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IV
Output Relays ........................................................................................................................................4 - 127
Auxiliary Relay selected for breaker Trip.................................................................................. 4 - 130
Aux Relay selected for breaker Close......................................................................................... 4 - 132
Auxiliary Output Relays .................................................................................................................... 4 - 134
Critical Failure Relay #8 .................................................................................................................... 4 - 135
Virtual Outputs ......................................................................................................................................4 - 136
Analog Outputs .....................................................................................................................................4 - 136
Protection ....................................................................................................................................... 4 - 138
Percent Differential .............................................................................................................................4 - 140
Transformer Overload .......................................................................................................................4 - 151
Current Elements .................................................................................................................................4 - 153
Inverse Time Overcurrent Curves................................................................................................. 4 - 153
Percent of Load-To-Trip.................................................................................................................... 4 - 160
Phase Time Overcurrent Protection (51P)................................................................................. 4 - 161
Phase Instantaneous Overcurrent Protection (50P) ............................................................ 4 - 164
Phase Directional Overcurrent Protection (67P).................................................................... 4 - 166
Neutral Time Overcurrent Protection (51N) ............................................................................. 4 - 169
Neutral Instantaneous Overcurrent Protection (50N)......................................................... 4 - 172
Neutral Directional Overcurrent Protection (67N) ................................................................ 4 - 175
Ground Time Overcurrent Protection (51G) ............................................................................. 4 - 180
Ground Instantaneous Overcurrent Protection (50G)......................................................... 4 - 182
Ground Directional Overcurrent Protection (67G) ................................................................ 4 - 184
Restricted Ground (Earth) Fault (87G) ......................................................................................... 4 - 188
Negative Sequence Time Overcurrent Protection (51_2).................................................. 4 - 193
Negative Sequence Instantaneous Overcurrent Protection (50_2).............................. 4 - 195
Voltage Elements .................................................................................................................................4 - 198
Undervoltage Curves ......................................................................................................................... 4 - 199
Phase Undervoltage Protection (27P)......................................................................................... 4 - 200
Auxiliary Undervoltage (27X) .......................................................................................................... 4 - 203
Phase Overvoltage Protection (59P)............................................................................................ 4 - 206
Auxiliary Overvoltage Protection (59X) ...................................................................................... 4 - 209
Neutral Overvoltage Protection (59N) ........................................................................................ 4 - 212
Negative Sequence Overvoltage Protection (59_2) ............................................................. 4 - 215
Volts per Hertz (24) .............................................................................................................................. 4 - 217
Power Elements ....................................................................................................................................4 - 223
Directional Power (32)........................................................................................................................ 4 - 223
Frequency Elements...........................................................................................................................4 - 229
Underfrequency (81U) ....................................................................................................................... 4 - 229
Overfrequency (81O) .......................................................................................................................... 4 - 232
Frequency Rate of Change (81R).................................................................................................. 4 - 235
Monitoring...................................................................................................................................... 4 - 239
Transformer............................................................................................................................................4 - 239
Harmonic Derating.............................................................................................................................. 4 - 239
Thermal Elements................................................................................................................................ 4 - 242
Tap Changer Failure ........................................................................................................................... 4 - 250
Trip and Close Circuit Monitoring .................................................................................................4 - 252
Breaker Arcing Current......................................................................................................................4 - 259
Breaker Health ......................................................................................................................................4 - 262
Functions .................................................................................................................................................4 - 266
Power Factor (55) ................................................................................................................................. 4 - 266
Demand.................................................................................................................................................... 4 - 272
Pulsed Outputs...................................................................................................................................... 4 - 281
Digital Counters .................................................................................................................................... 4 - 284
Harmonic Detection ...........................................................................................................................4 - 287
RTD Temperature.................................................................................................................................4 - 290
RTD Trouble.............................................................................................................................................4 - 295
Loss of Communications..................................................................................................................4 - 296
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