Single-Ended And Differential Voltage Measurements; Timing Of Single-Ended Measurement; Differential Voltage Measurement Sequence - Campbell CR510 Operator's Manual

SECTION 13. CR510 MEASUREMENTS
13.2 SINGLE-ENDED AND
DIFFERENTIAL VOLTAGE
MEASUREMENTS
NOTE: Either the high or low side of a
differential channel can be used for single-
ended measurements. Each side must be
counted when numbering single-ended
channels; e.g., the high and low sides of
differential channel 1 are single-ended
channels 1 and 2, respectively.
The timing and sequence of a single-ended
measurement is shown in Figure 13.2-1. A
single-ended measurement is made on a single
input which is referenced to ground. A single
integration is performed for each measurement.
A differential measurement measures the
difference in voltage between two inputs. The
measurement sequence on a differential
measurement involves two integrations. First
with the high input referenced to the low, then
with the inputs reversed (Figure 13.2-2).
The CR510 computes the differential voltage by
averaging the magnitude of the results from the
two integrations and using the polarity from the
first. An exception to this is the differential
measurement in Instruction 8 which makes only
one integration.
13-2
FIGURE 13.2-1. Timing of Single-Ended Measurement
FIGURE 13.2-2. Differential Voltage Measurement Sequence
Because a single-ended measurement is
referenced to CR510 ground, any difference in
ground potential between the sensor and the
CR510 will result in an error in the
measurement. For example, if the measuring
junction of a copper-constantan thermocouple,
used to measure soil temperature, is not
insulated and the potential of earth ground is 1
mV greater at the sensor than at the point
where the CR510 is grounded, the measured
voltage would be 1 mV greater than the
thermocouple output or approximately 25 C
high.
Another instance where a ground potential
difference creates a problem is in a case such
as described in Section 7.2, where external
signal conditioning circuitry is powered from the
same source as the CR510. Despite being tied
to the same ground, differences in current drain
and lead resistance result in different ground
potential at the two instruments. For this reason
a differential measurement should be made on
an analog output from the external signal
conditioner. Differential measurements MUST
be used where the inputs are known to be
different from ground, such as is the case with
the output from a full bridge.
In order to make a differential measurement, the
inputs must be within the CR510 common mode
range of ±2.5 V. The common mode range is the
voltage range, relative to CR510 ground, within