Page 1 – Kullanım Bruksanvisning dning Gebruikershandleiding – Brukerveiledning – Instrukcja obsługi – – Kullanım Kılavuzu – Uživatelská příručka – Gebruikershandleiding Kılavuzu – Uživatelská příručka – InfraCAM InfraCAM SD Publ. No. 1558299 Revision a200 Language English (EN) Issue date February 12, 2007...
Page 3: Table Of Contents
Contents of the transport case Camera parts Screen elements Connecting the cables Operating the camera Cleaning the camera Technical data Dimensional drawings Introduction to building thermography Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations About FLIR Systems History of infrared technology...
Page 5 Index...
Page 7 User’s manual Publ. No. 1558299 Rev. a200 – ENGLISH (EN) – February 12, 2007...
Page 8 FLIR Systems or this warranty will not apply. FLIR Systems will, at its option, repair or replace any such defective product free of charge if, upon inspection, it proves to be defective in material or workmanship and provided that it is returned to FLIR Systems within the said one-year period.
Page 9 Designation Status Reg. No. Germany Patent 60004227.8 Great Britain Design Patent 106017 Great Britain Design Patent 3006596 Great Britain Design Patent 3006597 Great Britain Patent 1188086 International Design Patent DM/057692 International Design Patent DM/061609 Japan Application 2000-620406 Japan Application 2002-588123 Japan Application 2002-588070...
Page 10 NOT FAULT TOLERANT. THE SOFTWARE IS NOT FAULT TOLERANT. FLIR Systems AB HAS INDEPENDENTLY DETERMINED ■ HOW TO USE THE SOFTWARE IN THE DEVICE, AND FLIR Systems AB HAS RELIED UPON FLIR Systems AB TO CONDUCT SUF- FICIENT TESTING TO DETERMINE THAT THE SOFTWARE IS SUITABLE FOR SUCH USE.
Page 11 Table of contents Warnings & Cautions ........................Notice to user ..........................Important note about this manual ....................Contents of the transport case ..................... Camera parts ........................... Front view ..........................Side view ..........................Keypad ..........................Controls & functions ......................Power indicator ........................Battery condition indicator ....................
Page 12 8.19 Changing camera settings ....................8.20 Moving images to a PC ......................8.21 Viewing streaming MPEG4 live video from the camera ............Cleaning the camera ........................Camera housing, cables & other items ................Infrared lens .......................... 10 Technical data ..........................11 Dimensional drawings ........................
Page 13 12.3.4.1 Pressure conditions in a building ............. 12.3.5 Measuring conditions & measuring season ............12.3.6 Interpretation of infrared images ................12.3.7 Humidity & dew point ................... 12.3.7.1 Relative & absolute humidity ............12.3.7.2 Definition of dew point ..............12.3.8 Assessing thermal bridging and insulation continuity ......... 12.3.8.1 Credits ....................
Page 14 13.7.4 Reflected apparent temperature ................13.7.5 Object too far away ....................14 About FLIR Systems ........................14.1 More than just an infrared camera ..................14.2 Sharing our knowledge ......................14.3 Supporting our customers ....................14.4 A few images from our facilities ...................
Page 15: Warnings & Cautions
Warnings & Cautions This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and if WARNING ■ not installed and used in accordance with the instruction manual, may cause in- terference to radio communications. It has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A computing device pursuant to Subpart J of Part 15 of FCC Rules, which are designed to provide reasonable protection against such interfer- ence when operated in a commercial environment.
Page 16 1 – Warnings & Cautions Do not put the battery on a fire or increase the temperature of the battery with ■ heat. Do not put the battery on or near fires, stoves, or other high-temperature locations. ■ Do not solder directly onto the battery. ■...
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Page 18: Notice To User
Full name, publication number and revision number of the manual ■ Software updates FLIR Systems regularly issues software upgrades and service releases on the support pages of the company website: http://www.flirthermography.com To find the latest upgrades and service releases, make sure you select USA in the Select country box in the top right corner of the page.
Page 19 As with most electronic products, this equipment must be disposed of in an environ- mentally friendly way, and in accordance with existing regulations for electronic waste. Please contact your FLIR Systems representative for more details. Training To read about infrared training, visit this site: http://www.infraredtraining.com...
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Page 21: Important Note About This Manual
Important note about this manual General FLIR Systems issues generic manuals that cover several cameras within a model line. This means that this manual contains descriptions and explanations that may not apply to your particular camera model. NOTE FLIR Systems reserves the right to discontinue models, parts or accessories, and other items, or change specifications at any time without prior notice.
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Page 23: Contents Of The Transport Case
The contents of the transport case is subject to customer configuration. ■ FLIR Systems reserves the right to discontinue models, parts or accessories, and ■ other items, or change specifications at any time without prior notice. The stand-alone battery charger is an item that is not included in the standard ■...
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Page 25: Camera Parts
Camera parts Front view Figure 10601703;a2 Explanation This table gives an explanation to the figure above: Laser pointer with lens cap Focus ring Infrared lens Lens cap for infrared lens. To prevent losing the lens cap, you can attach it to the tripod mount. Publ.
Page 26 5 – Camera parts (Applies only to models with SD Memory Card:) Slot for SD Memory Card USB mini-B connector NOTE The laser pointer may not be enabled in all markets. Publ. No. 1558299 Rev. a200 – ENGLISH (EN) – February 12, 2007...
Page 27: Side View
5 – Camera parts Side view Figure 10601803;a2 Explanation This table gives an explanation to the figure above: Tripod mount 1/4"-20 Top trigger to operate the laser pointer Bottom trigger to save an image Battery compartment lid Rubber lid for power connector Locking mechanism for battery compartment lid Camera serial number behind rubber lid The laser pointer may not be enabled in all markets.
Page 28: Keypad
5 – Camera parts Keypad Figure 10602903;a2 Explanation This table gives an explanation to the figure above: Text that indicates the current function of the left selection button. Navigation pad Left selection button. This button is context-sensitive. Camera/archive button. This button is used to go between camera mode and archive mode.
Page 29: Controls & Functions
5 – Camera parts Controls & functions General The camera has the following controls: Four push-buttons ■ One navigation pad ■ Two triggers ■ Explanation This table gives an explanation to the figures on page 13 and 14: Button or trigger Functions Left selection button The left selection button has the following context-...
Page 30: Power Indicator
5 – Camera parts Power indicator General The camera has two power modes. An indicator shows these modes. Figure 10715803;a3 Explanation This table gives an explanation about the indicator: Signal type Explanation The green light is continuous. The camera is on. The green light is off.
Page 31: Battery Condition Indicator
5 – Camera parts Battery condition indicator General The battery has a battery condition indicator. Figure 10715703;a3 Explanation This table gives an explanation about the battery condition indicator: Type of signal Explanation The green light flashes two times per The power supply or the stand-alone second.
Page 32: Laser Pointer
5 – Camera parts Laser pointer General The camera has a laser pointer. When the laser pointer is on, you can see a laser dot approximately 37 mm (1.5 in.) above the target. Figure This figure shows the difference in position between the laser pointer and the optical center of the infrared lens: 10602503;a2 WARNING...
Page 33 5 – Camera parts Laser warning This laser warning label is attached to the camera: label 10376403;a2 Laser rules and Wavelength: 635 nm. Max. output power: 1 mW. regulations This product complies with 21 CFR 1040.10 and 1040.11 except for deviations pur- suant to Laser Notice No.
Page 34: Screen Elements
Screen elements General You use screen elements—tools, menus and selections in dialog boxes—to control the camera program. This section describes the typical set of screen objects. Figure 10715503;a5 Explanation This table gives an explanation to the figure above: Current function of the left selection button of the keypad Laser symbol Main menu Publ.
Page 35 6 – Screen elements Measured temperature If the symbol > or < precedes the temperature value, the value is above or below the camera’s temperature range. The remaining number of images that you can save in the camera ■ memory (applies only to models without SD Memory Card) Free memory on the SD Memory Card in per cent (applies only to ■...
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Page 37: Connecting The Cables
Connecting the cables Power cable General You connect a power cable to the camera when you charge the battery; ■ when you use the power supply to operate the camera. ■ Figure 10601403;a2 SEE ALSO For information about pin configuration, see section 10 – Power connector on page 60.
Page 38: Usb Cable
7 – Connecting the cables USB cable General You connect a USB cable to the camera when you move images from the camera memory to a computer. Figure 10601303;a3 SEE ALSO The camera can stream MPEG4 live video through the USB cable. For more informa- tion, see section 8.21 –...
Page 39: Operating The Camera
Operating the camera Installing the battery NOTE Use a clean and dry cloth to remove any water or moisture on the battery before you install it. Procedure Follow this procedure to install the battery: To open the battery compartment lid, push down the locking mechanism. 10600803;a1 Push the battery into the battery compartment.
Page 40: Removing The Battery
8 – Operating the camera Removing the battery Procedure Follow this procedure to remove the battery: To open the battery compartment lid, push down the locking mechanism. 10600803;a1 Pull out the battery from the battery compartment. 10601003;a1 Push the battery compartment lid into position. 10601103;a1 Publ.
Page 41: Charging The Battery
8 – Operating the camera Charging the battery NOTE You must charge the battery for four hours before you start the camera the first time. General You must charge the battery when the message Battery voltage is low! is displayed on the screen.
Page 42: Using The Combined Power Supply & Battery Charger To Charge The Battery When It Is Inside The Camera
8 – Operating the camera 8.3.1 Using the combined power supply & battery charger to charge the battery when it is inside the camera NOTE For the clarity of the procedure, the ‘combined power supply & battery charger’ is called ‘power supply’ below. Procedure Follow this procedure to use the power supply to charge the battery when it is inside the camera:...
Page 43: Using The Combined Power Supply & Battery Charger To Charge The Battery When It Is Outside The Camera
8 – Operating the camera 8.3.2 Using the combined power supply & battery charger to charge the battery when it is outside the camera NOTE For the clarity of the procedure, the ‘combined power supply & battery charger’ is called ‘power supply’ below. Procedure Follow this procedure to use the power supply to charge the battery when it is outside the camera:...
Page 44: Using The Stand-Alone Battery Charger To Charge The Battery
8 – Operating the camera 8.3.3 Using the stand-alone battery charger to charge the battery Procedure Follow this procedure to use the stand-alone battery charger to charge the battery: Put the battery in the stand-alone battery charger. Connect the power supply cable plug to the connector on the stand-alone battery charger.
Page 45: Starting The Camera
8 – Operating the camera Starting the camera Procedure Push the power button to start the camera. Stopping the camera Procedure Push and hold the power button for more than 0.5 seconds to stop the camera. NOTE If you do not use the camera, the power goes off after a time period that you can set in the menu system (See section 8.19 –...
Page 46: Adjusting Camera Focus
8 – Operating the camera Adjusting camera focus Figure 10602803;a1 Procedure Follow this procedure to adjust camera focus: Hold the camera tightly in your hand. Hold the focus ring with the other hand. Do one of the following: Turn the focus ring counter-clockwise for far focus. ■...
Page 47: Operating The Laser Pointer
8 – Operating the camera Operating the laser pointer Figure 10601203;a3 Procedure Follow this procedure to operate the laser pointer: Pull the top trigger to start the laser pointer. Release the top trigger to stop the laser pointer. NOTE The laser pointer may not be enabled in all markets. Publ.
Page 48: Saving An Image
8 – Operating the camera Saving an image General Depending on your camera model, you can save one image or many images to the camera memory, or on the SD Memory Card. Naming The naming convention for images is IR_xxxx.jpg, where xxxx is a unique counter. convention When you select Restore default the camera resets the counter and assigns the first highest free file name for the new file.
Page 49 8 – Operating the camera When you save an image to the camera memory, you save the measured value too. NOTE ■ You can save 50 images to the camera memory (applies only to models without ■ SD Memory Card). You can save 1,000 images to the SD Memory Card (applies only to models with ■...
Page 50: Auto-Adjusting An Image
8 – Operating the camera Auto-adjusting an image General For best image brightness and contrast, auto-adjust the camera before you measure a temperature and save an image. Procedure If the letter M is displayed in the bottom right corner of the screen, push Man/Auto one time to auto-adjust the image.
Page 51: Adjusting An Image Manually
8 – Operating the camera 8.10 Adjusting an image manually General If you want to analyze an object with many different temperatures, you can use the colors of the scale on different parts of the object. In the left image below a correct analysis of the left cable is difficult to make if you only auto-adjust the image.
Page 52: Increasing Or Decreasing The Maximum Temperature Level
8 – Operating the camera 8.10.1 Increasing or decreasing the maximum temperature level Procedure Follow this procedure to increase or decrease the maximum temperature level: Do one of the following: If the letter A is displayed in the bottom right corner of the screen, push ■...
Page 53: Increasing Or Decreasing The Minimum Temperature Level
8 – Operating the camera 8.10.2 Increasing or decreasing the minimum temperature level Procedure Follow this procedure to increase or decrease the minimum temperature level: Do one of the following: If the letter A is displayed in the bottom right corner of the screen, push ■...
Page 54: Changing Both The Maximum And Minimum Temperature Level At The Same Time
8 – Operating the camera 8.10.3 Changing both the maximum and minimum temperature level at the same time Procedure Follow this procedure to change both the maximum and minimum temperature at the same time: Do one of the following: If the letter A is displayed in the bottom right corner of the screen, push ■...
Page 55: Measuring A Temperature Using A Spot Meter
8 – Operating the camera 8.11 Measuring a temperature using a spot meter General You can measure the temperature using a fixed spot meter in the middle of the screen. Procedure Follow this procedure to measure the temperature using a fixed spot meter: To display the main menu, push Menu.
Page 56: Measuring A Temperature Using An Area
8 – Operating the camera 8.12 Measuring a temperature using an area NOTE This feature may no be enabled in all camera models. General You can measure the minimum or maximum temperature using a fixed area in the middle of the screen. Procedure Follow this procedure to measure the minimum or maximum temperature using a fixed area:...
Page 57: Changing The Colors
8 – Operating the camera 8.13 Changing the colors General You can change the colors that the camera uses to display different temperatures. A different set of colors can make it easier to make an analysis of the image. Procedure Follow this procedure to change the color: To display the main menu, push Menu.
Page 58: Changing Emissivity
8 – Operating the camera 8.14 Changing emissivity General Emissivity is a value that specifies how much radiation an object emits, compared to the radiation of a theoretical reference object of the same temperature (called a ‘blackbody’). Except for shiny metals, a value of 0.96 is acceptable for most applications. Example values Asphalt paving 0.97...
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Page 60: Changing The Reflected Apparent Temperature
8 – Operating the camera 8.15 Changing the reflected apparent temperature General For very accurate measurements, you must set the reflected apparent temperature. The reflected apparent temperature compensates for the radiation from the surround- ings reflected by the object into the camera. If emissivity is low and the object temperature differs very much from the reflected apparent temperature, it is even more important to set the reflected apparent temper- ature correctly.
Page 61 8 – Operating the camera NOTE Do not point the infrared camera (with or without the lens cover) at intensive energy sources, for example devices that emit laser radiation, or the sun for a long period of time. This can have an unwanted effect on the accuracy of the camera. It can also cause damage to the detector in the camera.
Page 62: Opening An Image
8 – Operating the camera 8.16 Opening an image General When you save an image, you store the image in the camera memory, or on the SD Memory Card, depending on your camera model. To display the image again, you can open the image from the camera memory, or SD Memory Card.
Page 63: Deleting An Image
8 – Operating the camera 8.17 Deleting an image General You can delete an image from the camera memory. Procedure Follow this procedure to delete an image: To open the image archive, push the camera/archive button. Do one of the following: To delete this image, push Delete.
Page 64: Deleting All Images
8 – Operating the camera 8.18 Deleting all images General You can delete all images from the camera memory. Procedure Follow this procedure to delete all images: To open the image archive, push the camera/archive button. To display thumbnails of all images, push Overview. Push Options.
Page 65: Changing Camera Settings
8 – Operating the camera 8.19 Changing camera settings General Camera settings have an effect on images and how the camera operates. Applicability The procedure below is applicable to these settings: Auto off (to set time period after which the camera power goes off) ■...
Page 66: Moving Images To A Pc
8 – Operating the camera 8.20 Moving images to a PC General You can move one or many images from the camera to a computer. Overview of You can use two different methods when you move images from the camera to a methods computer: Method 1: Move images when the camera works as a USB disk.
Page 67 SEE ALSO For information about how to install and use ThermaCAM™ QuickReport, see Ther- maCAM™ QuickReport User’s manual, Publ. No. –. FLIR Systems ships this manual with your camera. Publ. No. 1558299 Rev. a200 – ENGLISH (EN) – February 12, 2007...
Page 68: Viewing Streaming Mpeg4 Live Video From The Camera
8 – Operating the camera 8.21 Viewing streaming MPEG4 live video from the camera General The camera can stream MPEG4 live video through the USB cable. Procedure Follow this procedure to view streaming MPEG4 live video from the camera: Go to http://www.apple.com/quicktime/download/win.html and download the latest version of Apple®...
Page 69: Cleaning The Camera
Cleaning the camera Camera housing, cables & other items Liquids Use one of these liquids: Warm water ■ A weak detergent solution ■ Equipment A soft cloth Procedure Follow this procedure to clean the camera housing, cables & other items: Soak the cloth in the liquid.
Page 70: Infrared Lens
9 – Cleaning the camera Infrared lens Liquids Use one of these liquids: 96% ethanol (C ■ A commercial lens cleaning liquid with more than 30% ethanol ■ Equipment Cotton wool Procedure Follow this procedure to use a liquid to clean the infrared lens: Soak the cotton wool in the liquid.
Page 71: Technical Data
Technical data Disclaimer FLIR Systems reserves the right to discontinue models, parts or accessories, and other items, or change specifications at any time without prior notice. Imaging Spectral range 7.5–13 μm performance Detector type Focal Plane Array (FPA), uncooled microbolometer 120 ×...
Page 72 10 – Technical data Power system Battery type Rechargeable Li/Ion battery Battery capacity 2200 mAh, at +20°C to +25°C (+68°F to +77°F) Battery operating time Approximately 7 hours at +25°C (+77°F) ambient temperature and typical use Battery charging Use the combined power supply & battery charger ■...
Page 73 10 – Technical data Environmental Operating temperature −15°C to +50°C (+5°F to +122°F) data range Storage temperature −40°C to +70°C (−40°F to +158°F) range Humidity (operating & IEC 68-2-30/24 h 95% relative humidity +25°C to storage) +40°C (+77°F to +104°F) EN 61000-6-2:2001 (Immunity) EN 61000-6-3:2001 (Emission) FCC 47 CFR Part 15 Class B (Emission)
Page 74 10 – Technical data Power connector 10601903;a1 Signal name +12V Publ. No. 1558299 Rev. a200 – ENGLISH (EN) – February 12, 2007...
Page 75 10 – Technical data Field of view & 10602703;a2 distance Figure 10.1 Relationship between field of view and distance. 1: Distance to target; 2: VFOV = vertical field of view; 3: HFOV = horizontal field of view, 4: IFOV = instan- taneous field of view (size of one detector element).
Page 76 10 – Technical data Optical data Field of view 25° × 25° Focal length 10.28 mm (0.40 in.) Close focus limit 0.125 m (0.409 in.) F-number Publ. No. 1558299 Rev. a200 – ENGLISH (EN) – February 12, 2007...
Page 77: Dimensional Drawings
Dimensional drawings 11.1 Camera Figure 10602403;a2 Publ. No. 1558299 Rev. a200 – ENGLISH (EN) – February 12, 2007...
Page 78 11 – Dimensional drawings Figure 10602603;a3 Publ. No. 1558299 Rev. a200 – ENGLISH (EN) – February 12, 2007...
Page 79 11 – Dimensional drawings Figure 10726103;a1 Publ. No. 1558299 Rev. a200 – ENGLISH (EN) – February 12, 2007...
Page 80 11 – Dimensional drawings Figure 10726203;a1 NOTE The tripod mount thread is 1/4"-20. Publ. No. 1558299 Rev. a200 – ENGLISH (EN) – February 12, 2007...
Page 81: Battery
11 – Dimensional drawings 11.2 Battery Figure 10602103;a2 NOTE Use a clean and dry cloth to remove any water or moisture on the battery before you install it. Publ. No. 1558299 Rev. a200 – ENGLISH (EN) – February 12, 2007...
Page 82: Stand-Alone Battery Charger
11 – Dimensional drawings 11.3 Stand-alone battery charger Figure 10602203;a3 The stand-alone battery charger is an item that is not included in the standard NOTE ■ package. Use a clean and dry cloth to remove any water or moisture on the battery before ■...
Page 83: Stand-Alone Battery Charger With Battery
11 – Dimensional drawings 11.4 Stand-alone battery charger with battery Figure 10602303;a3 The stand-alone battery charger is an item that is not included in the standard NOTE ■ package. Use a clean and dry cloth to remove any water or moisture on the battery before ■...
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Page 85: Introduction To Building Thermography
Introduction to building thermography 12.1 Important note All camera functions and features that are described in this section may not be sup- ported by your particular camera configuration. 12.2 Typical field investigations 12.2.1 Guidelines As will be noted in subsequent sections there are a number of general guidelines the user should take heed of when carrying out building thermography inspection.
Page 86: Guidelines For Moisture Detection, Mold Detection & Detection Of Water Damages
12 – Introduction to building thermography 12.2.1.2 Guidelines for moisture detection, mold detection & detection of water damages Building defects related to moisture and water damages may only show up when ■ heat has been applied to the surface, e.g. from the sun. The presence of water changes the thermal conductivity and the thermal mass of ■...
Page 87: About Moisture Detection
12 – Introduction to building thermography A difference in temperature between the inside and the outside of 10–15°C (18–27°F) ■ is recommended. Inspections can be carried out at a lower temperature difference, but will make the analysis of the infrared images somewhat more difficult. Avoid direct sunlight on a part of a building structure—e.g.
Page 88: Safety Precautions
12 – Introduction to building thermography Although a basic understanding of the construction of low-slope commercial roofs is desirable when carrying out a roof thermography inspection, expert knowledge is not necessary. There is a large number of different design principles for low-slope com- mercial roofs—both when it comes to material and design—and it would be impossible for the infrared inspection person to know them all.
Page 89: Commented Building Structures
12 – Introduction to building thermography 12.2.3.3 Commented building structures This section includes a few typical examples of moisture problems on low-slope commercial roofs. Structural drawing Comment 10553603;a2 Inadequate sealing of roof membrane around conduit and ventilation ducts leading to local leakage around the conduit or duct.
Page 90: Commented Infrared Images
12 – Introduction to building thermography Structural drawing Comment 10553803;a2 Drainage channels located too high and with too low an inclination. Some water will remain in the drainage channel after rain, which may lead to local leakage around the channel. 10553903;a2 Inadequate sealing between roof membrane and roof outlet leading to local leakage around the roof...
Page 91 12 – Introduction to building thermography Infrared inspections of roofs with nonabsorbent insulations, common in many single- ply systems, are more difficult to diagnose because patterns are more diffuse. This section includes a few typical infrared images of moisture problems on low-slope commercial roofs: Infrared image Comment...
Page 92: Moisture Detection (2): Commercial & Residential Façades
12 – Introduction to building thermography 12.2.4 Moisture detection (2): Commercial & residential façades 12.2.4.1 General information Thermography has proven to be invaluable in the assessment of moisture infiltration into commercial and residential façades. Being able to provide a physical illustration of the moisture migration paths is more conclusive than extrapolating moisture meter probe locations and more cost-effective than large intrusive test cuts.
Page 93 12 – Introduction to building thermography Structural drawing Comment 10554503;a2 Rain hits the façade at an angle and penetrates the plaster through cracks. The water then follows the inside of the plaster and leads to frost erosion. 10554603;a2 Rain splashes on the façade and penetrates the plaster and masonry by absorption, which eventu- ally leads to frost erosion.
Page 94: Commented Infrared Images
12 – Introduction to building thermography 12.2.4.3 Commented infrared images This section includes a few typical infrared images of moisture problems on commercial & residential façades. Infrared image Comment 10554703;a1 Improperly terminated and sealed stone veneer to window frame and missing flashings has resulted in moisture infiltration into the wall cavity and inte- rior living space.
Page 95: Commented Building Structures
12 – Introduction to building thermography 12.2.5.2 Commented building structures This section includes a few typical examples of moisture problems on decks and balconies. Structural drawing Comment 10555203;a2 Improper sealing of paving and membrane to roof outlet, leading to leakage during rain. 10555103;a2 No flashing at deck-to-wall connection, leading to rain penetrating the concrete and insulation.
Page 96 12 – Introduction to building thermography Structural drawing Comment 10555003;a2 Water has penetrated the concrete due to inade- quately sized drop apron and has led to concrete disintegration and corrosion of reinforcement. SECURITY RISK! 10554903;a2 Water has penetrated the plaster and underlying masonry at the point where the handrail is fastened to the wall.
Page 97: Commented Infrared Images
12 – Introduction to building thermography 12.2.5.3 Commented infrared images This section includes a few typical infrared images of moisture problems on decks and balconies. Infrared image Comment 10555303;a1 Improper flashing at balcony-to-wall connections and missing perimeter drainage system resulted in moisture intrusion into the wood framing support structure of the exterior walkway balcony of a loft complex.
Page 98: Commented Infrared Images
12 – Introduction to building thermography 12.2.6.2 Commented infrared images This section includes a few typical infrared images of plumbing breaks & leaks. Infrared image Comment 10555503;a1 Moisture migration tracking along steel joist chan- nels inside ceiling of a single family home where a plumbing line had ruptured.
Page 99 12 – Introduction to building thermography Infrared image Comment 10555703;a1 The infrared image of this vinyl-sided 3-floor apartment house clearly shows the path of a seri- ous leak from a washing machine on the third floor, which is completely hidden within the wall. 10555803;a1 Water leak due to improper sealing between floor drain and tiles.
Page 100: Air Infiltration
12 – Introduction to building thermography 12.2.7 Air infiltration 12.2.7.1 General information Due to the wind pressure on a building, temperature differences between the inside and the outside of the building, and the fact that most buildings use exhaust air terminal devices to extract used air from the building, a negative pressure of 2–5 Pa can be expected.
Page 101 12 – Introduction to building thermography Structural drawing Comment 10552303;a2 Insulation deficiencies in an intermediate flow due to improperly installed fiberglass insulation batts. The air infiltration enters the room from behind the cornice. 10552603;a2 Air infiltration in a concrete floor-over-crawl-space due to cracks in the brick wall façade.
Page 102: Commented Infrared Images
12 – Introduction to building thermography 12.2.7.3 Commented infrared images This section includes a few typical infrared images of details of building structures where air infiltration has occurred. Infrared image Comment 10552703;a1 Air infiltration from behind a skirting strip. Note the typical ray pattern.
Page 103: Insulation Deficiencies
12 – Introduction to building thermography 12.2.8 Insulation deficiencies 12.2.8.1 General information Insulation deficiencies do not necessarily lead to air infiltration. If fiberglass insulation batts are improperly installed air pockets will form in the building structure. Since these air pockets have a different thermal conductivity than areas where the insulation batts are properly installed, the air pockets can be detected during a building ther- mography inspection.
Page 104 12 – Introduction to building thermography Structural drawing Comment 10553103;a2 Insulation deficiencies due to improper installation of insulation batts around an attic floor beam. Cool air infiltrates the structure and cools down the in- side of the ceiling. This kind of insulation deficiency will show up as dark areas on an infrared image.
Page 105: Commented Infrared Images
12 – Introduction to building thermography 12.2.8.3 Commented infrared images This section includes a few typical infrared images of insulation deficiencies. Infrared image Comment 10553303;a1 Insulation deficiencies in an intermediate floor structure. The deficiency may be due to either missing insulation batts or improperly installed in- sulations batts (air pockets).
Page 106 12 – Introduction to building thermography Infrared image Comment 10553503;a1 Insulation deficiencies in an intermediate floor structure. The deficiency may be due to either missing insulation batts or improperly installed in- sulations batts (air pockets). Publ. No. 1558299 Rev. a200 – ENGLISH (EN) – February 12, 2007...
Page 107: Theory Of Building Science
12 – Introduction to building thermography 12.3 Theory of building science 12.3.1 General information The demand for energy-efficient constructions has increased significantly in recent times. Developments in the field of energy, together with the demand for pleasant indoor environments, have resulted in ever-greater significance having to be attached to both the function of a building’s thermal insulation and airtightness and the efficiency of its heating and ventilation systems.
Page 108: The Effects Of Testing And Checking
12 – Introduction to building thermography the results of measurements, there are special requirements in terms of the skills and experience of those taking the measurements, e.g. by means of authorization by a national or regional standardization body. 12.3.2 The effects of testing and checking It can be difficult to anticipate how well the thermal insulation and airtightness of a completed building will work.
Page 109: Sources Of Disruption In Thermography
12 – Introduction to building thermography For the user the important thing is that the finished product fulfills the promised ■ requirements in terms of the building’s thermal insulation and airtightness. For the individual, buying a house involves a considerable financial commitment, and the purchaser therefore wants to know that any defects in the construction will not in- volve serious financial consequences or hygiene problems.
Page 110 12 – Introduction to building thermography The temperature changes associated with variations in the U value are generally gradual and symmetrically distributed across the surface. Variations of this kind do of course occur at the angles formed by roofs and floors and at the corners of walls. Temperature changes associated with air leaks or insulation defects are in most cases more evident with characteristically shaped sharp contours.
Page 111: Surface Temperature And Air Leaks
12 – Introduction to building thermography Any wet surfaces, e.g. as a result of surface condensation, have a definite effect on heat transfer at the surface and the surface temperature. Where there is moisture on a surface, there is usually some evaporation which draws off heat, thus lowering the temperature of the surface by several degrees.
Page 112 12 – Introduction to building thermography In a steady wind flow, Bernoulli’s Law applies: where: ρ Air density in kg/m Wind velocity in m/s Static pressure in Pa and where: denotes the dynamic pressure and p the static pressure. The total of these pressures gives the total pressure.
Page 113 12 – Introduction to building thermography 10551803;a1 Figure 12.3 Distribution of resultant pressures on a building’s enclosing surfaces depending on wind effects, ventilation and internal/external temperature difference. 1: Wind direction; T : Thermodynamic air temper- ature outdoors in K; T : Thermodynamic air temperature indoors in K.
Page 114 12 – Introduction to building thermography 10551903;a1 Figure 12.4 Stress concentration factor (C) distributions for various wind directions and wind velocities (v) relative to a building. Wind conditions can vary substantially over time and between relatively closely situ- ated locations. In thermography, such variations can have a clear effect on the mea- surement results.
Page 115 12 – Introduction to building thermography part. At a certain height there is a neutral zone where the pressures on the inside and outside are the same, see the figure on page 102. This differential pressure may be described by the relationship: Air pressure differential within the structure in Pa Δp 9.81 m/s...
Page 116 12 – Introduction to building thermography 10552003;a1 Figure 12.5 Distribution of pressures on a building with two openings and where the external temperature is lower than the internal temperature. 1: Neutral zone; 2: Positive pressure; 3: Negative pressure; h: Distance from the neutral zone in meters. The position of the neutral zone may vary, depending on any leaks in the building.
Page 117: Measuring Conditions & Measuring Season
12 – Introduction to building thermography 12.3.5 Measuring conditions & measuring season The foregoing may be summarized as follows as to the requirements with regard to measuring conditions when carrying out thermographic imaging of buildings. Thermographic imaging is done in such a way that the disruptive influence from ex- ternal climatic factors is as slight as possible.
Page 118 12 – Introduction to building thermography In practice the method involves the following: Laboratory or field tests are used to produce an expected temperature distribution in the form of typical or comparative infrared images for common wall structures, com- prising both defect-free structures and structures with in-built defects. Examples of typical infrared images are shown in section 12.2 –...
Page 119: Humidity & Dew Point
12 – Introduction to building thermography Deviations and irregularities in the appearance of the infrared image often indicate insulation defects. There may obviously be considerable variations in the appearance of infrared images of structures with insulation defects. Certain types of insulation defects have a characteristic shape on the infrared image.
Page 120: Definition Of Dew Point
12 – Introduction to building thermography Figure 12.7 A: Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit; B: Maximum amount of water in gr/ft (at sea level) 86.0 13.30 68.0 7.58 50.0 4.12 32.0 2.12 84.2 12.60 66.2 7.14 48.2 3.86 30.2 1.96 82.4 11.93 64.4 6.73...
Page 121: Introduction
12 – Introduction to building thermography UK Thermography Association c/o British Institute of Nondestructive Testing 1 Spencer Parade Northampton NN1 5AA United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0)1604 630124 Fax: +44 (0)1604 231489 12.3.8.1.1 Working group Ray Faulkner (Chairman) IRed Ltd Colin Pearson (Secretary) BSRIA Norman Walker Stewart Little...
Page 122: Quantitative Appraisal Of Thermal Anomalies
12 – Introduction to building thermography Variations in the thermal properties of building structures, such as poorly fitted or missing sections of insulation, cause variations in surface temperature on both sides of the structure. They are therefore visible to the thermographer. However, many other factors such as local heat sources, reflections and air leakage can also cause surface temperature variations.
Page 123 12 – Introduction to building thermography 12.3.8.4.1 Selection of critical temperature parameter The BRE information Paper IP17/01 (Information Paper IP17/01, Assessing the Effects of Thermal Bridging at Junctions and Around Openings. Tim Ward, BRE, 2001) pro- vides useful guidance on minimum acceptable internal surface temperatures and appropriate values of Critical Surface Temperature Factor, f .
Page 124 12 – Introduction to building thermography The surface temperatures used are the averages of surface temperatures on the ■ same material in an area near the anomaly on the inside and the outside of the fabric. Together with the temperature of the anomaly, a threshold level can be set dependent on these temperatures using the critical surface temperature factor.
Page 125 12 – Introduction to building thermography 2 Thermal insulation used here is assumed to have a conductivity of 0.03 W/m K. 3 The difference in temperature between an anomaly and the good areas is 1.2 de- grees on the outside and 4.1 degrees on the inside. 4 The UKTA TN1 surface temperature factor for internal surveys is: –...
Page 126: Conditions And Equipment
12 – Introduction to building thermography 12.3.8.5 Conditions and equipment To achieve best results from a thermal insulation survey it is important to consider the environmental conditions and to use the most appropriate thermographic technique for the task. Thermal anomalies will only present themselves to the thermographer where temper- ature differences exist and environmental phenomena are accounted for.
Page 127: Survey And Analysis
12 – Introduction to building thermography 12.3.8.6 Survey and analysis The following provides some operational guidance to the thermographic operator. The survey must collect sufficient thermographic information to demonstrate that all surfaces have been inspected in order that all thermal anomalies are reported and evaluated.
Page 128: Reporting
12 – Introduction to building thermography = (2h(L + w)) + (Lw) Identify the critical defect area A . Provisionally this is set at one thousandth or ■ 0.1% of the total surface area. /1000 If ∑A < A the building as a whole can be considered to have ‘reasonably contin- ■...
Page 129 12 – Introduction to building thermography A defect will usually produce a smaller temperature difference on the outside of a ■ wall exposed to external air movement. However, missing or defective insulation near the external surface can often be more readily indentified externally. Publ.
Page 130: Disclaimer
12 – Introduction to building thermography 12.4 Disclaimer 12.4.1 Copyright notice Some sections and/or images appearing in this chapter are copyrighted to the follow- ing organizations and companies: FORMAS—The Swedish Research Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences ■ and Spatial Planning, Stockholm, Sweden ITC—Infrared Training Center, Boston, MA, United States ■...
Page 131: Introduction To Thermographic Inspections Of Electrical Installations
Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 13.1 Important note All camera functions and features that are described in this section may not be sup- ported by your particular camera configuration. Electrical regulations differ from country to country. For that reason, the electrical procedures described in this section may not be the standard of procedure in your particular country.
Page 132: General Equipment Data
13 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations and for the climatic zones. The measurement periods may also differ depending on the type of plant to be inspected, whether they are hydroelectric, nuclear, coal-based or oil-based plants. In the industry the inspections are—at least in Nordic countries with clear seasonal differences—carried out during spring or autumn or before longer stops in the oper- ation.
Page 133: Inspection
13 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations The more the IR camera operator knows about the equipment that he or she is about to inspect, the higher the quality of the inspection. But it is virtually impossible for an IR thermographer to have detailed knowledge about all the different types of equipment that can be controlled.
Page 134: Priority
13 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations The classification of the defects gives a more detailed meaning that not only takes into account the situation at the time of inspection (which is certainly of great impor- tance), but also the possibility to normalize the over-temperature to standard load and ambient temperature conditions.
Page 135: Control
13 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations However, the most common result of the identification and classification of the detected faults is a recommendation to repair immediately or as soon as it is practically possible. It is important that the repair crew is aware of the physical principles for the identifica- tion of defects.
Page 136: Measurement Technique For Thermographic Inspection Of Electrical Installations
13 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 13.3 Measurement technique for thermographic inspection of electrical installations 13.3.1 How to correctly set the equipment A thermal image may show high temperature variations: 10712803;a4 Figure 13.2 Temperature variations in a fusebox In the images above, the fuse to the right has a maximum temperature of +61°C (+142°F), whereas the one to the left is maximum +32°C (+90°F) and the one in the middle somewhere in between.
Page 137 13 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations to be in for the moment. It might be so that you measure heat, which has been con- ducted over some distance, whereas the ‘real’ hot spot is hidden from you. An example is shown in the image below.
Page 138: Comparative Measurement
13 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 13.3.3 Comparative measurement For thermographic inspections of electrical installations a special method is used, which is based on comparison of different objects, so-called measurement with a reference. This simply means that you compare the three phases with each other. This method needs systematic scanning of the three phases in parallel in order to assess whether a point differs from the normal temperature pattern.
Page 139: Normal Operating Temperature
13 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 10713303;a4 Figure 13.7 A profile (line) in an infrared image and a graph displaying the increasing temperature 13.3.4 Normal operating temperature Temperature measurement with thermography usually gives the absolute temperature of the object. In order to correctly assess whether the component is too hot, it is necessary to know its operating temperature, that is, its normal temperature if we consider the load and the temperature of its environment.
Page 140: Classification Of Faults
13 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 10713503;a4 Figure 13.9 An infrared image of indoor electrical equipment (2) The two left phases are considered as normal, whereas the right phase shows a very clear excess temperature. Actually, the operating temperature of the left phase is +68°C (+154°F), that is, quite a substantial temperature, whereas the faulty phase to the right shows a temperature of +86°C (+187°F).
Page 141 13 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations < 5°C (9°F) The start of the overheat condi- tion. This must be carefully monitored. 5–30°C (9–54°F) Developed overheating. It must be repaired as soon as possible (but think about the load situa- tion before a decision is made).
Page 142: Reporting
The program, which has been used for creating the report page shown below, is called ThermaCAM™ Reporter. It is adapted to several types of infrared cameras from FLIR Systems. A professional report is often divided into two sections: Front pages, with facts about the inspection, such as: ■...
Page 143 13 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 10713603;a3 Figure 13.10 A report example Publ. No. 1558299 Rev. a200 – ENGLISH (EN) – February 12, 2007...
Page 144: Different Types Of Hot Spots In Electrical Installations
13 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 13.5 Different types of hot spots in electrical installations 13.5.1 Reflections The thermographic camera sees any radiation that enters the lens, not only originating from the object that you are looking at, but also radiation that comes from other sources and has been reflected by the target.
Page 145: Inductive Heating
13 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 10713803;a3 Figure 13.12 An infrared image of a circuit breaker 13.5.3 Inductive heating 10713903;a3 Figure 13.13 An infrared image of hot stabilizing weights Eddy currents can cause a hot spot in the current path. In cases of very high currents and close proximity of other metals, this has in some cases caused serious fires.
Page 146: Varying Cooling Conditions
13 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 10714003;a3 Figure 13.14 Examples of infrared images of load variations The image to the left shows three cables next to each other. They are so far apart that they can be regarded as thermally insulated from each other. The one in the middle is colder than the others.
Page 147: Resistance Variations
13 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 13.5.6 Resistance variations Overheating can have many origins. Some common reasons are described below. Low contact pressure can occur when mounting a joint, or through wear of the mate- rial, for example, decreasing spring tension, worn threads in nuts and bolts, even too much force applied at mounting.
Page 148 13 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 10714303;a3 Figure 13.17 Overheating in a circuit breaker The overheating of this circuit breaker is most probably caused by bad contact in the near finger of the contactor. Thus, the far finger carries more current and gets hotter. The component in the infrared image and in the photo is not the same, however, it is similar).
Page 149: Disturbance Factors At Thermographic Inspection Of Electrical Installations
13 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 13.6 Disturbance factors at thermographic inspection of electrical installations During thermographic inspections of different types of electrical installations, distur- bance factors such as wind, distance to object, rain or snow often influence the measurement result.
Page 150: Distance To Object
13 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations snow or rain and reliable measurement is no longer possible. This is mainly because a heavy snowfall as well as heavy rain is impenetrable to infrared radiation and it is rather the temperature of the snowflakes or raindrops that will be measured. 13.6.3 Distance to object This image is taken from a helicopter 20 meters (66 ft.) away from this faulty connec-...
Page 151: Object Size
The reason for this effect is that there is a smallest object size, which gives correct temperature measurement. This smallest size is indicated to the user in all FLIR Sys- tems cameras. The image below shows what you see in the viewfinder of camera model 695.
Page 152 13 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations as well, strongly lowering the reading. In the above case, where we have a point- shaped object, which is much hotter than the surroundings, the temperature reading will be too low. 10714703;a3 Figure 13.21 Image from the viewfinder of a ThermaCAM 695 This effect is due to imperfections in the optics and to the size of the detector elements.
Page 153: Practical Advice For The Thermographer
13 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 13.7 Practical advice for the thermographer Working in a practical way with a camera, you will discover small things that make your job easier. Here are ten of them to start with. 13.7.1 From cold to hot You have been out with the camera at +5°C (+41°F).
Page 154: Reflected Apparent Temperature
13 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 13.7.4 Reflected apparent temperature You are in a measurement situation where there are several hot sources that influence your measurement. You need to have the right value for the reflected apparent tem- perature to input into the camera and thus get the best possible correction.
Page 155: About Flir Systems
(55 lb.), the oscilloscope 20 kg (44 lb.), the tripod 15 kg (33 lb.). The operator also needed a 220 VAC generator set, and a 10 L (2.6 US gallon) jar with liquid nitrogen. To the left of the oscilloscope the Polaroid attachment (6 kg/13 lb.) can be seen. RIGHT: InfraCAM from 2006. Weight: 0.55 kg (1.21 lb.), including battery.
Page 156: More Than Just An Infrared Camera
14.1 More than just an infrared camera At FLIR Systems we recognize that our job is to go beyond just producing the best infrared camera systems. We are committed to enabling all users of our infrared camera systems to work more productively by providing them the most powerful camera-software combination.
Page 157: A Few Images From Our Facilities
14 – About FLIR Systems 14.4 A few images from our facilities 10401303;a1 Figure 14.2 LEFT: Development of system electronics; RIGHT: Testing of an FPA detector. 10401403;a1 Figure 14.3 LEFT: Diamond turning machine; RIGHT: Lens polishing. Publ. No. 1558299 Rev. a200 – ENGLISH (EN) – February 12, 2007...
Page 158 14 – About FLIR Systems 10401503;a1 Figure 14.4 LEFT: Testing of IR cameras in the climatic chamber; RIGHT: Robot for camera testing and calibration. Publ. No. 1558299 Rev. a200 – ENGLISH (EN) – February 12, 2007...
Page 159: History Of Infrared Technology
History of infrared technology Less than 200 years ago the existence of the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum wasn’t even suspected. The original significance of the infrared spectrum, or simply ‘the infrared’ as it is often called, as a form of heat radiation is perhaps less obvious today than it was at the time of its discovery by Herschel in 1800.
Page 160 15 – History of infrared technology however, who was the first to recognize that there must be a point where the heating effect reaches a maximum, and that measurements confined to the visible portion of the spectrum failed to locate this point. 10398903;a1 Figure 15.2 Marsilio Landriani (1746–1815) Moving the thermometer into the dark region beyond the red end of the spectrum,...
Page 161 15 – History of infrared technology 10399103;a1 Figure 15.3 Macedonio Melloni (1798–1854) Thermometers, as radiation detectors, remained unchallenged until 1829, the year Nobili invented the thermocouple. (Herschel’s own thermometer could be read to 0.2°C (0.036°F), and later models were able to be read to 0.05°C (0.09°F). Then a breakthrough occurred;...
Page 162 15 – History of infrared technology The improvement of infrared-detector sensitivity progressed slowly. Another major breakthrough, made by Langley in 1880, was the invention of the bolometer. This consisted of a thin blackened strip of platinum connected in one arm of a Wheatstone bridge circuit upon which the infrared radiation was focused and to which a sensitive galvanometer responded.
Page 163: Index
1910399: 9 left selection button: 14, 15 1910423: 9 on/off: 14, 15 1910472: 9 power: 14, 15 right selection button: 14, 15 about FLIR Systems: 141 absolute humidity: 105 cable insulation: 118 accuracy: 4, 57 cables AC operation: 58 cleaning: 55...
Page 164 Index – D camera parts (continued) connectors keys power: 60 camera/archive: 14, 15 USB mini-B: 12 left selection button: 14, 15 control: 121 navigation pad: 14, 15 conventions on/off: 14, 15 naming: 34 power: 14, 15 typographical right selection button: 14, 15 italic: 4 laser pointer: 11, 18 monospace: 4...
Page 165 118 heat picture: 147 erasing images: 49, 50 Herschel, William: 145 excess temperature: 125 history external leaks: 73 FLIR Systems: 141 infrared technology: 145 housing material: 59 façades, commercial & residential : 78 humidity: 59 factors, disturbance absolute: 105...
Page 166 73 temperature span: 21 left selection button: 14, 15 inductive heating: 131 legal disclaimer: viii infiltration, air: 86 length, focal: 62 InfraCAM/InfraCAM SD user’s manual: 9 lens infrared cleaning: 56 camera: 9 infrared: 11 lens: 11 lens cap: 11...
Page 167 9 power indicator: 16 battery: 9 rubber lid: 13 battery charger: 9 save trigger: 13, 15 InfraCAM/InfraCAM SD user’s manual: 9 SD Memory Card slot: 12 infrared camera: 9 serial number: 13 power cable: 9 side view: 13...
Page 168 Index – Q power cable science, building: 93 connecting: 23 screen: 57 power connector: 60 screen elements: 20 pin configuration: 60 SD Memory Card slot: 12 power indicator: 16 season, measuring: 103 power modes: 16 SEE ALSO: 47 power supply: 9 semibold: 4 power system: 58 sensitivity, thermal: 57...
Page 169 9 weight: 59 battery: 9 William Herschel: 145 battery charger: 9 wind: 135 InfraCAM/InfraCAM SD user’s manual: 9 wind conditions: 100 infrared camera: 9 wind speed: 119 power cable: 9 power supply: 9 Quick Reference Guide: 9 ThermaCAM™...
Page 170 A note on the technical production of this manual This manual was produced using XML – eXtensible Markup Language. For more information about XML, visit the following site: ▪ http://www.w3.org/XML/ Readers interested in the history & theory of markup languages may also want to visit the following sites: ▪...
Page 172 ■ BELGIUM ■ CHINA ■ JAPAN FLIR Systems FLIR Systems FLIR SYSTEMS Japan KK Uitbreidingstraat 60–62 Guangzhou Representative Office Nishi-Gotanda Access 8F B-2600 Berchem 1105 Main Tower, Guang Dong 3-6-20 Nishi-Gotanda BELGIUM International Hotel Shinagawa-Ku Phone: +32 (0)3 287 87 11...

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FLIR InfraCAM User Manual

Table of Contents

Table of Contents

1 Warnings & Cautions

2 Notice to User

3 Important Note about this Manual

4 Contents of the Transport Case

5 Camera Parts

6 Screen Elements

7 Connecting the Cables

8 Operating the Camera

9 Cleaning the Camera

10 Technical Data

11 Dimensional Drawings

12 Introduction to Building Thermography

13 Introduction to Thermographic Inspections of Electrical Installations

14 About FLIR Systems

15 History of Infrared Technology

Index

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