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M0109073
(Table 14, contd)
"ASTM D975 GRADE 1D S15"
"ASTM D975 GRADE 2D S15"
"JIS K2204"
"BS 2869: 2010 CLASS A2 or EU equivalent"
(1)
All the fuels must comply with the specification in the table for the Perkins Specification Distillate Diesel Fuel.
Diesel Fuel Characteristics
Cetane Number
Fuel that has a high cetane number will give a shorter
ignition delay. A high cetane number will produce a
better ignition quality. Cetane numbers are derived
for fuels against proportions of cetane and
heptamethylnonane in the standard CFR engine.
Refer to "ISO 5165" for the test method.
In Europe for non-road Stage V emissions
regulations require minimum cetane number of 45. In
the North America, minimum cetane number
requirement is 40.
Cetane number affect engine cold start ability,
exhaust emissions, combustion noise, and altitude
performance. Fuel with a higher cetane number is
desirable and recommended. This is particularly
important for operations in cold weather and at high
altitude.
Viscosity
Viscosity is the property of a liquid of offering
resistance to shear or flow. Viscosity decreases with
increasing temperature. This decrease in viscosity
follows a logarithmic relationship for normal fossil
fuel. The common reference is to kinematic viscosity.
Kinematic viscosity is the quotient of the dynamic
viscosity that is divided by the density. The
determination of kinematic viscosity is normally by
readings from gravity flow viscometers at standard
temperatures. Refer to "ISO 3104" for the test
method.
The viscosity of the fuel is significant because fuel
serves as a lubricant for the fuel system components.
Fuel must have sufficient viscosity to lubricate the
fuel system in both extremely cold temperatures and
extremely hot temperatures. If the kinematic viscosity
of the fuel is lower than "1.4 cSt" at the fuel injection
pump, damage to the fuel injection pump can occur.
This damage can be excessive scuffing and seizure.
Low viscosity may lead to difficult hot restarting,
stalling, and loss of performance. High viscosity may
result in seizure of the pump.
"North American Light Distillate Diesel fuel with less than 15 PPM sul-
fur level"
"North American Middle Distillate general-purpose Diesel fuel with less
than 15 PPM sulfur level"
"Japanese Diesel Fuel" Must meet the requirements that are stated in
the section "Lubricity".
"EU Off-Road Diesel fuel. Acceptable from 2011 MUST have less than
10 PPM sulfur level"
Perkins recommends kinematic viscosities of 1.4 and
4.5 mm2/sec that is delivered to the fuel injection
pump. If a fuel with a low viscosity is used, cooling of
the fuel may be required to maintain 1.4 cSt or
greater viscosity at the fuel injection pump. Fuels with
a high viscosity might require fuel heaters to lower
the viscosity to 4.5 cSt at the fuel injection pump.
Density
Density is the mass of the fuel per unit volume at a
specific temperature. This parameter has a direct
influence on engine performance and a direct
influence on emissions. This influence determines
from a heat output given injected volume of fuel. This
parameter is quoted in the following kg/m
(59 °F).
Perkins recommends a density of 841 kg/m
obtain the correct power output. Lighter fuels are
acceptable but these fuels will not produce the rated
power.
Sulfur
The level of sulfur is governed by emissions
legislations. Regional regulation, national
regulations, or international regulations can require a
fuel with a specific sulfur limit. The sulfur content of
the fuel and the fuel quality must comply with all
existing local regulations for emissions.
Perkins 2806J Series diesel engines have been
designed to operate only with ULSD. By using the
test methods "ASTM D5453, or ISO 20846", the
content of sulfur in ULSD fuel must be below 15 PPM
(mg/kg) or 0.0015% mass.
In the USA, EPA regulations require the use of ULSD
fuel with less than 0.0015 percent (15 PPM) (mg/kg))
sulfur content.
In Europe, sulfur free diesel fuels with sulphur
content less than 0.0010 percent (10 PPM) (mg/kg))
is required by regulation for use in engines certified to
EU nonroad Stage V emissions.
61
Maintenance Section
General Fuel Information
3
at 15 °C
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