Perkins 402J-05 Operation And Maintenance Manual page 63

M0087369-08
(Table 36, contd)
"CEN TS15940"
B20 Biodiesel Blend
(1) All the fuels must comply with the specification in the table for the Perkins Specification Distillate Diesel Fuel.
Diesel Fuel Characteristics
Cetane Number
Cetane number is a measure of the ignition quality of
diesel fuel. Fuel that has a higher cetane number will
give a shorter ignition delay and will produce a better
ignition quality. Cetane numbers are derived for fuels
against proportions of cetane and
heptamethylnonane in the standard CFR engine.
Refer to "ISO 5165" for the test method.
In Europe for non-road Stage V emissions
regulations require minimum cetane number of 45. In
the North America, minimum cetane number
requirement is 40.
Cetane number affect engine cold start ability,
exhaust emissions, combustion noise, and altitude
performance. Fuel with a higher cetane number is
desirable and recommended. This is particularly
important for operations in cold weather and at high
altitude.
Viscosity
Viscosity is the property of a liquid of offering
resistance to shear or flow. Viscosity decreases with
increasing temperature. This decrease in viscosity
follows a logarithmic relationship for normal fossil
fuel. The common reference is to kinematic viscosity.
Kinematic viscosity is the quotient of the dynamic
viscosity that is divided by the density. The
determination of kinematic viscosity is normally by
readings from gravity flow viscometers at standard
temperatures. Refer to "ISO 3104" for the test
method.
The viscosity of the fuel is significant because fuel
serves as a lubricant for the fuel system components.
Fuel must have sufficient viscosity to lubricate the
fuel system in both extremely cold temperatures and
extremely hot temperatures. If the kinematic viscosity
of the fuel is lower than "1.4 cSt" at the fuel injection
pump, damage to the fuel injection pump can occur.
This damage can be excessive scuffing and seizure.
Low viscosity may lead to difficult hot restarting,
stalling, and loss of performance. High viscosity may
result in seizure of the pump.
Copyright of Perkins Engine Company Limited. NOT FOR REPRINTING OR RESALE
"Paraffinic diesel fuel from synthesis or hydrotreatment", "Biomass-to-
liquid" (BTL), "Gas-to-liquid" (GTL), called Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil
(HVO). Refer to the Renewable and Alternative Fuels section of this
"Operation and Maintenance Manual" Fluid Recommendations for
more information.
Refer to the Recommendation for Biodiesel and Using B20 section of
this "Operation and Maintenance Manual" Fluid Recommendations for
more information.
Perkins recommends kinematic viscosities of
between 1.4 and 4.5 mm
to the fuel injection pump. If a fuel with a low viscosity
is used, cooling of the fuel may be required to
2
maintain 1.4 mm /sec (cSt) or greater viscosity at the
fuel injection pump. Fuels with a high viscosity might
require fuel heaters to lower the viscosity to 4.5 cSt at
the fuel injection pump.
Density
Density is the mass of the fuel per unit volume at a
specific temperature. This parameter has a direct
influence on engine performance and a direct
influence on emissions. This influence determines
from a heat output given injected volume of fuel. This
parameter is quoted in kg/m
Perkins recommends a density of 841 kg/m
obtain the correct power output. Lighter fuels are
acceptable but these fuels will not produce the rated
power.
Sulfur
The level of sulfur is governed by emissions
legislations. Regional regulations, national
regulations, or international regulations can require a
fuel with a specific sulfur limit. The sulfur content of
the fuel and the fuel quality must comply with all
existing local regulations for emissions.
Perkins 403J, and 404J series diesel engines have
been designed to operate only with Ultra Low Sulfur
Diesel (ULSD) fuel. By using the test methods
"ASTM D5453, or ISO 20846", the content of sulfur in
ULSD fuel must be below 15 PPM (mg/kg) or
0.0015% mass.
In the USA, EPA regulations require the use ULSD
fuel with less than 0.0015 percent (15 PPM) (mg/kg))
sulfur content.
In Europe, sulfur free diesel fuels with sulphur
content less than 0.0010 percent (10 PPM) (mg/kg))
is required by regulation for use in engines certified to
EU nonroad Stage V emissions.
Maintenance Section
General Fuel Information
2
/sec (cSt) that is delivered
3 at 15 °C (59 °F).
3
to
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