Rip; Rip Version 1 Message Format - D-Link xStack DES-6500 User Manual

RIP

The Routing Information Protocol is a distance-vector routing protocol. There are two types of network devices running
RIP - active and passive. Active devices advertise their routes to others through RIP messages, while passive devices listen
to these messages. Both active and passive routers update their routing tables based upon RIP messages that active routers
exchange. Only routers can run RIP in the active mode.
Every 30 seconds, a router running RIP broadcasts a routing update containing a set of pairs of network addresses and a
distance (represented by the number of hops or routers between the advertising router and the remote network). So, the
vector is the network address and the distance is measured by the number of routers between the local router and the
remote network.
RIP measures distance by an integer count of the number of hops from one network to another. A router is one hop from a
directly connected network, two hops from a network that can be reached through a router, etc. The more routers between a
source and a destination, the greater the RIP distance (or hop count).
There are a few rules to the routing table update process that help to improve performance and stability. A router will not
replace a route with a newly learned one if the new route has the same hop count (sometimes referred to as 'cost'). So
learned routes are retained until a new route with a lower hop count is learned.
When learned routes are entered into the routing table, a timer is started. This timer is restarted every time this route is
advertised. If the route is not advertised for a period of time (usually 180 seconds), the route is removed from the routing
table.
RIP does not have an explicit method to detect routing loops. Many RIP implementations include an authorization
mechanism (a password) to prevent a router from learning erroneous routes from unauthorized routers.
To maximize stability, the hop count RIP uses to measure distance must have a low maximum value. Infinity (that is, the
network is unreachable) is defined as 16 hops. In other words, if a network is more than 16 routers from the source, the
local router will consider the network unreachable.
RIP can also be slow to converge (to remove inconsistent, unreachable or looped routes from the routing table) because
RIP messages propagate relatively slowly through a network.
Slow convergence can be solved by using split horizon update, where a router does not propagate information about a route
back to the interface on which it was received. This reduces the probability of forming transient routing loops.
Hold down can be used to force a router to ignore new route updates for a period of time (usually 60 seconds) after a new
route update has been received. This allows all routers on the network to receive the message.
A router can 'poison reverse' a route by adding an infinite (16) hop count to a route's advertisement. This is usually used in
conjunction with triggered updates, which force a router to send an immediate broadcast when an update of an unreachable
network is received.

RIP Version 1 Message Format

There are two types of RIP messages: routing information messages and information requests. Both types use the same
format.
The Command field specifies an operation according the following table:
xStack DES-6500 Modular Layer 3 Chassis Ethernet Switch User Manual
Command Meaning
1 Request for partial or full routing information
2 Response containing network-distance pairs from
sender's routing table
3 Turn on trace mode (obsolete)
4 Turn off trace mode (obsolete)
5 Reserved for Sun Microsystem's internal use
9 Update Request
10 Update Response
11 Update Acknowledgement
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