FLIR T4xx series User Manual
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FLIR T4xx series User Manual

FLIR T4xx series User Manual

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  • Page 1 User’s manual Flir T4xx series...
  • Page 3 User’s manual Flir T4xx series #T559772; r.7877/7877; en-US...

  • Page 5: Table Of Contents

    Table of contents Legal disclaimer ................1 Legal disclaimer ............... 1 Usage statistics ................ 1 Changes to registry ..............1 U.S. Government Regulations............2 Copyright ................2 Quality assurance ..............2 Patents ................... 2 EULA Terms ................2 Warnings & Cautions .................4 Notice to user ...................7 User-to-user forums ..............
  • Page 6 Table of contents External devices and storage media ..........22 11.1 Figure .................. 22 11.2 Explanation ................22 Pairing Bluetooth devices..............23 12.1 General ................23 12.2 Procedure ................23 Configuring Wi-Fi ................24 13.1 General ................24 13.2 Setting up a peer-to-peer connection (most common use) ....24 13.3 Connecting the camera to a wireless local area network (less common use) .................24...
  • Page 7 Table of contents 16.1.1 Procedure ..............37 16.2 Previewing an image ............... 37 16.3 General ................37 16.3.1 Procedure ..............37 16.4 Saving an image ..............37 16.4.1 General..............37 16.4.2 Formatting memory cards ..........37 16.4.3 Image capacity ............37 16.4.4 Procedure ..............
  • Page 8 Table of contents 19.3.6 Setting up an insulation isotherm ........48 19.4 Working with presets ............... 48 19.4.1 General..............48 19.4.2 Procedure ..............48 19.5 Removing measurement tools ........... 48 19.5.1 Procedure ..............48 19.6 Moving measurement tools ............49 19.6.1 Procedure ..............
  • Page 9 27.4.1 General..............72 27.4.2 Figure ................ 72 27.5 Draft ..................73 27.5.1 General..............73 27.5.2 Figure ................ 73 About Flir Systems ................74 28.1 More than just an infrared camera ..........75 28.2 Sharing our knowledge ............75 28.3 Supporting our customers............75 28.4...
  • Page 10 Table of contents Glossary ..................77 Thermographic measurement techniques .......... 80 30.1 Introduction ................80 30.2 Emissivity................80 30.2.1 Finding the emissivity of a sample ........80 30.3 Reflected apparent temperature..........83 30.4 Distance ................83 30.5 Relative humidity ..............83 30.6 Other parameters..............

  • Page 11: Legal Disclaimer

    Products which are not manufactured by Flir Systems but included in systems delivered by Flir Systems to the original purchaser, carry the warranty, if any, of the particular sup- plier only. Flir Systems has no responsibility whatsoever for such products.

  • Page 12: Government Regulations

    1.5 Copyright © 2013, Flir Systems, Inc. All rights reserved worldwide. No parts of the software includ- ing source code may be reproduced, transmitted, transcribed or translated into any lan- guage or computer language in any form or by any means, electronic, magnetic, optical, manual or otherwise, without the prior written permission of Flir Systems.
  • Page 13 • NOT FAULT TOLERANT. THE SOFTWARE IS NOT FAULT TOLERANT. Flir Sys- tems AB HAS INDEPENDENTLY DETERMINED HOW TO USE THE SOFTWARE IN THE DEVICE, AND MS HAS RELIED UPON Flir Systems AB TO CONDUCT SUFFICIENT TESTING TO DETERMINE THAT THE SOFTWARE IS SUITABLE FOR SUCH USE.

  • Page 14: Warnings & Cautions

    • (Applies only to cameras featuring Wi-Fi.) Radiofrequency radiation exposure In- formation: For body worn operation, this camera has been tested and meets the FCC RF exposure guidelines when used with the Flir Systems accessories supplied or designated for this product. Use of other accessories may not ensure compliance with FCC RF exposure guidelines.
  • Page 15 • Do not attach the batteries directly to a car’s cigarette lighter socket, unless a spe- cific adapter for connecting the batteries to a cigarette lighter socket is provided by Flir Systems. • Do not connect the positive terminal and the negative terminal of the battery to each other with a metal object (such as wire).
  • Page 16 • (Applies only to Flir A3xx f/A3xx pt series cameras.) • Except as described in this manual, do not open the Flir A3xx pt/A3xx f series cam- era for any reason. Disassembly of the camera (including removal of the cover) can cause permanent damage and will void the warranty.

  • Page 17: Notice To User

    3.7 Important note about this manual Flir Systems issues generic manuals that cover several cameras within a model line. This means that this manual may contain descriptions and explanations that do not apply to your particular camera model.

  • Page 18: Customer Help

    • The communication protocol, or method, between the camera and your device (for ex- ample, HDMI, Ethernet, USB, or FireWire) • Device type (PC/Mac/iPhone/iPad/Android device, etc.) • Version of any programs from Flir Systems • Full name, publication number, and revision number of the manual 4.3 Downloads On the customer help site you can also download the following: •...

  • Page 19: Quick Start Guide

    Quick Start Guide 5.1 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Charge the battery for four hours. 2. Insert the battery into the camera. 3. Insert an SD Memory Card into the card slot at the bottom of the camera. 4. Push the On/Off button to turn on the camera. Allow 45 seconds for the startup sequence.

  • Page 20: Parts Lists

    * The inclusion of this item is dependent on model. Note Flir Systems reserves the right to discontinue models, parts or accessories, and other items, or to change specifications at any time without prior notice. 6.2 List of accessories and services...
  • Page 21 ITC Software course - attendance 1 pers. (per day) ITC-SOW-0009 ITC Software course - group up to 10 pers. (per day) ITC-SOW-1001 ITC Training Flir Software - attendance 1 pers. (1 day) ITC-SOW-2001 ITC Training Flir Software - attendance 1 pers. (2 days) ITC-TFT-0100...
  • Page 22 MO297: Moisture meter, pinless with memory T911048 Pouch for Flir T6xx and T4xx series T911093 Tool belt Note Flir Systems reserves the right to discontinue models, parts or accessories, and other items, or to change specifications at any time without prior notice. #T559772; r.7877/7877; en-US...

  • Page 23: Note About Ergonomics

    A note about ergonomics 7.1 General To prevent strain injuries, it is important that you hold the camera ergonomically correct. This section gives advice and examples on how to hold the camera. Note Please note the following: • Always adjust the angle of the lens to suit your work position. •...

  • Page 24: Camera Parts

    Camera parts 8.1 Rear view 8.1.1 Figure 8.1.2 Explanation 1. Touch screen LCD. 2. Antenna for wireless communication. 3. Digital zoom button (2×, 4× and 8×). Note • The zoom factor is subject to camera model. • The 8× zoom factor is not supported when the feature Same field of view is enabled. For more information about this feature, see 22.2 Changing preferences, page 58.

  • Page 25: Front View

    Camera parts 10. On/Off button: Push to turn on/turn off the camera. Allow 45 seconds for the startup sequence. 11. Hand strap. 8.2 Front view 8.2.1 Figure 8.2.2 Explanation 1. Laser pointer button: Push to activate the laser pointer. 2. This button has two main functions: 1.

  • Page 26: Bottom View

    Camera parts 8.3 Bottom view 8.3.1 Figure 8.3.2 Explanation 1. Tripod mount 1/4"-20 2. Release button for the cover to the connector bay 3. Cover for the connector bay 4. Release button for the battery compartment cover 5. Cover for the battery compartment #T559772;...

  • Page 27: Battery Condition Indicator

    Camera parts 8.4 Battery condition indicator 8.4.1 Figure 8.4.2 Explanation Type of signal Explanation The green light flashes. The power supply or the stand-alone battery charger is charging the battery. The green light is continuous. The battery is fully charged. The green light is off.

  • Page 28: Laser Pointer

    Camera parts 8.5 Laser pointer 8.5.1 Figure Figure 8.1 This figure shows the difference in position between the laser pointer and the optical center of the infrared lens. WARNING Do not look directly into the laser beam. The laser beam can cause eye irritation. CAUTION Protect the laser pointer with the protective cap when you are not using the laser pointer.

  • Page 29: Screen Elements

    Screen elements 9.1 Figure 9.2 Explanation 1. Back toolbar button. 2. Mode toolbar button. 3. Presets toolbar button. 4. Tools toolbar button. 5. Palette toolbar button. 6. Parameters toolbar button. 7. Result table. 8. Measurement box. 9. Measurement spotmeter. 10. Various status and mode icons, e.g., Bluetooth, battery, USB, and compass. 11.
  • Page 30 Screen elements Icon or indicator Explanation GPS connection is OK. Scanning for GPS satellites. Laser notification. Protected WLAN (WEP, WPA) The camera is connected to the WLAN. The camera failed to connect to the WLAN. WLAN error. #T559772; r.7877/7877; en-US...

  • Page 31: Navigating The Menu System

    Navigating the menu system 10.1 Figure 10.2 Explanation The figure above shows the two ways to navigate the menu system in the camera: • Using the index finger or a pencil to navigate the menu system (left). • Using the joystick to navigate the menu system (right). You can also use a combination of the two.

  • Page 32: External Devices And Storage Media

    External devices and storage media 11.1 Figure 11.2 Explanation 1. To connect an external USB device to the camera, use a USB-A cable and this socket. 2. Indicator showing that the memory card is busy. Note • Do not eject the SD memory card when this LED is flashing. •...

  • Page 33: Pairing Bluetooth Devices

    Pairing Bluetooth devices 12.1 General Before you can use a Bluetooth device with the camera, you need to pair the devices. 12.2 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Turn on the camera. 2. Push the Menu/Back button. 3. On the main menu, go to the Mode button and push the joystick.

  • Page 34: Configuring Wi-Fi

    Configuring Wi-Fi 13.1 General Depending on your camera configuration, you can connect the camera to a wireless local area network (WLAN) using Wi-Fi, or let the camera provide Wi-Fi access to another device. You can connect the camera in two different ways: •...

  • Page 35: Fetching Data From External Extech Meters

    • Extech Clamp Meter EX845 14.4 Technical support for Extech meters support@extech.com This support is for Extech meters only. For technical support for infrared cameras, go to http://support.flir.com. For more information about products from Extech Instruments, go to http://www.extech. com/instruments/. 14.5 Procedure...

  • Page 36: Typical Moisture Measurement And Documentation Procedure

    Fetching data from external Extech meters 5. Do one of the following: • To preview an image, push the Preview/Save button. At this stage, you can add additional values. To do so, take a new measurement with the meter and select Add on the infrared camera screen.

  • Page 37: Handling The Camera

    Handling the camera 15.1 Charging the battery Note You must charge the battery for four hours before you start using the camera for the first time. 15.1.1 General You must charge the battery when a low battery voltage warning is displayed on the screen.

  • Page 38: Using The Stand-Alone Battery Charger To Charge The Battery

    Handling the camera 15.1.4 Using the stand-alone battery charger to charge the battery 15.1.4.1 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Put the battery in the stand-alone battery charger. 2. Connect the power supply cable plug to the connector on the stand-alone battery charger.

  • Page 39: Removing The Battery

    Handling the camera 4. Close the cover to the battery compartment. 15.3 Removing the battery 15.3.1 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Push the release button on the battery compartment cover to unlock it. 2. Open the cover to the battery compartment. 3.

  • Page 40: Turning On And Turning Off The Camera

    Handling the camera 15.4 Turning on and turning off the camera • To turn on the camera, push and release the On/Off button. • To turn off the camera, push and release the On/Off button. 15.5 Adjusting the angle of lens 15.5.1 Figure 15.5.2 Procedure To adjust the angle, tilt the lens up or down.
  • Page 41 Handling the camera 2. Rotate the lens cap 30° counter-clockwise (looking at the front of the lens). 3. Carefully pull out the lens cap from the bayonet ring. 4. Correctly position the lens in front of the bayonet ring. 5. Carefully push the lens into position. #T559772;...

  • Page 42: Removing An Additional Infrared Lens

    Handling the camera 6. Rotate the lens 30° clockwise (looking at the front of the lens). 15.7 Removing an additional infrared lens Note Do not touch the lens surface when you mount an infrared lens. If this happens, clean the lens accord- ing to the instructions in 23.2 Infrared lens, page 60 When you have removed the lens, put the lens caps on the lens immediately, to protect it from dust and fingerprints.
  • Page 43 Handling the camera 3. Carefully pull out the lens from the bayonet ring. 4. Correctly position the lens cap in front of the bayonet ring. 5. Carefully push the lens cap into position. 6. Rotate the lens cap 30° clockwise (looking at the front of the lens). #T559772;...

  • Page 44: Attaching The Sunshield

    Handling the camera 15.8 Attaching the sunshield 15.8.1 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Align the two front tabs of the sunshield with the corresponding two notches at the top of the screen. 2. Push the front part of the sunshield into position. Make sure that the two tabs mate with the corresponding notches.

  • Page 45: Using The Laser Pointer

    Handling the camera 15.9 Using the laser pointer 15.9.1 Figure 15.9.2 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. To turn on the laser pointer, push and hold the laser pointer button. 2. To turn off the laser pointer, release the laser pointer button. Note The laser pointer may not be enabled in all markets.

  • Page 46: Calibrating The Touchscreen Lcd

    Handling the camera 5. On the Camera tab, select Calibrate compass and push the joystick. 6. Click Start. 7. Calibrate the compass by rotating the camera vertically one revolution and horiston- tally one revolution. 15.11 Calibrating the touchscreen LCD 15.11.1 Figure 15.11.2 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1.

  • Page 47: Working With Images And Folders

    Working with images and folders 16.1 Adjusting the infrared camera focus 16.1.1 Procedure To adjust the infrared camera focus, do one of the following: • Push the focus button left for far focus. • Push the focus button right for near focus. •...

  • Page 48: Procedure

    Working with images and folders Incl. 30 seconds voice Card size No voice annotation annotation 256 MB 512 MB 1000 2000 1000 1 GB 16.4.4 Procedure To save an image without previewing, push the Preview/Save button fully down. Note The behavior of the Preview/Save button can be changed on the Preferences tab (Mode > Settings > Preferences).

  • Page 49: Example 1

    Working with images and folders You use the A/M button to switch between these two modes. 16.7.2 Example 1 This figure shows two infrared images of cable connection points. In the left image, a cor- rect analysis of the circled cable is difficult if you only auto-adjust the image. You can an- alyze this cable in more detail if you: •...

  • Page 50: Hiding Overlay Graphics

    Working with images and folders 16.8 Hiding overlay graphics 16.8.1 General Overlay graphics provide information about an image. You can choose to hide some or all overlay graphics. 16.8.2 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Push the Menu/Back button. 2. On the main menu, go to the Mode button and push the joystick.
  • Page 51 Working with images and folders Note To view the report on the PC, you need Adobe Reader. This software can be downloaded for free from: http://get.adobe.com/reader/ Note To add your own logotype to your report, put a small *.jpg file in a folder named \reportlogo on the SD memory card.

  • Page 52: Working With Image Modes

    Working with image modes 17.1 What is picture-in-picture? Picture-in-picture is similar to thermal fusion in that it lets you display part of a digital pho- to as an infrared image. However, picture-in-picture displays an infrared image frame on top of a digital photo. 17.2 What is thermal fusion? Thermal fusion is a function that lets you display part of a digital photo as an infrared image.

  • Page 53: Setting Up Thermal Fusion

    Working with image modes Type Image Interval Picture-in-Picture 17.5 Setting up Thermal fusion Follow this procedure: 1. Push to display a toolbar. 2. On the toolbar, select (Thermal fusion). 3. Push 4. To change the portion of infrared in the image, do one of the following: •...

  • Page 54: Setting Up Picture-In-Picture

    Working with image modes Note How to use thermal fusion in manual mode is described above. When using thermal fusion in automatic mode, the temperature levels for the thermal fusion will be based on the temperature levels inside the aiming frame that is displayed in the middle of the image. 17.6 Setting up Picture-in-Picture Follow this procedure: 1.

  • Page 55: Working With Video

    MPEG-4 video. Such a decoder can be downloaded from http://www.cole2k.net/ (retrieved July 11, 2012). • Other video players may also work, for example ffdshow from http://sourceforge.net/projects/ ffdshow. • Flir Systems does not take any responsibility for the functionality of third-party video players and codecs. #T559772; r.7877/7877; en-US...

  • Page 56: Working With Measurement Tools And Isotherms

    Working with measurement tools and isotherms 19.1 Setting up measurement tools 19.1.1 General To measure the temperature, you use one or more measurement tools. This section gives you examples how you set up a spotmeter or an area. 19.1.2 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1.

  • Page 57: Setting Up A High-Temperature Isotherm

    Working with measurement tools and isotherms • An isotherm color that is displayed when the camera detects what may be an insula- tion deficiency in a wall. 19.3.2 Setting up a high-temperature isotherm Follow this procedure: 1. Push the Menu/Back button. 2.

  • Page 58: Setting Up An Insulation Isotherm

    Working with measurement tools and isotherms 5. Use the joystick to set the following parameters: • Rel. humidity limit: The critical limit of relative humidity that you want to detect in a building structure. For example, mold will grow in areas where the relative humidity is less than 100%, and you may want to find such areas.

  • Page 59: Moving Measurement Tools

    Working with measurement tools and isotherms 19.6 Moving measurement tools 19.6.1 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Push the Menu/Back button. 2. On the main menu, go to the Tools button and push the joystick. 3. On the Tools menu, select Adjust tools and push the joystick.

  • Page 60: Procedure

    Working with measurement tools and isotherms Emissivity 0.95 Reflected apparent temperature +20°C (+69°F) Object distance 1.0 m (3.3 ft.) Atmospheric temperature +20°C (+69°F) Relative humidity 19.8.4 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Push the Menu/Back button. 2. On the main menu, go to the Parameters button and push the joystick.

  • Page 61: Annotating Images

    A voice annotation is an audio recording that is stored in an infrared image file. The voice annotation is recorded using a Bluetooth headset. The recording can be played back in the camera, and in image analysis and reporting software from Flir Systems.

  • Page 62: Procedure

    Annotating images 20.4.2 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. To preview an image, push and release the Autofocus/Save button fully down. 2. Use the joystick to select 3. Push the joystick to display a submenu. 4. On the submenu, select Voice. This will display a voice recording toolbar. 5.

  • Page 63: Creating A Table

    Annotating images 4. On the submenu, select Text. This will display a soft keyboard where you can enter the text you want to save. Note To select special characters, press and hold down the corresponding key on the soft keyboard. 5.

  • Page 64: Procedure

    Annotating images Figure 20.1 The table as it appears in the camera software. 20.6.3 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. To preview an image, push the Autofocus/Save button fully down and release it. 2. Use the joystick to select 3. Push the joystick to display a submenu. 4.

  • Page 65: Adding A Sketch

    Annotating images 5. Do one of the following: • To edit a field, click . This will display the following dialog box. • Insert field: Select this option to insert a new field. • Duplicate field: Select this option to duplicate the currently selected field. •...

  • Page 66: Adding A Sketch To An Infrared Image

    Annotating images 4. Use the joystick to select Sketch. 5. Push the joystick to display a sketchboard. 6. On this sketchboard you can: • Draw a sketch. • Change the color of the lines. • Erase lines and start again. •...

  • Page 67: Programming The Camera

    Programming the camera 21.1 General You can program the camera to save images periodically. 21.2 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Push the Menu/Back button or tap the screen to display the menu system. 2. Use the joystick to go to (Mode).

  • Page 68: Changing Settings

    Changing settings 22.1 Changing camera settings 22.1.1 General On this tab you can change the following: • Temperature range, i.e. the temperature range used for measuring objects. You must change the temperature range according to the expected temperature of the object you are inspecting.

  • Page 69: Procedure

    Changing settings 22.2.2 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Push the Menu/Back button. 2. On the main menu, go to the Mode button and push the joystick. 3. On the Mode menu, select Settings and push the joystick. 4. On the Preferences tab, go to the setting that you want to change. 5.

  • Page 70: Cleaning The Camera

    Cleaning the camera 23.1 Camera housing, cables, and other items 23.1.1 Liquids Use one of these liquids: • Warm water • A weak detergent solution 23.1.2 Equipment A soft cloth 23.1.3 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Soak the cloth in the liquid. 2.

  • Page 71: Technical Data

    Technical data For technical data on this product, refer to the product catalog and/or technical data- sheets on the User Documentation CD-ROM that comes with the product. The product catalog and the datasheets are also available at http://support.flir.com. #T559772; r.7877/7877; en-US...

  • Page 72: Pin Configurations

    Pin configurations 25.1 Pin configuration for USB Mini-B connector 1. +5 V (out) 2. USB – 3. USB + 4. N/C 5. Ground 25.2 Pin configuration for video connector 1. Audio right 2. Ground 3. Video out 4. Audio left #T559772;...

  • Page 73: Pin Configuration For Usb-A Connector

    Pin configurations 25.3 Pin configuration for USB-A connector 1. +5 V (in) 2. USB – 3. USB + 4. Ground 25.4 Pin configuration for power connector 1. +12 V 2. GND 3. GND #T559772; r.7877/7877; en-US...

  • Page 74: Dimensions

    Dimensions 26.1 Camera 26.1.1 Camera dimensions 26.1.1.1 Figure 26.1.2 Camera dimensions, continued 26.1.2.1 Figure #T559772; r.7877/7877; en-US...

  • Page 75: Camera Dimensions, Continued

    Dimensions 26.1.3 Camera dimensions, continued 26.1.3.1 Figure 26.1.4 Camera dimensions, continued (with 30 mm/15° lens) 26.1.4.1 Figure 26.1.5 Camera dimensions, continued (with 10 mm/45° lens) 26.1.5.1 Figure #T559772; r.7877/7877; en-US...

  • Page 76: Battery

    Dimensions 26.2 Battery 26.2.1 Figure Note Use a clean, dry cloth to remove any water or moisture on the battery before you install it. #T559772; r.7877/7877; en-US...

  • Page 77: Stand-Alone Battery Charger

    Dimensions 26.3 Stand-alone battery charger 26.3.1 Figure Note Use a clean, dry cloth to remove any water or moisture on the battery before you install it. #T559772; r.7877/7877; en-US...

  • Page 78: Stand-Alone Battery Charger With The Battery

    Dimensions 26.4 Stand-alone battery charger with the battery 26.4.1 Figure Note Use a clean, dry cloth to remove any water or moisture on the battery before you install it. 26.5 Infrared lens (30 mm/15°) 26.5.1 Figure #T559772; r.7877/7877; en-US...

  • Page 79: Infrared Lens (10 Mm/45°)

    Dimensions 26.6 Infrared lens (10 mm/45°) 26.6.1 Figure #T559772; r.7877/7877; en-US...

  • Page 80: Application Examples

    Application examples 27.1 Moisture & water damage 27.1.1 General It is often possible to detect moisture and water damage in a house by using an infrared camera. This is partly because the damaged area has a different heat conduction prop- erty and partly because it has a different thermal capacity to store heat than the sur- rounding material.

  • Page 81: Oxidized Socket

    Application examples 27.3 Oxidized socket 27.3.1 General Depending on the type of socket and the environment in which the socket is installed, ox- ides may occur on the socket's contact surfaces. These oxides can lead to locally in- creased resistance when the socket is loaded, which can be seen in an infrared image as local temperature increase.

  • Page 82: Insulation Deficiencies

    Application examples 27.4 Insulation deficiencies 27.4.1 General Insulation deficiencies may result from insulation losing volume over the course of time and thereby not entirely filling the cavity in a frame wall. An infrared camera allows you to see these insulation deficiencies because they either have a different heat conduction property than sections with correctly installed insulation, and/or show the area where air is penetrating the frame of the building.

  • Page 83: Draft

    Application examples 27.5 Draft 27.5.1 General Draft can be found under baseboards, around door and window casings, and above ceil- ing trim. This type of draft is often possible to see with an infrared camera, as a cooler airstream cools down the surrounding surface. Note When you are investigating draft in a house, there should be sub-atmospheric pressure in the house.

  • Page 84: About Flir Systems

    —together with a worldwide network of agents and distributors—support our internation- al customer base. Flir Systems is at the forefront of innovation in the infrared camera industry. We anticipate market demand by constantly improving our existing cameras and developing new ones.

  • Page 85: More Than Just An Infrared Camera

    10 L (2.6 US gallon) jar with liquid nitrogen. To the left of the oscilloscope the Polaroid attachment (6 kg/13 lb.) can be seen. RIGHT: Flir i7 from 2012. Weight: 0.34 kg (0.75 lb.), including the battery.

  • Page 86: A Few Images From Our Facilities

    About Flir Systems 28.4 A few images from our facilities Figure 28.3 LEFT: Development of system electronics; RIGHT: Testing of an FPA detector Figure 28.4 LEFT: Diamond turning machine; RIGHT: Lens polishing Figure 28.5 LEFT: Testing of infrared cameras in the climatic chamber; RIGHT: Robot used for camera testing and calibration #T559772;...

  • Page 87: Glossary

    Glossary absorption The amount of radiation absorbed by an object relative to the re- (absorption ceived radiation. A number between 0 and 1. factor) atmosphere The gases between the object being measured and the camera, nor- mally air. autoadjust A function making a camera perform an internal image correction. autopalette The IR image is shown with an uneven spread of colors, displaying cold objects as well as hot ones at the same time.
  • Page 88 Glossary image correc- A way of compensating for sensitivity differences in various parts of tion (internal or live images and also of stabilizing the camera. external) infrared Non-visible radiation, having a wavelength from about 2–13 μm. infrared isotherm A function highlighting those parts of an image that fall above, below or between one or more temperature intervals.
  • Page 89 Glossary span The interval of the temperature scale, usually expressed as a signal value. spectral (radi- Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time, area and ant) emittance wavelength (W/m /μm) temperature A value which is the result of a subtraction between two temperature difference, or values.

  • Page 90: Thermographic Measurement Techniques

    Thermographic measurement techniques 30.1 Introduction An infrared camera measures and images the emitted infrared radiation from an object. The fact that radiation is a function of object surface temperature makes it possible for the camera to calculate and display this temperature. However, the radiation measured by the camera does not only depend on the tempera- ture of the object but is also a function of the emissivity.
  • Page 91 Thermographic measurement techniques 30.2.1.1.1 Method 1: Direct method Follow this procedure: 1. Look for possible reflection sources, considering that the incident angle = reflection angle (a = b). Figure 30.1 1 = Reflection source 2. If the reflection source is a spot source, modify the source by obstructing it using a piece if cardboard.
  • Page 92 Thermographic measurement techniques 3. Measure the radiation intensity (= apparent temperature) from the reflecting source using the following settings: • Emissivity: 1.0 • D You can measure the radiation intensity using one of the following two methods: Figure 30.3 1 = Reflection source Note Using a thermocouple to measure reflected apparent temperature is not recommended for two impor- tant reasons:...

  • Page 93: Reflected Apparent Temperature

    50%. 30.6 Other parameters In addition, some cameras and analysis programs from Flir Systems allow you to com- pensate for the following parameters: • Atmospheric temperature – i.e. the temperature of the atmosphere between the cam- era and the target •...
  • Page 94 Thermographic measurement techniques • External optics transmittance – i.e. the transmission of any external lenses or windows used in front of the camera #T559772; r.7877/7877; en-US...

  • Page 95: History Of Infrared Technology

    History of infrared technology Before the year 1800, the existence of the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spec- trum wasn't even suspected. The original significance of the infrared spectrum, or simply ‘the infrared’ as it is often called, as a form of heat radiation is perhaps less obvious to- day than it was at the time of its discovery by Herschel in 1800.
  • Page 96 History of infrared technology When Herschel revealed his discovery, he referred to this new portion of the electromag- netic spectrum as the ‘thermometrical spectrum’. The radiation itself he sometimes re- ferred to as ‘dark heat’, or simply ‘the invisible rays’. Ironically, and contrary to popular opinion, it wasn't Herschel who originated the term ‘infrared’.
  • Page 97 History of infrared technology Figure 31.4 Samuel P. Langley (1834–1906) The improvement of infrared-detector sensitivity progressed slowly. Another major break- through, made by Langley in 1880, was the invention of the bolometer. This consisted of a thin blackened strip of platinum connected in one arm of a Wheatstone bridge circuit upon which the infrared radiation was focused and to which a sensitive galvanometer re- sponded.

  • Page 98: Theory Of Thermography

    Theory of thermography 32.1 Introduction The subjects of infrared radiation and the related technique of thermography are still new to many who will use an infrared camera. In this section the theory behind thermography will be given. 32.2 The electromagnetic spectrum The electromagnetic spectrum is divided arbitrarily into a number of wavelength regions, called bands, distinguished by the methods used to produce and detect the radiation.

  • Page 99: Planck's Law

    Such cavity radiators are commonly used as sources of radiation in tempera- ture reference standards in the laboratory for calibrating thermographic instruments, such as a Flir Systems camera for example. If the temperature of blackbody radiation increases to more than 525°C (977°F), the source begins to be visible so that it appears to the eye no longer black.

  • Page 100: Wien's Displacement Law

    Theory of thermography Blackbody spectral radiant emittance at wavelength λ. λb Velocity of light = 3 × 10 Planck’s constant = 6.6 × 10 Joule sec. Boltzmann’s constant = 1.4 × 10 Joule/K. Absolute temperature (K) of a blackbody. λ Wavelength (μm).

  • Page 101: Stefan-Boltzmann's Law

    Theory of thermography Figure 32.5 Wilhelm Wien (1864–1928) The sun (approx. 6 000 K) emits yellow light, peaking at about 0.5 μm in the middle of the visible light spectrum. At room temperature (300 K) the peak of radiant emittance lies at 9.7 μm, in the far infra- red, while at the temperature of liquid nitrogen (77 K) the maximum of the almost insignif- icant amount of radiant emittance occurs at 38 μm, in the extreme infrared wavelengths.

  • Page 102: Non-Blackbody Emitters

    Theory of thermography Figure 32.7 Josef Stefan (1835–1893), and Ludwig Boltzmann (1844–1906) Using the Stefan-Boltzmann formula to calculate the power radiated by the human body, at a temperature of 300 K and an external surface area of approx. 2 m , we obtain 1 kW.
  • Page 103 Theory of thermography • A selective radiator, for which ε varies with wavelength According to Kirchhoff’s law, for any material the spectral emissivity and spectral absorp- tance of a body are equal at any specified temperature and wavelength. That is: From this we obtain, for an opaque material (since α...

  • Page 104: Infrared Semi-Transparent Materials

    Theory of thermography Figure 32.9 Spectral emissivity of three types of radiators. 1: Spectral emissivity; 2: Wavelength; 3: Black- body; 4: Graybody; 5: Selective radiator. 32.4 Infrared semi-transparent materials Consider now a non-metallic, semi-transparent body – let us say, in the form of a thick flat plate of plastic material.

  • Page 105: The Measurement Formula

    The measurement formula As already mentioned, when viewing an object, the camera receives radiation not only from the object itself. It also collects radiation from the surroundings reflected via the ob- ject surface. Both these radiation contributions become attenuated to some extent by the atmosphere in the measurement path.
  • Page 106 U according to the same equation, and get (Equation 3): Solve Equation 3 for U (Equation 4): This is the general measurement formula used in all the Flir Systems thermographic equipment. The voltages of the formula are: Table 33.1 Voltages Calculated camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature i.e.
  • Page 107 5 volts, the resulting curve would have been very much the same as our real curve extrapolated beyond 4.1 volts, provided the calibration algo- rithm is based on radiation physics, like the Flir Systems algorithm. Of course there must be a limit to such extrapolations.
  • Page 108 The measurement formula Figure 33.3 Relative magnitudes of radiation sources under varying measurement conditions (LW cam- era). 1: Object temperature; 2: Emittance; Obj: Object radiation; Refl: Reflected radiation; Atm: atmos- phere radiation. Fixed parameters: τ = 0.88; T = 20°C (+68°F); T = 20°C (+68°F).

  • Page 109: Emissivity Tables

    Emissivity tables This section presents a compilation of emissivity data from the infrared literature and measurements made by Flir Systems. 34.1 References 1. Mikaél A. Bramson: Infrared Radiation, A Handbook for Applications, Plenum press, N.Y. 2. William L. Wolfe, George J. Zissis: The Infrared Handbook, Office of Naval Research, Department of Navy, Washington, D.C.
  • Page 110 Emissivity tables Table 34.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) Aluminum as received, plate 0.09 Aluminum as received, 0.09 sheet Aluminum cast, blast 0.47 cleaned...
  • Page 111 Emissivity tables Table 34.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) Brass polished, highly 0.03 Brass rubbed with 80- 0.20 grit emery Brass sheet, rolled 0.06...
  • Page 112 Emissivity tables Table 34.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) Chromium polished 0.10 Chromium polished 500–1000 0.28–0.38 0.91 Clay fired Cloth black 0.98 Concrete...
  • Page 113 Emissivity tables Table 34.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) Granite rough 0.879 0.95–0.97 Granite rough, 4 different samples Granite rough, 4 different 0.77–0.87 samples 0.8–0.9...
  • Page 114 Emissivity tables Table 34.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) Iron galvanized heavily oxidized 0.64 Iron galvanized heavily oxidized 0.85 Iron galvanized sheet 0.07 Iron galvanized...
  • Page 115 Emissivity tables Table 34.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) Leather tanned 0.75–0.80 Lime 0.3–0.4 Magnesium 0.07 Magnesium 0.13 Magnesium 0.18 Magnesium polished 0.07...
  • Page 116 Emissivity tables Table 34.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) Oil, lubricating 0.050 mm film 0.46 0.72 Oil, lubricating 0.125 mm film 0.05 Oil, lubricating film on Ni base:...
  • Page 117 Emissivity tables Table 34.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) Plaster rough coat 0.91 Plastic glass fibre lami- 0.94 nate (printed circ. board) Plastic glass fibre lami-...
  • Page 118 Emissivity tables Table 34.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) Stainless steel alloy, 8% Ni, 18% 0.35 Stainless steel rolled 0.45 Stainless steel sandblasted 0.70...
  • Page 119 Emissivity tables Table 34.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) Water layer >0.1 mm 0–100 0.95–0.98 thick Water snow Water snow –10 0.85 0.98...
  • Page 120 A note on the technical production of this publication This publication was produced using XML — the eXtensible Markup Language. For more information about XML, please visit http://www.w3.org/XML/ A note on the typeface used in this publication This publication was typeset using Linotype Helvetica™ World. Helvetica™ was designed by Max Miedinger (1910–1980) LOEF (List Of Effective Files) T501000.xml;...
  • Page 122 Corporate Headquarters Flir Systems, Inc. 27700 SW Parkway Ave. Wilsonville, OR 97070 Telephone: +1-503-498-3547 Website http://www.flir.com Customer support http://support.flir.com Publ. No.: T559772 Commit: 7877 Head: 7877 Language: en-US Modified: 2013-05-29 Formatted: 2013-05-29...

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