Application Notes; Star Winding Resistance Earthed; Figure 80: Star Winding, Resistance Earthed; Figure 81: Percentage Of Winding Protected - GE MiCOM P40 Agile Technical Manual

Chapter 7 - Restricted Earth Fault Protection
4

APPLICATION NOTES

4.1

STAR WINDING RESISTANCE EARTHED

Consider the following resistance earthed star winding below.
V00681

Figure 80: Star winding, resistance earthed

An earth fault on such a winding causes a current which is dependent on the value of earthing impedance. This
earth fault current is proportional to the distance of the fault from the neutral point since the fault voltage is
directly proportional to this distance.
The ratio of transformation between the primary winding and the short circuited turns also varies with the position
of the fault. Therefore the current that flows through the transformer terminals is proportional to the square of the
fraction of the winding which is short circuited.
The earthing resistor is rated to pass the full load current I
Assuming that V1 = V2 then T2 = Ö3T1
For a fault at x PU distance from the neutral, the fault current If = xV1/Ö3R
Therefore the secondary fault current referred to the primary is I
If the fault is a single end fed fault, the primary current should be greater than 0.2 pu (Is1 default setting) for the
differential protection to operate. Therefore x
The following diagram shows that 41% of the winding is protected by the differential element.
V00682

Figure 81: Percentage of winding protected

154
Primary
A
V2
B
C
2
/Ö3 > 20%
X in %
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Secondary
V1
x
= V1/Ö3R
FLC
2
= x .I /Ö3
primary FLC
Idiff in %
0.58
2.31
5.20
59% of unprotected winding
9.24
14.43
20.00
28.29
36.95 41% of unprotected winding
46.77
57.74
P14D
a
b
c
P14D-TM-EN-8