseline noise performance • Provides optimum optical sensitivity characteristics Solvent Quality Use spectral-grade or HPLC-grade solvents to ensure: •...

  • Page 63: Refractive Indices Of Common Solvents

    Tetrahydrofuran (THF) When you use unstabilized THF, ensure that your solvent is fresh. Previously opened bottles of THF contain peroxide contaminants, which cause baseline drift. Caution: THF contaminants (peroxides) are potentially explosive if concentrated or taken to dryness. Refractive Indices of Common Solvents Table 4-1 lists the refractive indices for some common chromatographic solvents.

  • Page 64: Solvent Degassing

    Table 4-1 Refractive Indices of Common Solvents (Continued) Solvent Solvent 1-Pentene 1.371 Ethyl sulfide 1.442 Acetic acid 1.372 Chloroform 1.443 Isopropyl chloride 1.378 Ethylene dichloride 1.445 Isopropanol 1.38 Carbon tetrachloride 1.466 n-Propanol 1.38 Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) 1.477 Methylethylketone 1.381 Toluene 1.496 Diethyl amine 1.387...

  • Page 65: Gas Solubility

    4.3.1 Gas Solubility The amount of gas that can dissolve in a given volume of liquid depends on: • The chemical affinity of the gas for the liquid • The temperature of the liquid • The pressure applied to the liquid Changes in the composition, temperature, or pressure of the mobile phase can lead to outgassing.

  • Page 66: Solvent Degassing Considerations

    Sparging Sparging removes gases from solution by displacing dissolved gases in the solvent with a less soluble gas, usually helium. Well-sparged solvent improves pump performance. Helium sparging brings the solvent to a state of equilibrium, which may be maintained by slow sparging or by keeping a blanket of helium over the solvent.
  • Page 67 ® 2690 Separations Module, XE model. When you are using the 2690 Separations Module with the 2410 refractometer, set the in-line degasser to “continuous” degas mode. Select the most efficient degassing operation for your application. To remove dissolved gas quickly, consider the following degassing considerations.

  • Page 68: Using The 2410 Refractometer

    Remote Control Mode You can use the 2410 refractometer as part of a system configured and controlled by a Waters data system, such as the Millennium Chromatography Manager, or a Waters PowerLine system controller (including the 2690 Separations Module).

  • Page 69: Display, Led Indicators, And Keypad

    % Full Scale Set ° C Filter Auto Zero Sens +/− Mark Purge Scale Factor Clear Enter Function Figure 5-1 Display, LED Indicators, and Keypad Using the 2410 Refractometer Artisan Technology Group - Quality Instrumentation ... Guaranteed | (888) 88-SOURCE | www.artisantg.com...

  • Page 70: Indicator Led Functions

    Illuminates when the 2410 refractometer is under the control of a remote controller. % Full Scale Illuminates when the chart recorder output of the 2410 differential refractometer (as a percent referenced to 10 mV) is displayed in the four-character LED.

  • Page 71: Keypad Functions

    % Full Scale – Displays the chart recorder (REC) output (in millivolts) of the 2410 refractometer as a percent referenced to 10 mV. When the display reads 0001, the output is 1 percent of 10 mV, or 0.1 mV. A value of 0100 means that the output is 100 percent, or 10.0 mV.
  • Page 72 Scale factor does not affect integrator or IEEE-488 data output; it functions as an attenuator for the chart recorder output. Section 5.2.2, Scale Factor Guidelines, for more information. Enter – Saves parameter settings in the memory of the 2410 Enter refractometer. Clear – Erases unsaved parameter entries.
  • Page 73 It takes several hours for the optics bench assembly to stabilize at the new temperature. Do not make a run until the temperature has stabilized; the changing temperature causes baseline drift. Using the 2410 Refractometer Artisan Technology Group - Quality Instrumentation ... Guaranteed | (888) 88-SOURCE | www.artisantg.com...
  • Page 74 Table 5-2 Keypad Functions (Continued) Description Set °C – Sets the temperature of a column heater or the internal oven. Set ° C The range of allowable values (“set points”) for the internal oven is 30 to 50 °C; for the column heaters, it is 0 to 150 °C. The minimum stable set point is 5 °...
  • Page 75 2. Select a new value by scrolling (Sens only) or by entering the value using the numeric keys. 3. Press Enter to save the new value. If you enter an unacceptable value, the 2410 refractometer beeps and returns to the previous value. Changing the Filter Value To change the value for the filter: 1.

  • Page 76: Selecting Parameter Values

    5.2 Selecting Parameter Values You can adjust the noise level, peak height, peak direction, and the temperatures of the internal oven and column heaters to optimize the performance of the 2410 refractometer. This section provides guidelines and considerations for selecting parameter values that are best suited to your application.

  • Page 77: Sensitivity Guidelines

    • Reduce large peaks to fit the chart recorder scale, but reduce smaller peaks as well. • Have no effect on peak resolution, only amplitude. Using the 2410 Refractometer Artisan Technology Group - Quality Instrumentation ... Guaranteed | (888) 88-SOURCE | www.artisantg.com...
  • Page 78 2 V regardless of the sensitivity or scale factor setting; a display of 100% Full Scale on the 2410 front panel is equal to 10 When the detector output is through the recorder output terminals, you can adjust your plot with the 2410 refractometer scale factor function.

  • Page 79: Time Constant Guidelines

    (Filter) settings on the signal. Low Filter High Filter Time Constant Time Constant Setting Setting Figure 5-3 Effects of Filter Time Constant Settings Using the 2410 Refractometer Artisan Technology Group - Quality Instrumentation ... Guaranteed | (888) 88-SOURCE | www.artisantg.com...

  • Page 80: Temperature Guidelines (Ext1 °C, Ext2 °C, Int °C)

    5.2.4 Temperature Guidelines (Ext1 °C, Ext2 °C, Int °C) The 2410 refractometer permits temperature ranges of 30 to 50 °C for the internal oven (Int °C key), and from 0 to 150 °C for the two external column heaters (Ext1 °C, Ext2 °C).

  • Page 81: Starting Up The 2410 Refractometer

    6. Once the 2410 refractometer startup diagnostics and tests are complete, power on any peripheral equipment. 7. Allow the 2410 refractometer to warm up for 24 hours before operating it. Using the 2410 Refractometer Artisan Technology Group - Quality Instrumentation ... Guaranteed | (888) 88-SOURCE | www.artisantg.com...
  • Page 82 Remote Mode The 2410 refractometer operates in remote mode when it is under active control by a system controller through the IEEE-488 interface. You can configure remote control of the 2410 refractometer with Waters systems such as the: • Millennium Chromatography Manager (see Section 3.2.1, Connecting to a Waters...

  • Page 83: Shutting Down The 2410 Refractometer

    6. Press Func, then Purge to stop purging. 7. Follow steps 1 through 5 to purge the 2410 refractometer with 10 percent methanol-water before storing it. 5.4 Shutting Down the 2410 Refractometer Note: Do not power off the 2410 refractometer unless you are storing it.

  • Page 84: Maintenance Procedures

    Maintenance Procedures The maintenance of the 2410 refractometer described in this chapter involves cleaning the fluidic path and replacing fuses. When you perform maintenance procedures on your 2410 differential refractometer, keep the following safety considerations in mind: Caution: To prevent the possibility of electrical shock, never disconnect an electrical assembly while power is applied to the Waters 2410 Differential Refractometer.

  • Page 85: Cleaning The Fluidic Path

    4. Restart the pump or solvent delivery system. Set the flow rate to 5 mL/min flush the mobile phase from the 2410 differential refractometer. Purge for at least 5 minutes. 5. Switch the pump or solvent delivery system to HPLC-grade water. Flush the 2410 differential refractometer with water for 6 to 10 minutes to remove contaminants from the flow path.

  • Page 86: Replacing Fuses

    (a pH value of 6.0 to 7.0). Note: If you use 6 N nitric acid, do so with care. If you operate the 2410 refractometer at high sensitivities, you may need to flush the system extensively with water to remove all traces of the nitric acid.

  • Page 87: Removing And Replacing Fuses

    Procedure To replace a fuse: 1. Power off the 2410 refractometer and disconnect the power cable from the rear panel. 2. Insert your fingers into the fuse holder slots on the rear panel of the detector,...

  • Page 88: Voltage And Fuse Requirements

    Table 6-1 identifies the 2410 refractometer fuse requirements. Table 6-1 Voltage and Fuse Requirements Nominal Voltage Frequency Required Fuse 100 Vac to 240 Vac 50/60 Hz F 2.0 A Replacing Fuses Artisan Technology Group - Quality Instrumentation ... Guaranteed | (888) 88-SOURCE | www.artisantg.com...

  • Page 89: Chapter 7 Troubleshooting

    Troubleshooting Use this section to help you troubleshoot problems with your Waters 2410 Differential Refractometer. Keep in mind that the source of an apparent detector problem may be the chromatography itself or the other instruments in your system. If you determine that a problem is a general chromatography problem, refer to Section 7.2,...
  • Page 90 Refractometer, for information on start-up diagnostics. Power Surges Power surges, line spikes, and transient energy sources can adversely affect operation. Be sure that the electrical supply used for the 2410 differential refractometer is properly grounded and free from any of these conditions. Troubleshooting...

  • Page 91: Chromatography Troubleshooting

    Drift, noise, and cycling are common symptoms of an abnormal baseline. Drift The most common difficulty with the 2410 differential refractometer is baseline drift. Drift may be flow-related or result from changing ambient conditions, especially temperature. Determine if drift is flow related by shutting down the solvent delivery system or pump.

  • Page 92: Abnormal Baseline Troubleshooting

    Dirty flow cell Clean flow cell (Section 6.1, Cleaning the Fluidic Path). Baseline drift, descending Leaky flow cell Call Waters Technical Service. Troubleshooting Artisan Technology Group - Quality Instrumentation ... Guaranteed | (888) 88-SOURCE | www.artisantg.com...
  • Page 93 Table 7-1 Abnormal Baseline Troubleshooting (Continued) Symptom Possible Cause Corrective Action Short-term noise cycling Pump pulsing Add pulse dampener. (30 sec to 60 sec) Inadequate solvent Connect high-flow pulse blending in pump dampener. Use gradient mixer. Flow fluctuating Stabilize flow (see pump operator’s manual).
  • Page 94 Clean fluidic path (see Section 6.1, Cleaning the Fluidic Path). Analog output cable not Properly connect cable. properly connected between 2410 and data system or recorder System improperly Plug into different outlet on grounded different electrical circuit. Use power conditioner.

  • Page 95: Erratic Or Incorrect Retention Times

    7.2.2 Erratic or Incorrect Retention Times When you troubleshoot retention time problems, check if retention times: • Change from run to run or are constant from run to run, but are outside the allowable range for the assay • Are due to pressure fluctuations that are short-term (with each pump cycle) or long-term (over the course of several minutes) •...
  • Page 96 Table 7-2 Retention Time Troubleshooting (Continued) Symptom Possible Cause Corrective Action Increased retention Incorrect flow rate Verify flow rate. times Incorrect solvent composition Change solvent composition. Column heater module not on Power on column heater module. Column not equilibrated Equilibrate column. Incorrect column or guard Use correct column or guard column...

  • Page 97: Poor Peak Resolution

    7.2.3 Poor Peak Resolution Before you address problems with peak resolution, be certain that peaks elute at the correct retention time. The most common causes of poor peak resolution can also appear as retention time problems. If peak retention times are correct, determine if poor resolution occurs: •...

  • Page 98: Resolution Troubleshooting

    Call Waters Technical Service. Detector not zeroed Auto zero detector baseline. Improper connection Check cabling between between 2410 unit and unit and recorder. recorder Solvent and sample have Select another solvent. similar refractive indices Sensitivity too low Select higher sensitivity.

  • Page 99: Incorrect Qualitative/Quantitative Results

    Table 7-3 Resolution Troubleshooting (Continued) Symptom Possible Cause Corrective Action Flat-topped peaks Detector not zeroed Auto zero detector baseline. Incorrect recorder input Adjust recorder input voltage voltage, or adjust detector output cable to correct position. Sensitivity too high Select a lower sensitivity. Scale factor too high Select a lower scale factor.

  • Page 100: Incorrect Results Troubleshooting

    Table 7-4 Incorrect Results Troubleshooting Symptom Possible Cause Corrective Action Decreased peak height Leak in injector Troubleshoot injector. Degraded, contaminated, or Use fresh sample. improperly prepared sample Column contaminated Clean/replace column. Loss of column efficiency Clean/replace column. Change in mobile phase Correct mobile phase pH or composition ionic composition.

  • Page 101: Diagnostics

    • Noise and drift • Keypad and LED display and indicators This information may be helpful if you need to call Waters Technical Service for assistance. 7.3.1 Operating the Startup Diagnostics For a complete explanation of the 2410 refractometer startup diagnostic routines, see Section 5.3, Starting Up the 2410...

  • Page 102: User Diagnostics

    Displays the version of software version running on your 2410 differential refractometer LED display 2nd Func, 1, Enter Tests the operation of the 2410 and indicator differential refractometer LED test display and LED indicators Keypad test 2nd Func, 2, Enter...
  • Page 103 IEEE-488 connection or from the 2410 refractometer analog-in connectors from activating the auto zero function during the initial injection baseline stabilization period. An auto zero initiated from the front panel of the 2410 detector is effective immediately. Diagnostics Artisan Technology Group - Quality Instrumentation ... Guaranteed | (888) 88-SOURCE | www.artisantg.com...

  • Page 104: Hardware Troubleshooting

    7.4 Hardware Troubleshooting This section describes symptoms, causes, and corrective actions related to the 2410 refractometer hardware. Use Table 7-6 when you know the problem you have encountered lies within the instrument. Table 7-6 Waters 2410 Hardware Troubleshooting Symptom Possible Cause...
  • Page 105 Table 7-6 Waters 2410 Hardware Troubleshooting (Continued) Symptom Possible Cause Corrective Action IEEE-488 Incorrect IEEE-488 Set correct address (refer to communications address Section 3.2, Making IEEE-488 problems Signal Connections, the “Setting the IEEE-488 Address” discussion). IEEE-488 cable not Connect IEEE-488 cable (refer connected Section 3.2, Making...

  • Page 106: Appendix A Specifications

    Appendix A Specifications Table A-1 Operational Specifications Conditions Specifications RI Range 1.00 to 1.75 RIU 5 × 10 –3 Measurement Range RIU maximum FS (SENS = 1, SF = 1) 5 × 10 –8 RIU minimum FS (SENS = 1024, SF = 100) Flow Rate 0.03 to 10 mL/min...

  • Page 107: Integrator Output

    Table A-2 Integrator Output Sensitivity Setting Output (V) 16 to 1024 Table A-3 Optical Component Specifications Conditions Specifications Light Source Light emitting diode (LED) Flow Cell Fused quartz Cell Volume 10 µL Pressure Limit 100 psi ® ® Fluidic Path Materials 316 stainless steel, Dynasil , Suprasil II ®...

  • Page 108: Dimensions

    Table A-5 Dimensions Conditions Specifications Height 8.2 in. (20.8 cm) Length 19.8 in. (50.3 cm) Width 11.2 in. (28.4 cm) Weight 21.7 lbs. (9.7 kg) Table A-6 Electrical Specifications Conditions Specifications Line Frequency 50 Hz, 47 to 53 Hz 60 Hz, 57 to 63 Hz Fuse Rating F 2 A, 250 Vac Power Consumption...

  • Page 109: Spare Parts/Accessories

    Stainless steel tubing, 0.009-inch ID × 10 feet WAT026973 Stainless steel tubing, 0.040-inch ID × 10 feet WAT026805 Recorder cable, 4 ft (1) WAT048918 Waters Startup Tool Kit WAT096146 Tubing cutter for 1/16 inch stainless steel WAT022384 tubing Tubing cutter, spare blades, 3/pkg...
  • Page 110 Table B-1 Recommended Spare Parts (Continued) Description Part Number IEEE-488 Cables 3.3 feet (1 m) WAT087198 6 feet (2 m) WAT087141 13 feet (3 m) WAT087191 26 feet (6 m) WAT087192 Solvent Preparation Accessories Solvent Clarification Kit WAT085113 1 pump, 110 V, 60 Hz 1 L flask 300 mL funnel Clamp...

  • Page 111: Appendix C Warranty Information

    The Warranty covers all new products manufactured by Waters. Waters warrants that all products that it sells are of good quality and workmanship. The products are fit for their intended purpose(s) when used strictly in accordance with Waters’...
  • Page 112 Exclusive Remedy In the event of any failure of the Waters 2410 Differential Refractometer to perform, in any material respect, in accordance with the warranty set forth herein, the only liability of Waters Corporation to Customer, and Customer’s sole and exclusive remedy, shall be the use, by Waters Corporation, of commercially reasonable efforts to correct for such deviations, in Waters Corporation’s sole discretion, replacement of the purchased Waters...

  • Page 113: Waters 2410 Differential Refractometer

    DIAGNOSTIC PRODUCT OR PROCEDURE. Warranty Service Warranty service is performed at no charge and at Waters’ option in one of three ways: • A service representative is dispatched to the customer facility. • The product is repaired at a Waters repair facility.

  • Page 114: Waters 2410 Warranty Periods

    If an item is repaired or replaced during the Warranty Period, the replacement part or repair is warranted for the balance of the original warranty period. Table C-1 summarizes the warranty periods for the Waters 2410 and its components. Table C-1 Waters 2410 Warranty Periods Component Warranty Period...

  • Page 115: Shipments, Damages, Claims, And Returns

    findings to support claim. This request must be made within 15 days of receipt. Otherwise, the claim will not be honored by the carrier. Do not return damaged goods to the factory without first securing an inspection report and contacting Waters for a return merchandise authorization number (RMA).

  • Page 116: Index

    Index Numerics 2690 Separations Module Chart connections output generating a chart mark from polarity recorder output 2nd Func key Chart mark 745/745B/746 data system command 845/860 ExpertEase data system generating from the 2690 Separations Module signal using Alliance system, connections Chart recorder output Analog signals Chromatography troubleshooting...
  • Page 117 PowerLine controller rear panel to a second detector remote mode to drip tray serial number to waste shutdown procedures to Waters data systems site selection tubing spare parts list Waters injector specifications startup procedures Connections, fluidic. See Fluidic path storing Connections, power.
  • Page 118 Filter key Flow cell IEEE-488 address cleaning IEEE-488 connections maximum pressure rating communications problems structure setting the address troubleshooting to Waters data systems Fluidic connections Indicators location front panel to a column parameter to a second detector troubleshooting to drip tray...
  • Page 119 Output voltage, changes in troubleshooting Oven temperature troubleshooting indicators displaying Light path setting Limited express warranty Parameters Maintenance auto zero contacting Waters Technical chart mark Service column heater temperature safety effects entering values Mark key filter indicators noise filter Index...
  • Page 120 PowerLine controller, connecting to Refractive index units. See RIU Pressure changes Refractometer, 2410 Pressure relief valve access to Primary functions chart mark command connecting to data systems Principles of operation connections to 745/745B/746...
  • Page 121 manual injector Scale Factor key optics bench assembly Second detector, connecting to power requirements Secondary functions powering off Sens key powering on Sensitivity principles of operation function rear panel guidelines remote mode replacing a fuse Sens key serial number setting values site selection Serial number, locating spare parts list...
  • Page 122 Troubleshooting Valves analog board pressure relief baseline cycling solenoid baseline drift Voltage baseline noise operating beeping requirements chromatography contacting Waters Technical Service detector Warranty display claims flow cell damages hardware information internal oven period keypad returns LED indicators...
  • Page 123 Waste connections to container line purging to Waters, contacting Technical Service Index Artisan Technology Group - Quality Instrumentation ... Guaranteed | (888) 88-SOURCE | www.artisantg.com...
  • Page 124 Artisan Technology Group is your source for quality new and certified-used/pre-owned equipment SERVICE CENTER REPAIRS WE BUY USED EQUIPMENT • FAST SHIPPING AND DELIVERY Experienced engineers and technicians on staff Sell your excess, underutilized, and idle used equipment at our full-service, in-house repair center We also offer credit for buy-backs and trade-ins •...

Table of Contents