GE D30 Instruction Manual page 283

5 SETTINGS
• Transformation errors of current transformers (CTs) during double-line and three-phase faults.
• Switch-off transients during double-line and three-phase faults.
The positive-sequence restraint must be considered when testing for pickup accuracy and response time (multiple of
pickup). The operating quantity depends on the way the test currents are injected into the relay (single-phase injection:
= (1 – K)  I
I ; three-phase pure zero-sequence injection: I
op injected
The positive-sequence restraint is removed for low currents. If the positive-sequence current is below 0.8 pu, the restraint is
removed by changing the constant K to zero. This facilitates better response to high-resistance faults when the unbalance
is very small and there is no danger of excessive CT errors as the current is low.
The directional unit uses the zero-sequence current (I_0) or ground current (IG) for fault direction discrimination and may
be programmed to use either zero-sequence voltage ("Calculated V0" or "Measured VX"), ground current (IG), or both for
polarizing. The following tables define the neutral directional overcurrent element.
Table 5–19: QUANTITIES FOR "CALCULATED 3I0" CONFIGURATION
POLARIZING MODE DIRECTION
Forward
Voltage
Reverse
Forward
Current
Reverse
Forward
Dual
Reverse
Table 5–20: QUANTITIES FOR "MEASURED IG" CONFIGURATION
POLARIZING MODE DIRECTION
Voltage
1
-- - VAG 
where: V_0 VBG
= +
3
1 1
-- - IN -- - IA 
I_0
= = +
3 3
ECA = element characteristic angle and IG = ground current
When
NEUTRAL DIR OC1 POL VOLT
figure explains the usage of the voltage polarized directional unit of the element.
The figure below shows the voltage-polarized phase angle comparator characteristics for a phase A to ground fault, with:
• ECA = 90° (element characteristic angle = centerline of operating characteristic)
• FWD LA = 80° (forward limit angle = the ± angular limit with the ECA for operation)
• REV LA = 80° (reverse limit angle = the ± angular limit with the ECA for operation)
The element incorporates a current reversal logic: if the reverse direction is indicated for at least 1.25 of a power system
cycle, the prospective forward indication will be delayed by 1.5 of a power system cycle. The element is designed to emu-
late an electromechanical directional device. Larger operating and polarizing signals will result in faster directional discrimi-
nation bringing more security to the element operation.
GE Multilin
DIRECTIONAL UNIT
COMPARED PHASORS
–V_0 + Z_offset  I_0
–V_0 + Z_offset  I_0
IG
IG
–V_0 + Z_offset  I_0
or
IG
–V_0 + Z_offset  I_0
or
IG
DIRECTIONAL UNIT
COMPARED PHASORS
–V_0 + Z_offset  IG/3
Forward
–V_0 + Z_offset  IG/3
Reverse

VCG zero sequence voltage
+ =

IB IC zero sequence current
+ =
is set to "Measured VX", one-third of this voltage is used in place of V_0. The following
D30 Line Distance Protection System
5.6 GROUPED ELEMENTS
= 3  I
).
op injected
OVERCURRENT UNIT
I_0  1ECA
–I_0  1ECA
I_0
–I_0
= 3  (|I_0| – K  |I_1|) if |I
I
I_0  1ECA
op
= 3  (|I_0|) if |I
I
op
I_0
–I_0  1ECA
–I_0
IG  1ECA
–IG  1ECA
,
,
| > 0.8 pu
1
|  0.8 pu
1
OVERCURRENT UNIT
I = |IG|
op
5-151
5