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FLIR T4 Series User Manual

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FLIR T4xx series
For P/N: 62103‑xxxx, 62104‑xxxx

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  • Page 1 User’s manual FLIR T4xx series For P/N: 62103‑xxxx, 62104‑xxxx...
  • Page 4 Important note Before operating the device, you must read, understand, and follow all instructions, warnings, cautions, and legal disclaimers. Důležitá poznámka Před použitím zařízení si přečtěte veškeré pokyny, upozornění, varování a vyvázání se ze záruky, ujistěte se, že jim rozumíte, a řiďte se jimi.
  • Page 5 User’s manual FLIR T4xx series #T559879; r. AG/12171/13006; en-US...

  • Page 7: Table Of Contents

    Table of contents Disclaimers ..................1 Legal disclaimer ............... 1 Usage statistics ................ 1 Changes to registry ..............1 U.S. Government Regulations............1 Copyright ................1 Quality assurance ..............1 Patents ................... 1 EULA Terms ................1 EULA Terms ................1 Safety information ................2 Notice to user ...................6 User-to-user forums ..............
  • Page 8 Table of contents 11.2 Procedure ................19 Configuring Wi-Fi ................20 12.1 General ................20 12.2 Setting up a peer-to-peer connection (most common use) ....20 12.3 Connecting the camera to a wireless local area network (less common use) .................20 Handling the camera ................
  • Page 9 Table of contents 14.5.1 General..............33 14.5.2 Example 1 ..............33 14.5.3 Example 2 ..............33 14.5.4 Procedure ..............33 14.6 Performing a non-uniformity correction (NUC) ....... 34 14.6.1 What is a non-uniformity correction?......... 34 14.6.2 When to perform a non-uniformity correction? ....34 14.6.3 Procedure ..............
  • Page 10 Table of contents 16.8.1 General..............44 16.8.2 Procedure ..............44 Fetching data from external FLIR meters ..........45 17.1 General ................45 17.2 Supported FLIR meters ............45 17.3 Technical support for external meters .......... 45 17.4 Typical moisture measurement and documentation procedure................45...
  • Page 11 29.4.1 General..............70 29.4.2 Figure ................ 70 29.5 Draft ..................71 29.5.1 General..............71 29.5.2 Figure ................ 71 About FLIR Systems ................ 72 30.1 More than just an infrared camera ..........73 30.2 Sharing our knowledge ............73 30.3 Supporting our customers............73 30.4...
  • Page 12 Table of contents Glossary ..................75 Thermographic measurement techniques .......... 78 32.1 Introduction ................78 32.2 Emissivity................78 32.2.1 Finding the emissivity of a sample ........78 32.3 Reflected apparent temperature..........81 32.4 Distance ................81 32.5 Relative humidity ..............81 32.6 Other parameters..............

  • Page 13: Disclaimers

    (“SOFTWARE”) are protected by international intellectual manship and provided that it is returned to FLIR Systems within the said one- property laws and treaties. The SOFTWARE is licensed, not sold. All year period.

  • Page 14: Safety Information

    WARNING Applicability: Digital devices subject to 15.21. NOTICE: Changes or modifications made to this equipment not expressly approved by FLIR Systems may void the FCC authorization to operate this equipment. WARNING Applicability: Digital devices subject to 2.1091/2.1093/OET Bulletin 65.
  • Page 15 Applicability: Cameras with one or more batteries. Do not attach the batteries directly to a car’s cigarette lighter socket, unless FLIR Systems supplies a specific adapter to connect the batteries to a cigarette lighter socket. Damage to the batteries can occur.
  • Page 16 Safety information CAUTION Applicability: Cameras with one or more batteries. Do not hit the battery with a hammer. Damage to the battery can occur. CAUTION Applicability: Cameras with one or more batteries. Do not put your foot on the battery, hit it or cause shocks to it. Damage to the battery can occur. CAUTION Applicability: Cameras with one or more batteries.
  • Page 17 Safety information CAUTION Applicability: Cameras with one or more batteries. The temperature range through which you can remove the electrical power from the battery is -15°C to +50°C (+5°F to +122°F), unless other information is specified in the user documentation or technical data.

  • Page 18: Notice To User

    3.7 Important note about this manual FLIR Systems issues generic manuals that cover several cameras within a model line. This means that this manual may contain descriptions and explanations that do not apply to your particular camera model.

  • Page 19: Customer Help

    • The communication protocol, or method, between the camera and your device (for ex- ample, HDMI, Ethernet, USB, or FireWire) • Device type (PC/Mac/iPhone/iPad/Android device, etc.) • Version of any programs from FLIR Systems • Full name, publication number, and revision number of the manual 4.3 Downloads On the customer help site you can also download the following: •...

  • Page 20: Quick Start Guide

    7. Push the Autofocus/save button fully down to save an image. 8. Go to http://support.flir.com/tools and download FLIR Tools. 9. Install FLIR Tools on your computer. 10. Start FLIR Tools. 11. Connect the camera to the computer using a USB cable. 12. Import the images into FLIR Tools.

  • Page 21: List Of Accessories And Services

    FLIR Tools+ (license only) T198583 Hard transport case for FLIR T/B2xx-4xx T198370 High temp. option +1200°C/+2192°F for FLIR T/B2xx to T/B4xx and T197000 A3xx, A3xxf, A3xxpt, A3xxsc series IR lens, 4 mm (90°) with case and mounting support for T/B2xx-4xx...
  • Page 22 ITC Training 3 days - attendance 1 pers. ITC-EXP-3001 ITC Training 3 days - group up to 10 pers. ITC-EXP-3009 ITC Training FLIR Software - attendance 1 pers. (1 day) ITC-SOW-1001 ITC Training FLIR Software - attendance 1 pers. (2 days) ITC-SOW-2001...
  • Page 23 USB cable Std A <-> Mini-B Value pack T4xx 2013-01 T198598 Video cable 1910582ACC Note FLIR Systems reserves the right to discontinue models, parts or accessories, and other items, or to change specifications at any time without prior notice. #T559879; r. AG/12171/13006; en-US...

  • Page 24: Note About Ergonomics

    A note about ergonomics 7.1 General To prevent strain-related injuries, it is important that you hold the camera ergonomically correct. This section gives advice and examples on how to hold the camera. Note Please note the following: • Always tilt the touch-screen LCD to suit your work position. •...

  • Page 25: Camera Parts

    Camera parts 8.1 View from the rear 8.1.1 Figure 8.1.2 Explanation 1. Touch-screen LCD. 2. Antenna for wireless communication. 3. Digital zoom button. 4. Programmable button. 5. Joystick with push-button functionality. 6. Back button. 7. Camera lamp button. 8. Button to switch between automatic and manual image adjustment mode. 9.

  • Page 26: View From The Bottom

    Camera parts 3. Focus button. Move left/right to focus the camera. 4. Attachment point for the neck strap. 5. Camera lamp. 6. Digital camera. 7. Release button for additional infrared lenses. 8. Laser pointer. Note The laser pointer may not be enabled in all markets. 9.

  • Page 27: Battery Condition Indicator

    Camera parts 8.4 Battery condition indicator 8.4.1 Figure 8.4.2 Explanation Type of signal Explanation The green light flashes. The power supply or the stand-alone battery charger is charging the battery. The green light is continuous. The battery is fully charged. The green light is off.

  • Page 28: Laser Pointer

    Camera parts 8.5 Laser pointer 8.5.1 Figure Figure 8.1 This figure shows the difference in position between the laser pointer and the optical center of the infrared lens. WARNING Do not look directly into the laser beam. The laser beam can cause eye irritation. Note The laser pointer may not be enabled in all markets.

  • Page 29: Screen Elements

    Screen elements 9.1 Figure 9.2 Explanation 1. Measurement toolbar. 2. Measurement tool (e.g., spotmeter). 3. Result table. 4. Status icons. 5. Temperature scale. 6. Settings toolbar button. 7. Color toolbar button. 8. Measurement toolbar button. 9. Image mode toolbar button. 10.

  • Page 30: Navigating The Menu System

    Navigating the menu system 10.1 Figure 10.2 Explanation The figure above shows the two ways to navigate the menu system in the camera: • Using the index finger or a stylus specially designed for capacitive touch usage to nav- igate the menu system (left). •...

  • Page 31: Pairing Bluetooth Devices

    You can remove a device by selecting the device and then selecting Unpair device. • After adding a METERLiNK device, such as the FLIR MR77 or FLIR DM93, the result from the me- ter will be visible in the result table.

  • Page 32: Configuring Wi-Fi

    Configuring Wi-Fi 12.1 General Depending on your camera configuration, you can connect the camera to a wireless local area network (WLAN) using Wi-Fi, or let the camera provide Wi-Fi access to another device. You can connect the camera in two different ways: •...

  • Page 33: Handling The Camera

    Handling the camera 13.1 Charging the battery Note You must charge the battery for 4 hours before you start using the camera for the first time. 13.1.1 General You must charge the battery when a low battery voltage warning is displayed on the screen.

  • Page 34: Using The Stand-Alone Battery Charger To Charge The Battery

    Handling the camera 13.1.4 Using the stand-alone battery charger to charge the battery 13.1.4.1 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Put the battery in the stand-alone battery charger. 2. Connect the power supply cable plug to the connector on the stand-alone battery charger.

  • Page 35: Removing The Battery

    Handling the camera 4. Close the cover to the battery compartment. 13.3 Removing the battery 13.3.1 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Push the release button on the battery compartment cover to unlock it. 2. Open the cover to the battery compartment. 3.

  • Page 36: Turning On And Turning Off The Camera

    Handling the camera 13.4 Turning on and turning off the camera • To turn on the camera, push and release the On/Off button. • To turn off the camera, push and release the On/Off button. 13.5 Adjusting the angle of lens 13.5.1 Figure 13.5.2 Procedure To adjust the angle, tilt the lens up or down.

  • Page 37: Procedure

    Handling the camera 13.7.1 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Push the lens release button to unlock the lens cap. 2. Rotate the lens cap 30° counter-clockwise (looking at the front of the lens). 3. Carefully pull out the lens cap from the bayonet ring. 4.

  • Page 38: Removing An Additional Infrared Lens

    Handling the camera 5. Carefully push the lens into position. 6. Rotate the lens 30° clockwise (looking at the front of the lens). 13.8 Removing an additional infrared lens Note Do not touch the lens surface when you mount an infrared lens. If this happens, clean the lens accord- ing to the instructions in 28.2 Infrared lens, page 67.
  • Page 39 Handling the camera 2. Rotate the lens counter-clockwise 30° (looking at the front of the lens). 3. Carefully pull out the lens from the bayonet ring. 4. Correctly position the lens cap in front of the bayonet ring. 5. Carefully push the lens cap into position. #T559879;...

  • Page 40: Attaching The Sunshield

    Handling the camera 6. Rotate the lens cap 30° clockwise (looking at the front of the lens). 13.9 Attaching the sunshield 13.9.1 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Align the two front tabs of the sunshield with the corresponding two notches at the top of the screen.

  • Page 41: Using The Laser Pointer

    Handling the camera 4. Push the rear part of the sunshield toward the screen, and then release your grip. Make sure that the two tabs mate with the corresponding notches. 13.10 Using the laser pointer 13.10.1 Figure 13.10.2 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1.

  • Page 42: Calibrating The Touchscreen Lcd

    Handling the camera 6. Select Compass. If the Compass check box is unchecked, push the joystick to ena- ble the compass. 7. Select Calibrate compass and push the joystick. Follow the on-screen instructions. Note You must rotate the camera slowly. 13.12 Calibrating the touchscreen LCD 13.12.1 Figure 13.12.2 Procedure...

  • Page 43: Working With Images

    The image jpg file is fully radiometric and saved lossless, which enables full post-proc- essing in FLIR Tools. There is also a regular jpg part (lossy) for convenient viewing in non-FLIR Systems software (Explorer).

  • Page 44: Opening A Saved Image

    Working with images 3. To edit the image, push the joystick. This displays a context menu. For editing instruc- tions, see 14.4 Editing a saved image, page 32. 4. Do one of the following: • To save the image, push the Autofocus/Save button fully down. •...

  • Page 45: Adjusting An Infrared Image

    Working with images 14.5 Adjusting an infrared image 14.5.1 General An infrared image can be adjusted automatically or manually. When manual image adjust mode is active, the status icon is displayed. • In live mode, push the button to switch between automatic and manual image adjust modes.

  • Page 46: Performing A Non-Uniformity Correction (Nuc)

    Working with images 2. To change the temperature scale minimum and maximum limits simultaneously, move the joystick up/down. 3. To change the temperature scale minimum or maximum limit, do the following: • Move the joystick left/right to select (highlight) the maximum or minimum temperature.

  • Page 47: Procedure

    Working with images 14.8.2 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Push the joystick to display the menu system. 2. Use the joystick to go to (Settings). 3. Push the joystick to display the Settings menu. 4. Select Programmable button and push the joystick. 5.

  • Page 48: Deleting All Images

    14.12.1 General You can create a PDF report and save it to the memory card. You can then transfer the PDF report to a computer, iPhone, or iPad using FLIR Tools, and send the report to a customer. 14.12.2 Naming convention The naming convention for report files is REPORTxxxx.jpg, where xxxx is a unique...

  • Page 49: Working With Image Modes

    Working with image modes 15.1 General The camera captures both thermal and visual images at the same time. By your choice of image mode, you select which type of image to display on the screen. The camera supports the following image modes: •...

  • Page 50: Selecting The Image Mode

    Working with image modes Image mode Image Picture in picture Digital camera 15.3 Selecting the image mode Follow this procedure: 1. Push the joystick to display the menu system. 2. Use the joystick to go to (Image mode). 3. Push the joystick to display a submenu. 4.

  • Page 51: Working With Measurement Tools

    Working with measurement tools 16.1 General To measure a temperature, you can use one or more measurement tools, e.g., a spot- meter or a box. 16.2 Adding/removing measurement tools Follow this procedure: 1. Push the joystick to display the menu system. 2.

  • Page 52: Resizing Or Moving A Measurement Tool

    Working with measurement tools 9. Push the joystick. This displays a context menu, where you can select one or more of the following actions (depending on the type of tool): • Remove the tool. • Resize, move, center, rotate the tool. •...

  • Page 53: Recommended Values

    Working with measurement tools • Relative humidity, i.e., the relative humidity of the air between the camera and the ob- ject of interest. • Reflected temperature, which is used when compensating for the radiation from the surroundings reflected by the object into the camera. This property of the object is called reflectivity.

  • Page 54: Related Topics

    Working with measurement tools 16.5.4.2 Changing local parameters You can change the local parameters for a measurement tool. Follow this procedure: 1. To select the measurement tool, touch the tool on the screen. The tool is now dis- played with one or more handles. 2.

  • Page 55: Setting A Measurement Alarm

    Working with measurement tools 16.7 Setting a measurement alarm 16.7.1 General You can make the camera trigger an alarm when certain measurement conditions are met. 16.7.2 Types of alarm You can choose between the following alarm types: • Above: Triggers an alarm when the temperature is above the preset alarm temperature.

  • Page 56: Creating And Setting Up A Difference Calculation

    Working with measurement tools 4. Push the joystick. This displays a submenu. 5. Select (Set alarm). 6. Push the joystick. This displays a dialog box where you can define the settings for the alarm. • Alarm condition: The condition that triggers the alarm. Applicable values are above, below, or off.

  • Page 57: Fetching Data From External Flir Meters

    The following procedure can form the basis for other procedures using FLIR meters and infrared cameras. Note Before you can use a FLIR meter with the camera, you need to pair the devices. For more information, see 11 Pairing Bluetooth devices, page 19. 17.4.2 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1.

  • Page 58: Working With Color Alarms And Isotherms

    Working with color alarms and isotherms 18.1 Color alarms 18.1.1 General By using color alarms (isotherms), anomalies can easily be discovered in an infrared im- age. The isotherm command applies a contrasting color to all pixels with a temperature above, below, or between the set temperature levels. The camera also features isotherm types that are specific to the building trade: condensation and insulation alarms.

  • Page 59: Setting Up Above, Below, And Interval Alarms

    Working with color alarms and isotherms Image Color alarm Above alarm Below alarm Interval alarm 18.2 Setting up above, below, and interval alarms Follow this procedure: 1. Push the joystick to display the menu system. 2. Use the joystick to go to (Color).

  • Page 60: Building Isotherms

    Working with color alarms and isotherms 18.3 Building isotherms 18.3.1 About the Condensation alarm To detect areas with potential moisture problems, you can use the Condensation alarm. You can set the relative humidity above which the isotherm will colorize the image. 18.3.2 About the Insulation alarm The Insulation alarm can detect areas where there may be an insulation deficiency in the building.

  • Page 61: Annotating Images

    Annotating images 19.1 General You can save additional information together with an infrared image by using annotations. Annotations make reporting and post-processing more efficient, by providing essential information about the image, e.g., conditions and information about where an image is taken.

  • Page 62: Procedure

    A voice annotation is an audio recording that is saved to the infrared image file. The voice annotation is recorded using a Bluetooth headset. The recording can be played back in the camera, and in image analysis and reporting software from FLIR Systems.

  • Page 63: Procedure

    Annotating images 19.5.2 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Open the image in the image archive. 2. Push the joystick. This displays a context menu. 3. Select (Add sketch) and push the joystick. 4. You are now in sketch mode. Draw the sketch by touching the screen. 5.

  • Page 64: Programming The Camera (Time Lapse)

    Programming the camera (time lapse) 20.1 General You can program the camera to save images periodically (time lapse). 20.2 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Push the joystick to display the menu system. 2. Use the joystick to go to (Recording mode). 3.

  • Page 65: Recording Video Clips

    Mpeg (*.mpg): Mpeg recordings cannot be edited after the file has been saved. • Radiometric storage (*csq): A csq file supports full radiometry but is only supported by FLIR Sys- tems software. The file does not include any visual-image information.

  • Page 66: Screening Alarm

    Screening alarm 22.1 General The screening alarm can be used, for example, at airports to detect passengers with ele- vated body temperatures, which may indicate the presence of a fever. Activating the screening alarm will turn on a measurement box and screening data in the result table.

  • Page 67: Changing Settings

    Changing settings 23.1 General The Settings menu includes the following: • Define user presets • Save options • Programmable button • Reset options • Device settings 23.1.1 Define user presets • Define preset 1 • Define preset 2 23.1.2 Save options •...

  • Page 68: Procedure

    Changing settings • Camera information: Information about the model, serial number, part number, and software versions. No changes can be made. 23.2 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Push the joystick to display the menu system. 2. Use the joystick to go to (Settings).

  • Page 69: Technical Data

    For technical data on this product, refer to the product catalog and/or technical data- sheets on the User Documentation CD-ROM that comes with the product. The product catalog and the datasheets are also available at http://support.flir.com. #T559879; r. AG/12171/13006; en-US...

  • Page 70: Pin Configurations

    Pin configurations 25.1 Pin configuration for USB Mini-B connector 1. +5 V (out) 2. USB – 3. USB + 4. N/C 5. Ground 25.2 Pin configuration for video connector 1. Audio right 2. Ground 3. Video out 4. Audio left #T559879;...

  • Page 71: Pin Configuration For Usb-A Connector

    Pin configurations 25.3 Pin configuration for USB-A connector 1. +5 V (in) 2. USB – 3. USB + 4. Ground 25.4 Pin configuration for power connector 1. +12 V 2. GND 3. GND #T559879; r. AG/12171/13006; en-US...

  • Page 72: Declaration Of Conformity

    Declaration of conformity #T559879; r. AG/12171/13006; en-US...

  • Page 73: Mechanical Drawings

    Mechanical drawings 27.1 Camera 27.1.1 Camera dimensions 27.1.1.1 Figure 27.1.2 Camera dimensions, continued 27.1.2.1 Figure #T559879; r. AG/12171/13006; en-US...

  • Page 74: Camera Dimensions, Continued

    Mechanical drawings 27.1.3 Camera dimensions, continued 27.1.3.1 Figure 27.1.4 Camera dimensions, continued (with 30 mm/15° lens) 27.1.4.1 Figure 27.1.5 Camera dimensions, continued (with 10 mm/45° lens) 27.1.5.1 Figure #T559879; r. AG/12171/13006; en-US...

  • Page 75: Battery

    Mechanical drawings 27.2 Battery 27.2.1 Figure Note Use a clean, dry cloth to remove any water or moisture on the battery before you install it. #T559879; r. AG/12171/13006; en-US...

  • Page 76: Stand-Alone Battery Charger

    Mechanical drawings 27.3 Stand-alone battery charger 27.3.1 Figure Note Use a clean, dry cloth to remove any water or moisture on the battery before you install it. #T559879; r. AG/12171/13006; en-US...

  • Page 77: Stand-Alone Battery Charger With The Battery

    Mechanical drawings 27.4 Stand-alone battery charger with the battery 27.4.1 Figure Note Use a clean, dry cloth to remove any water or moisture on the battery before you install it. 27.5 Infrared lens (30 mm/15°) 27.5.1 Figure #T559879; r. AG/12171/13006; en-US...

  • Page 78: Infrared Lens (10 Mm/45°)

    Mechanical drawings 27.6 Infrared lens (10 mm/45°) 27.6.1 Figure #T559879; r. AG/12171/13006; en-US...

  • Page 79: Cleaning The Camera

    Cleaning the camera 28.1 Camera housing, cables, and other items 28.1.1 Liquids Use one of these liquids: • Warm water • A weak detergent solution 28.1.2 Equipment A soft cloth 28.1.3 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Soak the cloth in the liquid. 2.

  • Page 80: Application Examples

    Application examples 29.1 Moisture & water damage 29.1.1 General It is often possible to detect moisture and water damage in a house by using an infrared camera. This is partly because the damaged area has a different heat conduction prop- erty and partly because it has a different thermal capacity to store heat than the sur- rounding material.

  • Page 81: Oxidized Socket

    Application examples 29.3 Oxidized socket 29.3.1 General Depending on the type of socket and the environment in which the socket is installed, ox- ides may occur on the socket's contact surfaces. These oxides can lead to locally in- creased resistance when the socket is loaded, which can be seen in an infrared image as local temperature increase.

  • Page 82: Insulation Deficiencies

    Application examples 29.4 Insulation deficiencies 29.4.1 General Insulation deficiencies may result from insulation losing volume over the course of time and thereby not entirely filling the cavity in a frame wall. An infrared camera allows you to see these insulation deficiencies because they either have a different heat conduction property than sections with correctly installed insulation, and/or show the area where air is penetrating the frame of the building.

  • Page 83: Draft

    Application examples 29.5 Draft 29.5.1 General Draft can be found under baseboards, around door and window casings, and above ceil- ing trim. This type of draft is often possible to see with an infrared camera, as a cooler airstream cools down the surrounding surface. Note When you are investigating draft in a house, there should be sub-atmospheric pressure in the house.

  • Page 84: About Flir Systems

    —together with a worldwide network of agents and distributors—support our internation- al customer base. FLIR Systems is at the forefront of innovation in the infrared camera industry. We antici- pate market demand by constantly improving our existing cameras and developing new ones.

  • Page 85: More Than Just An Infrared Camera

    10 L (2.6 US gallon) jar with liquid nitrogen. To the left of the oscilloscope the Polaroid attachment (6 kg/13 lb.) can be seen. RIGHT: FLIR One, which was launched in January 2014, is a slide- on attachment that gives iPhones thermal imaging capabilities.

  • Page 86: A Few Images From Our Facilities

    About FLIR Systems 30.4 A few images from our facilities Figure 30.3 LEFT: Development of system electronics; RIGHT: Testing of an FPA detector Figure 30.4 LEFT: Diamond turning machine; RIGHT: Lens polishing #T559879; r. AG/12171/13006; en-US...

  • Page 87: Glossary

    Glossary absorption The amount of radiation absorbed by an object relative to the re- (absorption ceived radiation. A number between 0 and 1. factor) atmosphere The gases between the object being measured and the camera, nor- mally air. autoadjust A function making a camera perform an internal image correction. autopalette The IR image is shown with an uneven spread of colors, displaying cold objects as well as hot ones at the same time.
  • Page 88 Glossary image correc- A way of compensating for sensitivity differences in various parts of tion (internal or live images and also of stabilizing the camera. external) infrared Non-visible radiation, having a wavelength from about 2–13 μm. infrared isotherm A function highlighting those parts of an image that fall above, below or between one or more temperature intervals.
  • Page 89 Glossary span The interval of the temperature scale, usually expressed as a signal value. spectral (radi- Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time, area and ant) emittance wavelength (W/m /μm) temperature A value which is the result of a subtraction between two temperature difference, or values.

  • Page 90: Thermographic Measurement Techniques

    Thermographic measurement techniques 32.1 Introduction An infrared camera measures and images the emitted infrared radiation from an object. The fact that radiation is a function of object surface temperature makes it possible for the camera to calculate and display this temperature. However, the radiation measured by the camera does not only depend on the tempera- ture of the object but is also a function of the emissivity.
  • Page 91 Thermographic measurement techniques 32.2.1.1.1 Method 1: Direct method Follow this procedure: 1. Look for possible reflection sources, considering that the incident angle = reflection angle (a = b). Figure 32.1 1 = Reflection source 2. If the reflection source is a spot source, modify the source by obstructing it using a piece if cardboard.
  • Page 92 Thermographic measurement techniques 3. Measure the radiation intensity (= apparent temperature) from the reflecting source using the following settings: • Emissivity: 1.0 • D You can measure the radiation intensity using one of the following two methods: Figure 32.3 1 = Reflection source Note Using a thermocouple to measure reflected apparent temperature is not recommended for two impor- tant reasons:...

  • Page 93: Reflected Apparent Temperature

    50%. 32.6 Other parameters In addition, some cameras and analysis programs from FLIR Systems allow you to com- pensate for the following parameters: • Atmospheric temperature – i.e. the temperature of the atmosphere between the cam- era and the target •...
  • Page 94 Thermographic measurement techniques • External optics transmittance – i.e. the transmission of any external lenses or windows used in front of the camera #T559879; r. AG/12171/13006; en-US...

  • Page 95: History Of Infrared Technology

    History of infrared technology Before the year 1800, the existence of the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spec- trum wasn't even suspected. The original significance of the infrared spectrum, or simply ‘the infrared’ as it is often called, as a form of heat radiation is perhaps less obvious to- day than it was at the time of its discovery by Herschel in 1800.
  • Page 96 History of infrared technology When Herschel revealed his discovery, he referred to this new portion of the electromag- netic spectrum as the ‘thermometrical spectrum’. The radiation itself he sometimes re- ferred to as ‘dark heat’, or simply ‘the invisible rays’. Ironically, and contrary to popular opinion, it wasn't Herschel who originated the term ‘infrared’.
  • Page 97 History of infrared technology Figure 33.4 Samuel P. Langley (1834–1906) The improvement of infrared-detector sensitivity progressed slowly. Another major break- through, made by Langley in 1880, was the invention of the bolometer. This consisted of a thin blackened strip of platinum connected in one arm of a Wheatstone bridge circuit upon which the infrared radiation was focused and to which a sensitive galvanometer re- sponded.

  • Page 98: Theory Of Thermography

    Theory of thermography 34.1 Introduction The subjects of infrared radiation and the related technique of thermography are still new to many who will use an infrared camera. In this section the theory behind thermography will be given. 34.2 The electromagnetic spectrum The electromagnetic spectrum is divided arbitrarily into a number of wavelength regions, called bands, distinguished by the methods used to produce and detect the radiation.

  • Page 99: Planck's Law

    Such cavity radiators are commonly used as sources of radiation in tempera- ture reference standards in the laboratory for calibrating thermographic instruments, such as a FLIR Systems camera for example. If the temperature of blackbody radiation increases to more than 525°C (977°F), the source begins to be visible so that it appears to the eye no longer black.

  • Page 100: Wien's Displacement Law

    Theory of thermography Blackbody spectral radiant emittance at wavelength λ. λb Velocity of light = 3 × 10 Planck’s constant = 6.6 × 10 Joule sec. Boltzmann’s constant = 1.4 × 10 Joule/K. Absolute temperature (K) of a blackbody. λ Wavelength (μm).

  • Page 101: Stefan-Boltzmann's Law

    Theory of thermography Figure 34.5 Wilhelm Wien (1864–1928) The sun (approx. 6 000 K) emits yellow light, peaking at about 0.5 μm in the middle of the visible light spectrum. At room temperature (300 K) the peak of radiant emittance lies at 9.7 μm, in the far infra- red, while at the temperature of liquid nitrogen (77 K) the maximum of the almost insignif- icant amount of radiant emittance occurs at 38 μm, in the extreme infrared wavelengths.

  • Page 102: Non-Blackbody Emitters

    Theory of thermography Figure 34.7 Josef Stefan (1835–1893), and Ludwig Boltzmann (1844–1906) Using the Stefan-Boltzmann formula to calculate the power radiated by the human body, at a temperature of 300 K and an external surface area of approx. 2 m , we obtain 1 kW.
  • Page 103 Theory of thermography • A selective radiator, for which ε varies with wavelength According to Kirchhoff’s law, for any material the spectral emissivity and spectral absorp- tance of a body are equal at any specified temperature and wavelength. That is: From this we obtain, for an opaque material (since α...

  • Page 104: Infrared Semi-Transparent Materials

    Theory of thermography Figure 34.9 Spectral emissivity of three types of radiators. 1: Spectral emissivity; 2: Wavelength; 3: Black- body; 4: Graybody; 5: Selective radiator. 34.4 Infrared semi-transparent materials Consider now a non-metallic, semi-transparent body – let us say, in the form of a thick flat plate of plastic material.

  • Page 105: The Measurement Formula

    The measurement formula As already mentioned, when viewing an object, the camera receives radiation not only from the object itself. It also collects radiation from the surroundings reflected via the ob- ject surface. Both these radiation contributions become attenuated to some extent by the atmosphere in the measurement path.
  • Page 106 U according to the same equation, and get (Equation 3): Solve Equation 3 for U (Equation 4): This is the general measurement formula used in all the FLIR Systems thermographic equipment. The voltages of the formula are: Table 35.1 Voltages Calculated camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature i.e.
  • Page 107 5 volts, the resulting curve would have been very much the same as our real curve extrapolated beyond 4.1 volts, provided the calibration algo- rithm is based on radiation physics, like the FLIR Systems algorithm. Of course there must be a limit to such extrapolations.
  • Page 108 The measurement formula Figure 35.3 Relative magnitudes of radiation sources under varying measurement conditions (LW cam- era). 1: Object temperature; 2: Emittance; Obj: Object radiation; Refl: Reflected radiation; Atm: atmos- phere radiation. Fixed parameters: τ = 0.88; T = 20°C (+68°F); T = 20°C (+68°F).

  • Page 109: Emissivity Tables

    Emissivity tables This section presents a compilation of emissivity data from the infrared literature and measurements made by FLIR Systems. 36.1 References 1. Mikaél A. Bramson: Infrared Radiation, A Handbook for Applications, Plenum press, N.Y. 2. William L. Wolfe, George J. Zissis: The Infrared Handbook, Office of Naval Research, Department of Navy, Washington, D.C.
  • Page 110 Emissivity tables Table 36.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) Aluminum as received, plate 0.09 Aluminum as received, 0.09 sheet Aluminum cast, blast 0.47 cleaned...
  • Page 111 Emissivity tables Table 36.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) Brass polished, highly 0.03 Brass rubbed with 80- 0.20 grit emery Brass sheet, rolled 0.06...
  • Page 112 Emissivity tables Table 36.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) Chromium polished 0.10 Chromium polished 500–1000 0.28–0.38 0.91 Clay fired Cloth black 0.98 Concrete...
  • Page 113 Emissivity tables Table 36.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) Granite rough 0.879 0.95–0.97 Granite rough, 4 different samples Granite rough, 4 different 0.77–0.87 samples 0.8–0.9...
  • Page 114 Emissivity tables Table 36.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) Iron galvanized heavily oxidized 0.64 Iron galvanized heavily oxidized 0.85 Iron galvanized sheet 0.07 Iron galvanized...
  • Page 115 Emissivity tables Table 36.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) Leather tanned 0.75–0.80 Lime 0.3–0.4 Magnesium 0.07 Magnesium 0.13 Magnesium 0.18 Magnesium polished 0.07...
  • Page 116 Emissivity tables Table 36.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) Oil, lubricating 0.050 mm film 0.46 0.72 Oil, lubricating 0.125 mm film 0.05 Oil, lubricating film on Ni base:...
  • Page 117 Emissivity tables Table 36.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) Plaster rough coat 0.91 Plastic glass fibre lami- 0.94 nate (printed circ. board) Plastic glass fibre lami-...
  • Page 118 Emissivity tables Table 36.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) Stainless steel alloy, 8% Ni, 18% 0.35 Stainless steel rolled 0.45 Stainless steel sandblasted 0.70...
  • Page 119 Emissivity tables Table 36.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) Water layer >0.1 mm 0–100 0.95–0.98 thick Water snow Water snow –10 0.85 0.98...
  • Page 120 A note on the technical production of this publication This publication was produced using XML — the eXtensible Markup Language. For more information about XML, please visit http://www.w3.org/XML/ A note on the typeface used in this publication This publication was typeset using Linotype Helvetica™ World. Helvetica™ was designed by Max Miedinger (1910–1980) LOEF (List Of Effective Files) T501000.xml;...
  • Page 122 Disclaimer Specifications subject to change without further notice. Models and accessories subject to regional market considerations. License procedures may apply. Products described herein may be subject to US Export Regulations. Please refer to exportquestions@flir.com with any questions. Publ. No.: T559879...

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