Dell Z9000 Configuration Manual page 267

receives an ARP message for which a relevant entry already exists in its ARP cache, it overwrites the
existing entry with the new information.
The lack of authentication in ARP makes it vulnerable to spoofing. ARP spoofing is a technique attackers
use to inject false IP-to-MAC mappings into the ARP cache of a network device. It is used to launch man-
in-the-middle (MITM), and denial-of-service (DoS) attacks, among others.
A spoofed ARP message is one in which the MAC address in the sender hardware address field and the IP
address in the sender protocol field are strategically chosen by the attacker. For example, in an MITM
attack, the attacker sends a client an ARP message containing the attacker's MAC address and the
gateway's IP address. The client then thinks that the attacker is the gateway, and sends all internet-bound
packets to it. Likewise, the attacker sends the gateway an ARP message containing the attacker's MAC
address and the client's IP address. The gateway then thinks that the attacker is the client and forwards all
packets addressed to the client to it. As a result, the attacker is able to sniff all packets to and from the
client.
Other attacks using ARP spoofing include:
Broadcast An attacker can broadcast an ARP reply that specifies FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF as the
gateway's MAC address, resulting in all clients broadcasting all internet-bound
packets.
MAC flooding An attacker can send fraudulent ARP messages to the gateway until the ARP cache
is exhausted, after which, traffic from the gateway is broadcast.
Denial of An attacker can send a fraudulent ARP messages to a client to associate a false
service MAC address with the gateway address, which would blackhole all internet-bound
packets from the client.
NOTE: Dynamic ARP inspection (DAI) uses entries in the L2SysFlow CAM region, a sub-region of
SystemFlow. One CAM entry is required for every DAI-enabled VLAN. You can enable DAI on up to
16 VLANs on a system. However, the ExaScale default CAM profile allocates only nine entries to the
L2SysFlow region for DAI. You can configure 10 to 16 DAI-enabled VLANs by allocating more CAM
space to the L2SysFlow region before enabling DAI.
SystemFlow has 102 entries by default. This region is comprised of two sub-regions: L2Protocol and
L2SystemFlow. L2Protocol has 87 entries; L2SystemFlow has 15 entries. Six L2SystemFlow entries
are used by Layer 2 protocols, leaving nine for DAI. L2Protocol can have a maximum of 100 entries;
you must expand this region to capacity before you can increase the size of L2SystemFlow. This is
relevant when you are enabling DAI on VLANs. If, for example, you want to enable DAI on 16 VLANs,
you need seven more entries; in this case, reconfigure the SystemFlow region for 122 entries using
the layer-2 eg-acl value fib value frrp value ing-acl value learn value l2pt
value qos value system-flow 122 command.
The logic is as follows:
L2Protocol has 87 entries by default and must be expanded to its maximum capacity, 100 entries,
before L2SystemFlow can be increased; therefore, 13 more L2Protocol entries are required.
L2SystemFlow has 15 entries by default, but only nine are for DAI; to enable DAI on 16 VLANs, seven
more entries are required. 87 L2Protocol + 13 additional L2Protocol + 15 L2SystemFlow + 7
additional L2SystemFlow equals 122.
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
267