FLIR Exx Series User Manual
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FLIR Exx Series User Manual

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  • Page 1 User’s manual Flir Exx series...
  • Page 3 User’s manual Flir Exx series #T559597; r.7857/7857; en-US...

  • Page 5: Table Of Contents

    Table of contents Legal disclaimer ................1 Legal disclaimer ............... 1 Usage statistics ................ 1 Changes to registry ..............1 U.S. Government Regulations............2 Copyright ................2 Quality assurance ..............2 Patents ................... 2 EULA Terms ................2 Warnings & Cautions .................4 Notice to user ...................7 User-to-user forums ..............
  • Page 6 Table of contents Status icons and indicators ............20 Navigating the menu system ............. 22 Figure .................. 22 Explanation ................22 Connecting external devices and storage media ......... 23 10.1 Figure .................. 23 10.2 Explanation ................23 10.3 Figure .................. 24 10.4 Explanation ................
  • Page 7 Table of contents 14.4.5 Changing the temperature scale span....... 35 14.5 Changing the palette ............... 35 14.5.1 General..............35 14.5.2 Procedure ..............36 14.6 Deleting an image ..............36 14.6.1 General..............36 14.6.2 Procedure ..............36 14.7 Deleting all images..............36 14.7.1 General..............
  • Page 8 Table of contents 18.1.5 Setting up an Insulation alarm ......... 48 Annotating images ................49 19.1 General ................49 19.2 Taking a digital photo ............... 49 19.2.1 General..............49 19.2.2 Procedure ..............49 19.3 Creating a voice annotation............49 19.3.1 General..............49 19.3.2 Procedure ..............
  • Page 9 25.4.1 General..............69 25.4.2 Figure ................ 69 25.5 Draft ..................70 25.5.1 General..............70 25.5.2 Figure ................ 70 About Flir Systems ................71 26.1 More than just an infrared camera ..........72 26.2 Sharing our knowledge ............72 26.3 Supporting our customers............72 26.4...
  • Page 10 Table of contents 32.2 Tables .................. 96 #T559597; r.7857/7857; en-US...

  • Page 11: Legal Disclaimer

    Products which are not manufactured by Flir Systems but included in systems delivered by Flir Systems to the original purchaser, carry the warranty, if any, of the particular sup- plier only. Flir Systems has no responsibility whatsoever for such products.

  • Page 12: Government Regulations

    1.5 Copyright © 2013, Flir Systems, Inc. All rights reserved worldwide. No parts of the software includ- ing source code may be reproduced, transmitted, transcribed or translated into any lan- guage or computer language in any form or by any means, electronic, magnetic, optical, manual or otherwise, without the prior written permission of Flir Systems.
  • Page 13 • NOT FAULT TOLERANT. THE SOFTWARE IS NOT FAULT TOLERANT. Flir Sys- tems AB HAS INDEPENDENTLY DETERMINED HOW TO USE THE SOFTWARE IN THE DEVICE, AND MS HAS RELIED UPON Flir Systems AB TO CONDUCT SUFFICIENT TESTING TO DETERMINE THAT THE SOFTWARE IS SUITABLE FOR SUCH USE.

  • Page 14: Warnings & Cautions

    • (Applies only to cameras featuring Wi-Fi.) Radiofrequency radiation exposure In- formation: For body worn operation, this camera has been tested and meets the FCC RF exposure guidelines when used with the Flir Systems accessories supplied or designated for this product. Use of other accessories may not ensure compliance with FCC RF exposure guidelines.
  • Page 15 • Do not attach the batteries directly to a car’s cigarette lighter socket, unless a spe- cific adapter for connecting the batteries to a cigarette lighter socket is provided by Flir Systems. • Do not connect the positive terminal and the negative terminal of the battery to each other with a metal object (such as wire).
  • Page 16 • (Applies only to Flir A3xx f/A3xx pt series cameras.) • Except as described in this manual, do not open the Flir A3xx pt/A3xx f series cam- era for any reason. Disassembly of the camera (including removal of the cover) can cause permanent damage and will void the warranty.

  • Page 17: Notice To User

    3.7 Important note about this manual Flir Systems issues generic manuals that cover several cameras within a model line. This means that this manual may contain descriptions and explanations that do not apply to your particular camera model.

  • Page 18: Customer Help

    • The communication protocol, or method, between the camera and your device (for ex- ample, HDMI, Ethernet, USB, or FireWire) • Device type (PC/Mac/iPhone/iPad/Android device, etc.) • Version of any programs from Flir Systems • Full name, publication number, and revision number of the manual 4.3 Downloads On the customer help site you can also download the following: •...

  • Page 19: Parts Lists

    * The inclusion of this item is dependent on model. Note Flir Systems reserves the right to discontinue models, parts or accessories, and other items, or to change specifications at any time without prior notice. 5.2 List of accessories and services...
  • Page 20 ITC Software course - attendance 1 pers. (per day) ITC-SOW-0009 ITC Software course - group up to 10 pers. (per day) ITC-SOW-1001 ITC Training Flir Software - attendance 1 pers. (1 day) ITC-SOW-2001 ITC Training Flir Software - attendance 1 pers. (2 days) ITC-TFT-0100...
  • Page 21 MO297: Moisture meter, pinless with memory T911087 Pouch for Flir Exx series T911093 Tool belt Note Flir Systems reserves the right to discontinue models, parts or accessories, and other items, or to change specifications at any time without prior notice. #T559597; r.7857/7857; en-US...

  • Page 22: Quick Start Guide

    9. Move the image from the card or camera, using a drag-and-drop operation. Note You can also move the images to the computer using Flir Tools, which comes with your camera. In Flir Tools you can analyze the images and create PDF reports.

  • Page 23: Camera Parts

    Camera parts 7.1 View from the right 7.1.1 Figure 7.1.2 Explanation 1. Cover for the right-hand connectors compartment: • USB-A. • USB mini-B. • Power. 2. Preview/Save button. 3. Tripod mount. Requires an adapter (extra accessory). 4. Focus ring. 5. Infrared lens. #T559597;...

  • Page 24: View From The Left

    Camera parts 7.2 View from the left 7.2.1 Figure 7.2.2 Explanation 1. Laser pointer. 2. Lamp for the digital camera. 3. Digital camera. 4. Cover for connectors and storage media: • Memory card. • Video out. #T559597; r.7857/7857; en-US...

  • Page 25: Lcd And Keypad

    Camera parts 7.3 LCD and keypad 7.3.1 Figure 7.3.2 Explanation 1. Touch-screen LCD. 2. Navigation pad. 3. • Button to confirm choice. • Button to switch between automatic and manual adjustment modes. 4. Image archive button. 5. Button to operate the laser pointer. 6.

  • Page 26: View From The Bottom

    Camera parts 7.4 View from the bottom 7.4.1 Figure 7.4.2 Explanation 1. Latch to open the cover for the battery compartment. Push to open. #T559597; r.7857/7857; en-US...

  • Page 27: Battery Condition Led Indicator

    Camera parts 7.5 Battery condition LED indicator 7.5.1 Figure 7.5.2 Explanation Type of signal Explanation The green LED flashes two times per second. The battery is being charged. The green LED glows continuously. The battery is fully charged. #T559597; r.7857/7857; en-US...

  • Page 28: Power Led Indicator

    Camera parts 7.6 Power LED indicator 7.6.1 Figure 7.6.2 Explanation Type of signal Explanation The LED is off. The camera is off. The LED is blue. The camera is on. #T559597; r.7857/7857; en-US...

  • Page 29: Laser Pointer

    Camera parts 7.7 Laser pointer 7.7.1 Figure Figure 7.1 This figure shows the difference in position between the laser pointer and the optical center of the infrared lens. WARNING Do not look directly into the laser beam. The laser beam can cause eye irritation. CAUTION Protect the laser pointer with the protective cap when you are not using the laser pointer.

  • Page 30: Screen Elements

    Screen elements 8.1 Main screen area 8.1.1 Figure 8.1.2 Explanation 1. Measurement result table. 2. Measurement tools (e.g., spotmeter). 3. Status and mode icons. 4. Temperature scale. 5. Back button. 6. Mode button (camera, video, settings) 7. Camera button (infrared camera, digital camera, thermal fusion, picture-in-picture). 8.
  • Page 31 Screen elements Icon or indicator Explanation Compass indicator. The internal database managing images is out of sync. Click the icon to refresh the database. GPS connection is OK. Scanning for GPS satellites. Laser notification. Protected WLAN (WEP, WPA) The camera is connected to the WLAN. The camera failed to connect to the WLAN.

  • Page 32: Navigating The Menu System

    Navigating the menu system 9.1 Figure 9.2 Explanation The figure above shows the two ways to navigate the menu system in the camera: • Using the index finger to navigate the menu system (left). • Using the navigation pad to navigate the menu system (right). #T559597;...

  • Page 33: Connecting External Devices And Storage Media

    Connecting external devices and storage media 10.1 Figure 10.2 Explanation 1. Indicator showing that the memory card is busy. Note Do not eject the SD memory card when this LED is flashing. 2. Memory card (SD Card) 3. Video cable. #T559597;...

  • Page 34: Figure

    Connecting external devices and storage media 10.3 Figure 10.4 Explanation 1. Power cable. 2. USB mini-B cable (to connect the camera to a PC). 3. USB-A cable (to connect the camera to an external device, e.g., a USB memory stick). #T559597;...

  • Page 35: Pairing Bluetooth Devices

    Pairing Bluetooth devices 11.1 General Before you can use a Bluetooth device with the camera, you need to pair the devices. 11.2 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Go to (Mode) and then choose Settings. 2. Go to the Connectivity tab. 3.

  • Page 36: Configuring Wi-Fi

    Configuring Wi-Fi 12.1 General Depending on your camera configuration, you can connect the camera to a wireless local area network (WLAN) using Wi-Fi, or let the camera provide Wi-Fi access to another device. You can connect the camera in two different ways: •...

  • Page 37: Handling The Camera

    Handling the camera 13.1 Charging the battery Note You must charge the battery for four hours before you start using the camera for the first time. 13.1.1 Using the power supply to charge the battery 13.1.1.1 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1.

  • Page 38: Adjusting The Infrared Camera Focus Manually

    Handling the camera 13.4 Adjusting the infrared camera focus manually 13.4.1 Figure 13.4.2 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Do one of the following: • For far focus, rotate the focus ring clockwise (looking at the touch-screen LCD side). • For near focus, rotate the focus ring counter-clockwise (looking at the touch- screen LCD side).

  • Page 39: Operating The Laser Pointer

    Handling the camera 13.5 Operating the laser pointer 13.5.1 Figure 13.5.2 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. To turn on the laser pointer, push and hold the laser button. 2. To turn off the laser pointer, release the laser button. Note •...

  • Page 40: Mounting An Additional Lens

    Handling the camera 2. Open the battery cover. 3. Pull the transparent tape to lift out the battery. 13.7 Mounting an additional lens Follow this procedure: 1. Note the two indents on the front of the lens and the corresponding tabs on the lens cap.

  • Page 41: Calibrating The Touchscreen Lcd

    Handling the camera 4. Carefully push the lens into position. 5. Rotate the lens 30° clockwise. 13.8 Calibrating the touchscreen LCD 13.8.1 Figure 13.8.2 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Push to display the menu system. 2. Use the joystick to go to (Mode).
  • Page 42 Handling the camera 7. Click Start. 8. Calibrate the touchscreen by tapping the five crosshairs that appear on the screen using a pencil. #T559597; r.7857/7857; en-US...

  • Page 43: Working With Images

    Working with images 14.1 Saving an image 14.1.1 General You can save an image directly, without previewing the image first. 14.1.2 Image capacity This table gives information on the approximate number of infrared (IR) and digital cam- era (DC) images that can be saved on memory cards: IR + DC + 30 seconds IR only Card size...

  • Page 44: Opening An Image

    Working with images Note You can change the function of the Preview/Save button under (Mode) > Settings > Preferences. The function can be set to one of the following: • Preview/Save (Brief depression = Preview; Long depression = Save). • Save directly (default setting) •...

  • Page 45: Example 2

    Working with images 14.4.3 Example 2 This figure shows two infrared images of an isolator in a power line. In the left image, the cold sky and the power line structure are recorded at a minimum temperature of –26.0°C (–14.8°F). In the right image, the maximum and minimum tem- perature levels have been changed to temperature levels near the isolator.

  • Page 46: Procedure

    14.8 Creating a PDF report in the camera 14.8.1 General You can create a PDF report in the camera. You can then transfer the PDF report to a computer, iPhone, or iPad using the Flir Viewer app, and send the report to a customer. #T559597; r.7857/7857; en-US...

  • Page 47: Procedure

    Working with images 14.8.2 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Push 2. Push the navigation pad up/down or left/right to select an image. 3. Push to display the image. 4. Push to display a menu. 5. On the menu, select Create report. This will display a menu where you can change the following: •...

  • Page 48: Working With Image Modes

    Working with image modes 15.1 What is picture-in-picture? Picture-in-picture is similar to thermal fusion in that it lets you display part of a digital pho- to as an infrared image. However, picture-in-picture displays an infrared image frame on top of a digital photo. 15.2 What is thermal fusion? Thermal fusion is a function that lets you display part of a digital photo as an infrared image.

  • Page 49: Setting Up Thermal Fusion

    Working with image modes Type Image Interval Picture-in-Picture 15.5 Setting up Thermal fusion Follow this procedure: 1. Push to display the menu system. 2. In the menu system, select . This will display a submenu. 3. In the submenu, select Thermal fusion. 4.
  • Page 50 Working with image modes 2. In the menu system, select . This will display a submenu. 3. In the submenu, select Picture-in-Picture. This will display an infrared image frame on top of a digital photo. At this point you can move and resize the image frame using the touchscreen LCD. #T559597;...

  • Page 51: Working With Measurement Tools

    Working with measurement tools 16.1 Laying out measurement tools: spots, areas, etc. 16.1.1 General To measure a temperature, you use one or more measurement tools, e.g., a spotmeter or a box. 16.1.2 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Push or tap the screen to display the menu system. 2.

  • Page 52: Moving Or Resizing A Measurement Tool

    Working with measurement tools 6. In the submenu, select one of the following: • Above. This will apply a contrasting color to all pixels with a temperature above one or more set temperature levels. • Below. This will apply a contrasting color to all pixels with a temperature below one or more set temperature levels.

  • Page 53: Creating And Setting Up A Difference Calculation

    Working with measurement tools 6. Push the joystick. The measurement tool will now be displayed with one or more han- dles, which you use to move or resize the tool. Figure 16.1 Spot measurement tool. Figure 16.2 Area measurement tool. 7.

  • Page 54: Changing Object Parameters

    Working with measurement tools 16.5 Changing object parameters 16.5.1 General For accurate measurements, you must set the object parameters. 16.5.2 Types of parameters The camera can use these object parameters: • Emissivity, i.e., how much radiation an object emits, compared with the radiation of a theoretical reference object of the same temperature (called a “blackbody”).

  • Page 55: Fetching Data From External Extech Meters

    • Extech Clamp Meter EX845 17.4 Technical support for Extech meters support@extech.com This support is for Extech meters only. For technical support for infrared cameras, go to http://support.flir.com. For more information about products from Extech Instruments, go to http://www.extech. com/instruments/. 17.5 Procedure...

  • Page 56: Typical Moisture Measurement And Documentation Procedure

    Fetching data from external Extech meters 5. Do one of the following: • To preview an image, push the Preview/Save button. At this stage, you can add additional values. To do so, take a new measurement with the meter and select Add on the infrared camera screen.

  • Page 57: Working With Alarms And Isotherms

    Working with alarms and isotherms 18.1 Building isotherms 18.1.1 General The camera features isotherm types that are specific to the building trade. You can make the camera trigger the following types of isotherms: • Humidity: Triggers when the camera detects a surface where the relative humidity ex- ceeds a preset value.

  • Page 58: Setting Up An Insulation Alarm

    Working with alarms and isotherms 18.1.5 Setting up an Insulation alarm Follow this procedure: 1. Push to display the menu system. 2. Use the navigation pad to go to 3. Push to display a submenu. 4. Use the navigation pad to go to 5.

  • Page 59: Annotating Images

    A voice annotation is an audio recording that is stored in an infrared image file. The voice annotation is recorded using a Bluetooth headset. The recording can be played back in the camera, and in image analysis and reporting software from Flir Systems.

  • Page 60: Creating A Text

    Annotating images 2. Use the navigation pad to select 3. Push to display a submenu. 4. On the submenu, select Voice. This will display a voice recording toolbar. 5. Do one or more of the following, and push the joystick to confirm each choice. Some buttons have more than one function.

  • Page 61: Creating A Table

    Annotating images 4. On the submenu, select Text. This will display a soft keyboard where you can enter the text you want to save. Note To select special characters, press and hold down the corresponding key on the soft keyboard. 5.

  • Page 62: Procedure

    Annotating images Figure 19.1 The table as it appears in the camera software. 19.5.3 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. To preview an image, pull the Preview/Save button. 2. Use the navigation pad to select 3. Push to display a submenu. 4.
  • Page 63 Annotating images 5. Do one of the following: • To edit a field, click . This will display the following dialog box. • Insert field: Select this option to insert a new field. • Duplicate field: Select this option to duplicate the currently selected field. •...

  • Page 64: Recording Video Clips

    Recording video clips 20.1 General You can record non-radiometric infrared or visual video clips. In this mode, the camera can be regarded as an ordinary digital video camera. The video clips can be played back in Microsoft Windows Media Player, but it will not be possible to retrieve radiometric information from the video clips.

  • Page 65: Changing Settings

    Changing settings 21.1 The Camera tab • Temperature range • Add-on lens Note This parameter must be set when mounting a new lens. • Display intensity • Auto power off • Digital camera lamp • Calibration of touchscreen • Reset to default settings 21.2 The Preferences tab •...
  • Page 66 Changing settings 4. Do the following: • Use the navigation pad to go between tabs and up/down on tabs. • Use the button to edit the currently selected setting. • Use the button to confirm choices. #T559597; r.7857/7857; en-US...

  • Page 67: Technical Data

    Technical data For technical data on this product, refer to the product catalog and/or technical data- sheets on the User Documentation CD-ROM that comes with the product. The product catalog and the datasheets are also available at http://support.flir.com. #T559597; r.7857/7857; en-US...

  • Page 68: Dimensional Drawings

    Dimensional drawings 23.1 Camera dimensions, front view (1) 23.1.1 Figure #T559597; r.7857/7857; en-US...

  • Page 69: Camera Dimensions, Front View (2)

    Dimensional drawings 23.2 Camera dimensions, front view (2) 23.2.1 Figure #T559597; r.7857/7857; en-US...

  • Page 70: Camera Dimensions, Side View (1)

    Dimensional drawings 23.3 Camera dimensions, side view (1) 23.3.1 Figure 23.4 Camera dimensions, side view (2) 23.4.1 Figure #T559597; r.7857/7857; en-US...

  • Page 71: Camera Dimensions, Side View (3)

    Dimensional drawings 23.5 Camera dimensions, side view (3) 23.5.1 Figure 23.6 Infrared lens (30 mm/15°) 23.6.1 Figure #T559597; r.7857/7857; en-US...

  • Page 72: Infrared Lens (10 Mm/45°)

    Dimensional drawings 23.7 Infrared lens (10 mm/45°) 23.7.1 Figure 23.8 Battery (1) 23.8.1 Figure Note Use a clean, dry cloth to remove any water or moisture on the battery before you install it. 23.9 Battery (2) 23.9.1 Figure #T559597; r.7857/7857; en-US...

  • Page 73: Battery (3)

    Dimensional drawings Note Use a clean, dry cloth to remove any water or moisture on the battery before you install it. 23.10 Battery (3) 23.10.1 Figure Note Use a clean, dry cloth to remove any water or moisture on the battery before you install it. 23.11 Battery charger (1) 23.11.1 Figure #T559597;...

  • Page 74: Battery Charger (2)

    Dimensional drawings Note Use a clean, dry cloth to remove any water or moisture on the battery before you install it. 23.12 Battery charger (2) 23.12.1 Figure Note Use a clean, dry cloth to remove any water or moisture on the battery before you install it. 23.13 Battery charger (3) 23.13.1 Figure Note...

  • Page 75: Battery Charger (4)

    Dimensional drawings 23.14 Battery charger (4) 23.14.1 Figure Note Use a clean, dry cloth to remove any water or moisture on the battery before you install it. #T559597; r.7857/7857; en-US...

  • Page 76: Cleaning The Camera

    Cleaning the camera 24.1 Camera housing, cables, and other items 24.1.1 Liquids Use one of these liquids: • Warm water • A weak detergent solution 24.1.2 Equipment A soft cloth 24.1.3 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Soak the cloth in the liquid. 2.

  • Page 77: Application Examples

    Application examples 25.1 Moisture & water damage 25.1.1 General It is often possible to detect moisture and water damage in a house by using an infrared camera. This is partly because the damaged area has a different heat conduction prop- erty and partly because it has a different thermal capacity to store heat than the sur- rounding material.

  • Page 78: Oxidized Socket

    Application examples 25.3 Oxidized socket 25.3.1 General Depending on the type of socket and the environment in which the socket is installed, ox- ides may occur on the socket's contact surfaces. These oxides can lead to locally in- creased resistance when the socket is loaded, which can be seen in an infrared image as local temperature increase.

  • Page 79: Insulation Deficiencies

    Application examples 25.4 Insulation deficiencies 25.4.1 General Insulation deficiencies may result from insulation losing volume over the course of time and thereby not entirely filling the cavity in a frame wall. An infrared camera allows you to see these insulation deficiencies because they either have a different heat conduction property than sections with correctly installed insulation, and/or show the area where air is penetrating the frame of the building.

  • Page 80: Draft

    Application examples 25.5 Draft 25.5.1 General Draft can be found under baseboards, around door and window casings, and above ceil- ing trim. This type of draft is often possible to see with an infrared camera, as a cooler airstream cools down the surrounding surface. Note When you are investigating draft in a house, there should be sub-atmospheric pressure in the house.

  • Page 81: About Flir Systems

    —together with a worldwide network of agents and distributors—support our internation- al customer base. Flir Systems is at the forefront of innovation in the infrared camera industry. We anticipate market demand by constantly improving our existing cameras and developing new ones.

  • Page 82: More Than Just An Infrared Camera

    10 L (2.6 US gallon) jar with liquid nitrogen. To the left of the oscilloscope the Polaroid attachment (6 kg/13 lb.) can be seen. RIGHT: Flir i7 from 2012. Weight: 0.34 kg (0.75 lb.), including the battery.

  • Page 83: A Few Images From Our Facilities

    About Flir Systems 26.4 A few images from our facilities Figure 26.3 LEFT: Development of system electronics; RIGHT: Testing of an FPA detector Figure 26.4 LEFT: Diamond turning machine; RIGHT: Lens polishing Figure 26.5 LEFT: Testing of infrared cameras in the climatic chamber; RIGHT: Robot used for camera testing and calibration #T559597;...

  • Page 84: Glossary

    Glossary absorption The amount of radiation absorbed by an object relative to the re- (absorption ceived radiation. A number between 0 and 1. factor) atmosphere The gases between the object being measured and the camera, nor- mally air. autoadjust A function making a camera perform an internal image correction. autopalette The IR image is shown with an uneven spread of colors, displaying cold objects as well as hot ones at the same time.
  • Page 85 Glossary image correc- A way of compensating for sensitivity differences in various parts of tion (internal or live images and also of stabilizing the camera. external) infrared Non-visible radiation, having a wavelength from about 2–13 μm. infrared isotherm A function highlighting those parts of an image that fall above, below or between one or more temperature intervals.
  • Page 86 Glossary span The interval of the temperature scale, usually expressed as a signal value. spectral (radi- Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time, area and ant) emittance wavelength (W/m /μm) temperature A value which is the result of a subtraction between two temperature difference, or values.

  • Page 87: Thermographic Measurement Techniques

    Thermographic measurement techniques 28.1 Introduction An infrared camera measures and images the emitted infrared radiation from an object. The fact that radiation is a function of object surface temperature makes it possible for the camera to calculate and display this temperature. However, the radiation measured by the camera does not only depend on the tempera- ture of the object but is also a function of the emissivity.
  • Page 88 Thermographic measurement techniques 28.2.1.1.1 Method 1: Direct method Follow this procedure: 1. Look for possible reflection sources, considering that the incident angle = reflection angle (a = b). Figure 28.1 1 = Reflection source 2. If the reflection source is a spot source, modify the source by obstructing it using a piece if cardboard.
  • Page 89 Thermographic measurement techniques 3. Measure the radiation intensity (= apparent temperature) from the reflecting source using the following settings: • Emissivity: 1.0 • D You can measure the radiation intensity using one of the following two methods: Figure 28.3 1 = Reflection source Note Using a thermocouple to measure reflected apparent temperature is not recommended for two impor- tant reasons:...

  • Page 90: Reflected Apparent Temperature

    50%. 28.6 Other parameters In addition, some cameras and analysis programs from Flir Systems allow you to com- pensate for the following parameters: • Atmospheric temperature – i.e. the temperature of the atmosphere between the cam- era and the target •...
  • Page 91 Thermographic measurement techniques • External optics transmittance – i.e. the transmission of any external lenses or windows used in front of the camera #T559597; r.7857/7857; en-US...

  • Page 92: History Of Infrared Technology

    History of infrared technology Before the year 1800, the existence of the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spec- trum wasn't even suspected. The original significance of the infrared spectrum, or simply ‘the infrared’ as it is often called, as a form of heat radiation is perhaps less obvious to- day than it was at the time of its discovery by Herschel in 1800.
  • Page 93 History of infrared technology When Herschel revealed his discovery, he referred to this new portion of the electromag- netic spectrum as the ‘thermometrical spectrum’. The radiation itself he sometimes re- ferred to as ‘dark heat’, or simply ‘the invisible rays’. Ironically, and contrary to popular opinion, it wasn't Herschel who originated the term ‘infrared’.
  • Page 94 History of infrared technology Figure 29.4 Samuel P. Langley (1834–1906) The improvement of infrared-detector sensitivity progressed slowly. Another major break- through, made by Langley in 1880, was the invention of the bolometer. This consisted of a thin blackened strip of platinum connected in one arm of a Wheatstone bridge circuit upon which the infrared radiation was focused and to which a sensitive galvanometer re- sponded.

  • Page 95: Theory Of Thermography

    Theory of thermography 30.1 Introduction The subjects of infrared radiation and the related technique of thermography are still new to many who will use an infrared camera. In this section the theory behind thermography will be given. 30.2 The electromagnetic spectrum The electromagnetic spectrum is divided arbitrarily into a number of wavelength regions, called bands, distinguished by the methods used to produce and detect the radiation.

  • Page 96: Planck's Law

    Such cavity radiators are commonly used as sources of radiation in tempera- ture reference standards in the laboratory for calibrating thermographic instruments, such as a Flir Systems camera for example. If the temperature of blackbody radiation increases to more than 525°C (977°F), the source begins to be visible so that it appears to the eye no longer black.

  • Page 97: Wien's Displacement Law

    Theory of thermography Blackbody spectral radiant emittance at wavelength λ. λb Velocity of light = 3 × 10 Planck’s constant = 6.6 × 10 Joule sec. Boltzmann’s constant = 1.4 × 10 Joule/K. Absolute temperature (K) of a blackbody. λ Wavelength (μm).

  • Page 98: Stefan-Boltzmann's Law

    Theory of thermography Figure 30.5 Wilhelm Wien (1864–1928) The sun (approx. 6 000 K) emits yellow light, peaking at about 0.5 μm in the middle of the visible light spectrum. At room temperature (300 K) the peak of radiant emittance lies at 9.7 μm, in the far infra- red, while at the temperature of liquid nitrogen (77 K) the maximum of the almost insignif- icant amount of radiant emittance occurs at 38 μm, in the extreme infrared wavelengths.

  • Page 99: Non-Blackbody Emitters

    Theory of thermography Figure 30.7 Josef Stefan (1835–1893), and Ludwig Boltzmann (1844–1906) Using the Stefan-Boltzmann formula to calculate the power radiated by the human body, at a temperature of 300 K and an external surface area of approx. 2 m , we obtain 1 kW.
  • Page 100 Theory of thermography • A selective radiator, for which ε varies with wavelength According to Kirchhoff’s law, for any material the spectral emissivity and spectral absorp- tance of a body are equal at any specified temperature and wavelength. That is: From this we obtain, for an opaque material (since α...

  • Page 101: Infrared Semi-Transparent Materials

    Theory of thermography Figure 30.9 Spectral emissivity of three types of radiators. 1: Spectral emissivity; 2: Wavelength; 3: Black- body; 4: Graybody; 5: Selective radiator. 30.4 Infrared semi-transparent materials Consider now a non-metallic, semi-transparent body – let us say, in the form of a thick flat plate of plastic material.

  • Page 102: The Measurement Formula

    The measurement formula As already mentioned, when viewing an object, the camera receives radiation not only from the object itself. It also collects radiation from the surroundings reflected via the ob- ject surface. Both these radiation contributions become attenuated to some extent by the atmosphere in the measurement path.
  • Page 103 U according to the same equation, and get (Equation 3): Solve Equation 3 for U (Equation 4): This is the general measurement formula used in all the Flir Systems thermographic equipment. The voltages of the formula are: Table 31.1 Voltages Calculated camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature i.e.
  • Page 104 5 volts, the resulting curve would have been very much the same as our real curve extrapolated beyond 4.1 volts, provided the calibration algo- rithm is based on radiation physics, like the Flir Systems algorithm. Of course there must be a limit to such extrapolations.
  • Page 105 The measurement formula Figure 31.3 Relative magnitudes of radiation sources under varying measurement conditions (LW cam- era). 1: Object temperature; 2: Emittance; Obj: Object radiation; Refl: Reflected radiation; Atm: atmos- phere radiation. Fixed parameters: τ = 0.88; T = 20°C (+68°F); T = 20°C (+68°F).

  • Page 106: Emissivity Tables

    Emissivity tables This section presents a compilation of emissivity data from the infrared literature and measurements made by Flir Systems. 32.1 References 1. Mikaél A. Bramson: Infrared Radiation, A Handbook for Applications, Plenum press, N.Y. 2. William L. Wolfe, George J. Zissis: The Infrared Handbook, Office of Naval Research, Department of Navy, Washington, D.C.
  • Page 107 Emissivity tables Table 32.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) Aluminum as received, plate 0.09 Aluminum as received, 0.09 sheet Aluminum cast, blast 0.47 cleaned...
  • Page 108 Emissivity tables Table 32.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) Brass polished, highly 0.03 Brass rubbed with 80- 0.20 grit emery Brass sheet, rolled 0.06...
  • Page 109 Emissivity tables Table 32.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) Chromium polished 0.10 Chromium polished 500–1000 0.28–0.38 0.91 Clay fired Cloth black 0.98 Concrete...
  • Page 110 Emissivity tables Table 32.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) Granite rough 0.879 0.95–0.97 Granite rough, 4 different samples Granite rough, 4 different 0.77–0.87 samples 0.8–0.9...
  • Page 111 Emissivity tables Table 32.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) Iron galvanized heavily oxidized 0.64 Iron galvanized heavily oxidized 0.85 Iron galvanized sheet 0.07 Iron galvanized...
  • Page 112 Emissivity tables Table 32.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) Leather tanned 0.75–0.80 Lime 0.3–0.4 Magnesium 0.07 Magnesium 0.13 Magnesium 0.18 Magnesium polished 0.07...
  • Page 113 Emissivity tables Table 32.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) Oil, lubricating 0.050 mm film 0.46 0.72 Oil, lubricating 0.125 mm film 0.05 Oil, lubricating film on Ni base:...
  • Page 114 Emissivity tables Table 32.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) Plaster rough coat 0.91 Plastic glass fibre lami- 0.94 nate (printed circ. board) Plastic glass fibre lami-...
  • Page 115 Emissivity tables Table 32.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) Stainless steel alloy, 8% Ni, 18% 0.35 Stainless steel rolled 0.45 Stainless steel sandblasted 0.70...
  • Page 116 Emissivity tables Table 32.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) Water layer >0.1 mm 0–100 0.95–0.98 thick Water snow Water snow –10 0.85 0.98...
  • Page 118 A note on the technical production of this publication This publication was produced using XML — the eXtensible Markup Language. For more information about XML, please visit http://www.w3.org/XML/ A note on the typeface used in this publication This publication was typeset using Linotype Helvetica™ World. Helvetica™ was designed by Max Miedinger (1910–1980) LOEF (List Of Effective Files) T501011.xml;...
  • Page 120 Corporate Headquarters Flir Systems, Inc. 27700 SW Parkway Ave. Wilsonville, OR 97070 Telephone: +1-503-498-3547 Website http://www.flir.com Customer support http://support.flir.com Publ. No.: T559597 Commit: 7857 Head: 7857 Language: en-US Modified: 2013-05-28 Formatted: 2013-05-28...

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