Juniper ACX6160 Hardware Manual page 47

light, which travels in a straight line through the single-mode fiber. Compared with multimode fiber,
single-mode fiber has higher bandwidth and can carry signals for longer distances.
Exceeding the maximum transmission distances can result in significant signal loss, which causes
unreliable transmission.
Attenuation and Dispersion in Fiber-Optic Cable
Correct functioning of an optical data link depends on modulated light reaching the receiver with
enough power to be demodulated correctly.
is transmitted. Attenuation is caused by passive media components such as cables, cable splices, and
connectors. Although attenuation is significantly lower for optical fiber than for other media, it still
occurs in both multimode and single-mode transmission. An efficient optical data link must have enough
light available to overcome attenuation.
Dispersion is the spreading of the signal over time. The following two types of dispersion can affect an
optical data link:
• Chromatic dispersion—Spreading of the signal over time, resulting from the different speeds of light
rays.
• Modal dispersion—Spreading of the signal over time, resulting from the different propagation modes
in the fiber.
For multimode transmission, modal dispersion—rather than chromatic dispersion or attenuation—usually
limits the maximum bit rate and link length. For single-mode transmission, modal dispersion is not a
factor. However, at higher bit rates and over longer distances, chromatic dispersion rather than modal
dispersion limits maximum link length.
An efficient optical data link must have enough light to exceed the minimum power that the receiver
requires to operate within its specifications. In addition, the total dispersion must be less than the limits
specified for the type of link in Telcordia Technologies document GR-253-CORE (Section 4.3) and
International Telecommunications Union (ITU) document G.957.
When chromatic dispersion is at the maximum allowed, its effect can be considered as a power penalty
in the power budget. The optical power budget must allow for the sum of component attenuation,
power penalties (including those from dispersion), and a safety margin for unexpected losses.
Attenuation is the reduction in power of the light signal as it
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