Election Of The Root Switch - Cisco ONS 15454 Software Feature And Configuration Manual

Chapter 6 Configuring STP and RSTP
When a switch receives a configuration BPDU that contains superior information (lower bridge ID,
lower path cost, etc.), it stores the information for that port. If this BPDU is received on the root port of
the switch, the switch also forwards it with an updated message to all attached LANs for which it is the
designated switch.
If a switch receives a configuration BPDU that contains inferior information to that currently stored for
that port, it discards the BPDU. If the switch is a designated switch for the LAN from which the inferior
BPDU was received, it sends that LAN a BPDU containing the up-to-date information stored for that
port. In this way, inferior information is discarded, and superior information is propagated on the
network.
A BPDU exchange results in these actions:
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Election of the Root Switch

All switches in the Layer 2 network participating in the spanning tree gather information about other
switches in the network through an exchange of BPDU data messages. This exchange of messages results
in these actions:
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For each VLAN, the switch with the highest switch priority (the lowest numerical priority value) is
elected as the root switch. If all switches are configured with the default priority (32768), the switch with
the lowest MAC address in the VLAN becomes the root switch. The switch priority value occupies the
most significant bits of the bridge ID.
When you change the switch priority value, you change the probability that the switch will be elected as
the root switch. Configuring a higher value decreases the probability; a lower value increases the
probability.
The root switch is the logical center of the spanning-tree topology in a switched network. All paths that
are not needed to reach the root switch from anywhere in the switched network are placed in the
spanning-tree blocking mode.
BPDUs contain information about the sending switch and its ports, including switch and MAC
addresses, switch priority, port priority, and path cost. Spanning tree uses this information to elect the
root switch and root port for the switched network and the root port and designated port for each
switched segment.
Cisco ONS 15454 SONET/SDH ML-Series Multilayer Ethernet Card Software Feature and Configuration Guide, R4.0
January 2004
One switch in the network is elected as the root switch.
A root port is selected for each switch (except the root switch). This port provides the best path
(lowest cost) when the switch forwards packets to the root switch.
The shortest distance to the root switch is calculated for each switch based on the path cost.
A designated switch for each LAN segment is selected. The designated switch incurs the lowest path
cost when forwarding packets from that LAN to the root switch. The port through which the
designated switch is attached to the LAN is called the designated port.
Interfaces included in the spanning-tree instance are selected. Root ports and designated ports are
put in the forwarding state.
All interfaces not included in the spanning tree are blocked.
Election of a unique root switch for each spanning-tree instance
Election of a designated switch for every switched LAN segment
Removal of loops in the switched network by blocking Layer 2 interfaces connected to redundant
links

Election of the Root Switch

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