Table of contents Disclaimers ..................1 Legal disclaimer ................. 1 Usage statistics ................1 Changes to registry ..............1 U.S. Government Regulations............1 Copyright .................. 1 Quality assurance ............... 1 Patents ..................1 EULA Terms ................1 EULA Terms ................2 Safety information ................3 Notice to user ..................7 User-to-user forums ..............
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Table of contents Screen elements ................23 General .................. 23 Menu system ................23 Soft buttons ................24 Status icons and indicators ............25 Swipe-down menu ..............25 Image overlay information ............25 Navigating the menu system ............... 27 10.1 General ..................
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Table of contents 11.12.2 Procedure ..............39 11.13 Using the camera lamp as a flash ..........39 11.13.1 General................ 39 11.13.2 Procedure ..............39 11.14 Changing camera lenses ............40 11.15 Neck strap................43 11.16 Hand strap ................44 Saving and working with images ............45 12.1 About image files ..............
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Table of contents 13.10 Deleting all files ................ 54 13.10.1 General................ 54 13.10.2 Procedure ..............54 Achieving a good image ..............55 14.1 General .................. 55 14.2 Adjusting the infrared camera focus ..........55 14.2.1 Manual focus ..............55 14.2.2 Autofocus ..............55 14.2.3 Continuous autofocus .............
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23.2 Setting up a wireless access point (most common use) ..... 95 23.3 Connecting the camera to a WLAN (less common use) ..... 95 Fetching data from external FLIR meters ..........96 24.1 General .................. 96 24.2 Technical support for external meters ..........96 24.3...
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34.1 Introduction ................204 34.2 Definition—what is calibration? ..........204 34.3 Camera calibration at FLIR Systems ........... 204 34.4 The differences between a calibration performed by a user and that performed directly at FLIR Systems........205 34.5 Calibration, verification and adjustment........205 34.6...
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Table of contents 36.3.4 Non-blackbody emitters..........215 36.4 Infrared semi-transparent materials..........217 The measurement formula..............218 Emissivity tables ................222 38.1 References................222 38.2 Tables .................. 222 #T810253; r. AA/42549/42549; en-US...
FLIR Systems will, at its option, repair or replace any such defective product free of charge if, upon inspection, it proves to be defective in material or work- 1.8 EULA Terms manship and provided that it is returned to FLIR Systems within the said one- year period. •...
WARNING Applicability: Digital devices subject to 15.21. NOTICE: Changes or modifications made to this equipment not expressly approved by FLIR Systems may void the FCC authorization to operate this equipment. WARNING Applicability: Digital devices subject to 2.1091/2.1093/OET Bulletin 65.
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Applicability: Cameras with one or more batteries. Do not attach the batteries directly to a car’s cigarette lighter socket, unless FLIR Systems supplies a spe- cific adapter to connect the batteries to a cigarette lighter socket. Damage to the batteries can occur.
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Safety information CAUTION Applicability: Cameras with one or more batteries. Do not get water or salt water on the battery, or permit the battery to become wet. Damage to the batteries can occur. CAUTION Applicability: Cameras with one or more batteries. Do not make holes in the battery with objects.
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Safety information CAUTION Applicability: Cameras with one or more batteries. Only use a specified battery charger when you charge the battery. Damage to the battery can occur if you do not do this. CAUTION Applicability: Cameras with one or more batteries. Only use a specified battery for the camera.
As with most electronic products, this equipment must be disposed of in an environmen- tally friendly way, and in accordance with existing regulations for electronic waste. Please contact your FLIR Systems representative for more details. 3.5 Training To read about infrared training, visit: •...
Notice to user 3.7 Important note about this manual FLIR Systems issues generic manuals that cover several cameras within a model line. This means that this manual may contain descriptions and explanations that do not apply to your particular camera model.
Customer help 4.1 General For customer help, visit: http://support.flir.com 4.2 Submitting a question To submit a question to the customer help team, you must be a registered user. It only takes a few minutes to register online. If you only want to search the knowledgebase for existing questions and answers, you do not need to be a registered user.
• The communication protocol, or method, between the camera and your device (for ex- ample, SD card reader, HDMI, Ethernet, USB, or FireWire) • Device type (PC/Mac/iPhone/iPad/Android device, etc.) • Version of any programs from FLIR Systems • Full name, publication number, and revision number of the manual 4.3 Downloads...
9. Start FLIR Tools/Tools+ or FLIR Report Studio. 10. Connect the camera to the computer using the USB cable. 11. Import the images into FLIR Tools/Tools+ or FLIR Report Studio and create an inspec- tion report. 12. Send the inspection report to your client.
Register your camera to receive an extended warranty and other related benefits. To register the camera, you must log in using a FLIR Customer Support account. If you al- ready have an existing FLIR Customer Support account, you can use the same login cre- dentials.
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Register the camera 3. To create a new FLIR Customer Support account, do the following: 3.1. Click Create a New Account. 3.2. Enter the required information and click Create Account. 4. On the camera, select (Settings) Device settings > Camera information > Register camera.
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Register the camera 5. Select Register and push the navigation pad. This displays a dialog box with the serial number of the camera. 6. On the computer, enter the serial number of the camera and click Validate. 7. When the serial number is validated, click Continue. #T810253;...
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9. When the registration is completed, the four-digit code is displayed. Note • The code is also sent by e-mail to the address registered with your FLIR Customer Support account. • The code is also displayed in your FLIR Customer Support portal under My Stuff >...
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Register the camera 10. On the camera, do the following to enter the code: • Push the navigation pad up/down to select a digit. • Push the navigation pad left/right to navigate to the previous/next digit. • When all digits have been entered, push the navigation pad right to select Submit. Push the navigation pad to confirm.
A note about ergonomics 7.1 General To prevent strain-related injuries, it is important that you hold the camera ergonomically correctly. This section gives advice and examples on how to hold the camera. Note • Always tilt the LCD screen to suit your work position. •...
Camera parts 8.1 View from the rear 8.1.1 Figure 8.1.2 Explanation 1. Focus ring. 2. Speaker. 3. Programmable button. 4. Image archive button. 5. Navigation pad with center push. 6. Back button. 7. On/off button. 8. Hand strap. 9. Multi-touch LCD screen. 10.
Camera parts 8.2 View from the front 8.2.1 Figure 8.2.2 Explanation 1. Autofocus button. 2. Save button. 3. Attachment point for the neck strap. 4. Laser receiver. 5. Laser transmitter. 6. Camera lamp (left and right sides). 7. Infrared lens. 8.
Camera parts 8.3 View from the bottom 8.3.1 Figure 8.3.2 Explanation 1. Laser button. 2. Programmable button. 3. Tripod mount. 4. Cover for the connector compartment. 5. Battery. 8.4 Laser distance meter and laser pointer 8.4.1 General The laser distance meter consists of a laser transmitter and a laser receiver. The laser dis- tance meter determines the distance to a target by measuring the time it takes for a laser pulse to reach the target and return to the laser receiver.
Camera parts Note • The laser is enabled by a setting. Select (Settings) > Device settings > Lamp & la- ser > Enable lamp & laser. • The symbol is displayed on the screen when the laser is on. • The camera can be configured to automatically measure the distance when an image is saved.
Camera parts 8.4.4 Laser warning label A laser warning label with the following information is attached to the camera: 8.4.5 Laser rules and regulations Wavelength: 650 nm. Maximum output power: 1 mW. This product complies with 21 CFR 1040.10 and 1040.11 except for deviations pursuant to Laser Notice No.
Screen elements 9.1 General 1. Result table. 2. Status icons. 3. Measurement tool (e.g., spotmeter). 4. Temperature scale. 5. Menu system button. 9.2 Menu system To display the menu system, push the navigation pad or tap the menu system button 1.
Screen elements 5. Color button. 6. Settings button. 7. Main menu. 8. Submenu. 9.3 Soft buttons 1. Work folder button: Touch to open a menu where you can create new folders and change the active folder. 2. Lamp button: Touch to turn on/off the camera lamp. 3.
Screen elements 9.4 Status icons and indicators Battery status indicator. • When the battery status is 20–100%, the indi- cator is white. • When the battery is charging, the indicator is green. • When the battery status is below 20%, the indi- cator is red.
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Screen elements All image overlay information displayed on the live image will also be displayed on saved images. For more information, see sections section 25.1.4 Device settings, page 100 and 14.8 Hiding all overlay, page 62. #T810253; r. AA/42549/42549; en-US...
Navigating the menu system 10.1 General The figure above shows the two ways to navigate the menu system in the camera: • Using your finger or a stylus pen specially designed for capacitive touch usage to navi- gate the menu system (left). •...
Handling the camera 11.1 Charging the battery 11.1.1 General • Before starting the camera for the first time, charge the battery for 3 hours using the stand-alone battery charger. • Select a mains socket that is near the equipment and easily accessible. 11.1.2 Using the stand-alone battery charger to charge the battery 11.1.2.1 Stand-alone battery charger LED indicator Type of signal...
Handling the camera 5. To check the status of the battery charging, do one of the following: • If the camera is turned on: Place your finger at the top of the screen and swipe down. The battery status is displayed on the swipe-down menu. •...
Handling the camera 11.2.2 Removing the battery Note Use a clean, dry cloth to remove any water or moisture on the camera before you remove the battery. Follow this procedure: 1. Turn off the camera. 2. Push the two release buttons and remove the battery from the camera. 11.3 Turning on and turning off the camera •...
Handling the camera 11.4 Adjusting the angle of lens 11.4.1 Figure 11.4.2 Procedure To adjust the angle, tilt the lens up or down. #T810253; r. AA/42549/42549; en-US...
Handling the camera 11.5 Adjusting the infrared camera focus manually 11.5.1 Figure 11.5.2 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Do one of the following: • For far focus, rotate the focus ring clockwise (with the LCD screen facing toward you). • For near focus, rotate the focus ring counter-clockwise (with the LCD screen facing toward you).
Handling the camera The focus method is configured by a setting. Select (Settings) > Device settings > Fo- cus > Auto focus and then select Contrast or Laser. 11.6.2 Figure 11.6.3 Procedure WARNING When the camera is set to autofocusing with the laser method (Settings > Device settings > Focus > Auto focus >Laser), do not point the camera at the face of a person when you use the autofocus function.
Handling the camera Note • Before you can enable continuous autofocus, you need to enable the laser and select laser as focus method. See section 11.7.2 Procedure, page 34. • When continuous autofocus is enabled, it is not possible to manually adjust the focus by rotating the focus ring.
Handling the camera Note • The laser is enabled by a setting. Select (Settings) > Device settings > Lamp & la- ser > Enable lamp & laser. • The symbol is displayed on the screen when the laser is on. •...
Handling the camera 2. Set the camera to measure and display the area of the box or circle, see section 16.6 Displaying values in the result table, page 73. 3. Make sure that the box or circle tool is in the center of the image, see section 16.4 Moving and resizing a measurement tool, page 69.
Note Moving a file using a drag-and-drop operation does not delete the file in the camera. • Import the images into FLIR Tools/Tools+ or FLIR Report Studio. Note When closing the cover for the connector compartment, firmly press along the edges of the cover to make sure that it closes tightly.
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Handling the camera You can assign different functions to the programmable buttons. You can, for example, use a programmable button to easily switch between two settings you use often. You can also choose to define two different setups for saving and previewing: the usual setup for the Save button (which is defined by the Save options and storage settings, see section 25.1.3 Save options &...
Handling the camera • Save + Prompt for voice annotation: Save an image and display the voice annotation tool. • Save + Prompt for sketch: Save an image and display the sketch annotation tool. • Save + Select annotation from menu: Save an image and display the annotation tool menu.
Handling the camera 11.14 Changing camera lenses Note Do not touch the lens surface when you change lenses. If this happens, clean the lens according to the instructions in 26.2 Infrared lens, page 103. Follow this procedure: 1. Take a firm grip around the inner ring of the lens. Rotate the inner ring 30° counter- clockwise until it stops.
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Handling the camera 3. The infrared detector is now fully exposed. Do not touch this surface. If you see dust on the detector, follow the instructions in 26.3 Infrared detector, page 104. 4. Make sure that the inner ring of the camera lens is fully in its open position. •...
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Handling the camera 5. Carefully push the lens into position. 6. Rotate the inner ring of the lens 30° clockwise. The lens makes a click when it locks in place. #T810253; r. AA/42549/42549; en-US...
Handling the camera 7. Make sure that the two index marks are aligned, indicating that the lens is locked in place. 11.15 Neck strap To attach the neck strap to the camera, use the two attachment points indicated in the figure.
Handling the camera 11.16 Hand strap To replace the hand strap, follow this procedure: 1. Remove the battery. 2. Open the hook-and-loop fastener and remove the hand strap from the upper attach- ment point. 3. Remove the two T6 screws. 4.
The image *.jpg file is fully radiometric and saved lossless, which enables full post-proc- essing in image analysis and reporting software from FLIR Systems. There is also a regu- lar *.jpg component (lossy) for convenient viewing in non-FLIR Systems software (e.g., Microsoft Explorer).
Saving and working with images To configure the camera for UltraMax, select (Settings) > Save options & storage > Im- age resolution = UltraMax. 12.2 Saving an image 12.2.1 General You can save images to the memory card. 12.2.2 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1.
Saving and working with images 2. Manual image adjustment mode is now active. For image adjustment instructions, see section 14.3 Adjusting the infrared image, page 56. 3. To edit the image, push the navigation pad. This displays a context menu. For editing instructions, see section 12.5 Editing a saved image, page 47.
Saving and working with images 5. On the top toolbar, select the icon and push the navigation pad. 6. On the right toolbar, select the icon and push the navigation pad. This opens the image in edit mode. 7. Manual image adjustment mode is now active. For image adjustment instructions, see section 14.3 Adjusting the infrared image, page 56.
Saving and working with images 12.6.2 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. To digitally zoom an image, do the following: • Zoom in: Touch the screen with two fingers and spread the fingers apart. • Zoom out: Touch the screen with two fingers and pinch the fingers together. 12.7 Deleting images You can delete image files from the memory card.
Working with the image archive 13.1 General When you save an image or video clip, the camera stores the image/video file in the image archive on the memory card. You can open an image in the image archive and, for exam- ple, select another image mode, apply color alarms, and add measurement tools.
Working with the image archive 13.2 Opening image and video files Follow this procedure: 1. Push the image archive button . This displays the Gallery with one or more folders. 2. Select a folder and push the navigation pad. 3. Select the image or video clip you want to view and push the navigation pad. 4.
Working with the image archive 13.5.2 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Push the image archive button . This displays the Gallery . 2. On the top toolbar, select the icon and push the navigation pad. 3. Select the folder that new images and video clips should be saved to and push the navigation pad.
Working with the image archive 5. To delete the folder, select Delete and push the navigation pad. 13.8 Deleting an image or video file 13.8.1 General You can delete an image or video file from the image archive. Note When deleting an image file, both images in the image file (thermal and visual) will be deleted.
Working with the image archive 4. Use the navigation pad to select the image and video items you want to delete. You can also select the items by touching the screen. Selected items are marked with a tick. 5. On the right toolbar, select the icon and push the navigation pad.
Achieving a good image 14.1 General A good image depends on several different functions and settings, although some func- tions and settings affect the image more than others. These are the functions and settings that you need to experiment with: •...
Achieving a good image 14.3 Adjusting the infrared image 14.3.1 General An infrared image can be adjusted automatically or manually. In automatic mode, the camera continuously adjusts the level and span for the best image presentation. The colors are distributed based on the thermal content of the image (histo- gram color distribution).
Achieving a good image analysis difficult. You can analyze the building in more detail if you change the temperature scale to values close to the temperature of the building. Automatic Manual 14.3.1.2 Example 2 Here are two infrared images of an isolator in a power line. To make it easier to analyze the temperature variations in the isolator, the temperature scale in the right image has been changed to values close to the temperature of the isolator.
Achieving a good image maximum and minimum temperatures in that area. By using the color information only for the relevant temperatures, you will get more details in your area of interest. 14.3.2.3 Locking the touch screen When you have adjusted the image to levels that allow you to study your area of interest, you can lock the touch screen to prevent further unintentional adjustments.
Achieving a good image 14.3.5 Manual adjustment in Level, Max, Min mode Note This procedure assumes that you have configured the camera for manual image adjustments in Level, Max, Min mode. Select Settings > Device settings > User interface options > Manual adjustment mode = Level, Max, Min. Follow this procedure: 1.
Achieving a good image 14.5 Changing the color palettes 14.5.1 General You can change the color palette that the camera uses to display different temperatures. A different palette can make it easier to analyze an image. Iron Arctic Rainbow Rainbow high contrast #T810253;...
Achieving a good image White hot Black hot Lava 14.5.2 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Push the navigation pad to display the menu system. 2. Select (Color) and push the navigation pad. This displays a submenu. 3. Use the navigation pad to select a different palette. 4.
Achieving a good image 14.7 Performing a non-uniformity correction (NUC) When the thermal camera displays Calibrating... it is performing what in thermography is called a ”non-uniformity correction” (NUC). An NUC is an image correction carried out by the camera software to compensate for different sensitivities of detector elements and oth- er optical and geometrical disturbances .
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Achieving a good image Image with camera overlay and image overlay Image with all overlay hidden. information. #T810253; r. AA/42549/42549; en-US...
• For the Thermal MSX, Thermal, and Picture in picture image modes, all thermal and visual information is stored when an image is saved. This means that you can edit the image later, in the image archive, or in FLIR Tools/Tools+ or FLIR Report Studio, and select any of the image modes.
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Working with image modes Image mode Image Thermal Thermal MSX Picture in picture #T810253; r. AA/42549/42549; en-US...
Working with image modes Image mode Image Digital camera Macro 15.3 Selecting an image mode Follow this procedure: 1. Push the navigation pad to display the menu system. 2. Select (Image mode) and push the navigation pad. This displays a submenu. 3.
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Working with image modes 5. If Picture in picture mode is selected, you can at this point move and resize the infrared image frame using the touch screen. #T810253; r. AA/42549/42549; en-US...
Working with measurement tools 16.1 General To measure a temperature, you can use one or more measurement tools, e.g., a spotmeter or a box. 16.2 Adding/removing measurement tools Follow this procedure: 1. Push the navigation pad to display the menu system. 2.
Working with measurement tools 16.3.2 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Push the navigation pad to display the menu system. 2. Select (Measurement) and push the navigation pad. This displays a submenu. 3. Use the navigation pad to select (User preset 1) or (User preset 2).
Working with measurement tools 2. Push the navigation pad—or touch and hold the tool. This displays a context menu. 3. To move the spot, do the following: 3.1. Select (Move spot) and push the navigation pad. 3.2. Push the navigation pad up/down and left/right to move the spot. 4.
Working with measurement tools • Object distance, i.e., the distance between the camera and the object of interest. Note The camera can be configured to automatically measure the distance when an image is saved. With this setting, the Object distance parameter in the image data is automatically updated with the measured distance when an image is saved.
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Working with measurement tools 2. Select (Measurement parameters) and push the navigation pad. This displays a submenu. 3. Use the navigation pad to select one or more of the global measurement parameters: • (External IR window compensation). • (Object distance). •...
Working with measurement tools 8. Use the navigation pad to change the parameter. 9. Push the navigation pad. This closes the dialog box. 10. When completed, push the navigation pad and select (Done). 11. Push the navigation pad to confirm and exit the menu mode. Note When you select another measurement tool, the local parameters are reset.
Working with measurement tools 5. Use the navigation pad to select one or more of the following: • Select (Max) to display the maximum value. • Select (Min) to display the minimum value. • Select (Avg) to display the average value. •...
Working with measurement tools 2. Push the navigation pad. This displays a dialog box where you can select the measure- ment tools that you want to use in the difference calculation. You can also select a fixed-temperature reference. 3. Push the navigation pad. The result of the difference calculation is now displayed on the screen.
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Working with measurement tools 4. In the dialog box, you can define the settings for the alarm. • Alarm condition: The condition that triggers the alarm. Applicable values are Above, Below, or Off. • Alarm limit: The temperature value that will be the critical condition when an alarm is triggered or not.
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Working with measurement tools 16.8.4.3 Setting up an alarm for a difference calculation Note • You can set up an alarm for a difference calculation when defining user presets, or when editing an image in the archive. • This procedure assumes that you have previously set up a difference calculation. Follow this procedure: 1.
Working with color alarms and isotherms 17.1 Color alarms 17.1.1 General By using color alarms (isotherms), anomalies can easily be discovered in an infrared im- age. The isotherm command applies a contrasting color to all pixels with a temperature above, below, or between the set temperature levels. The camera also features isotherm types that are specific to the building trade: condensation and insulation alarms.
Working with color alarms and isotherms Image Color alarm Interval alarm Condensation alarm Insulation alarm 17.1.3 Setting up above, below, and interval alarms Follow this procedure: 1. Push the navigation pad to display the menu system. 2. Select (Color) and push the navigation pad. This displays a submenu. 3.
Working with color alarms and isotherms 5. To change the threshold temperature, do the following: • For the Interval alarm, push the navigation pad left/right to select the low/high-tem- perature value. • Push the navigation pad up/down to change the threshold temperature. 17.1.4 Building isotherms Note The Condensation and Insulation alarms are not supported by all camera models.
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Working with color alarms and isotherms 4. Push the navigation pad. This displays a dialog box where you can define the settings for the alarm. For the Condensation alarm, the following parameters can be set: • Atmospheric temperature: The current atmospheric temperature. •...
Annotating images 18.1 General You can save additional information with an infrared image by using annotations. Annota- tions make reporting and post-processing more efficient by providing essential information about the image, e.g., conditions and information about where an image is taken. Annotations are added to the image file, and can be viewed and edited in the image ar- chive, and also when moving files from the camera to reporting software on the computer.
Annotating images 18.3 Adding a text comment table 18.3.1 General You can save a table with textual information to the image file. This feature is a very effi- cient way of recording information when you are inspecting a large number of similar ob- jects.
85. 18.3.3.2 Creating a table template using FLIR Tools/Tools+ Note If your camera uses an SD card that has been used in another camera, FLIR Tools/ Tools+ cannot create proper templates for this camera. Please clear the SD card entirely before using tables templates from FLIR Tools/Tools+.
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18.3.3.3 Manually creating a table template 18.3.3.3.1 General A text comment file (*.tcf) is an annotation format that is proprietary to FLIR Systems. It de- fines a table structure that can be used to add text table annotations to FLIR images. You can create text comment files (*.tcf files) and use these files as table templates in the...
A voice annotation is an audio recording that is saved to the infrared image file. The re- cording can be played back in the camera, and in image analysis and reporting software from FLIR Systems. The voice annotation is recorded using the built-in microphone. You can also use a Blue- tooth-enabled headset.
Annotating images 8. To listen to the recording, select (Play) and push the navigation pad. 9. To delete the recording, select (Delete) and push the navigation pad. 10. When completed, select (Done) and push the navigation pad. 18.5 Adding a sketch 18.5.1 General You can add a freehand drawing to an infrared image.
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Annotating images 6. (Optional step.) Push the navigation pad. This displays a context menu. Do one or more of the following: • To change the color of the sketch tools, select (Draw) and push the navigation pad. Select the color and push the navigation pad. •...
Programming the camera (time- lapse) 19.1 General You can program the camera to save images periodically (time-lapse). 19.2 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Push the navigation pad to display the menu system. 2. Select (Recording mode) and push the navigation pad. This displays a submenu. 3.
• Radiometric storage (*csq): A *.csq file supports full radiometry but is only supported by FLIR Systems software. The file does not include any visual image information. With this setting, only the image modes Thermal and Macro are supported when recording video.
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Recording video clips 5. On the top toolbar, select the icon and push the navigation pad. 6. To play or pause the video clip, push the navigation pad. #T810253; r. AA/42549/42549; en-US...
Screening alarm 21.1 General The screening alarm can be used, for example, at airports to detect passengers with ele- vated body temperatures, which may indicate the presence of a fever. The screening alarm can also be used to detect temperature anomalies in a series of in- spected objects in a similar/fixed setup.
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Screening alarm 10. Aim the camera toward more points of interest. Sample 10 times to build up a sample base by pushing the programmable button above the screen. The alarm is now set up and ready to use. Occasionally record a few samples if the alarm is used for a long time or if the conditions change.
• You can remove a device by selecting the device and then selecting Unpair device. • After adding a METERLiNK device, such as the FLIR MR77 or FLIR DM93, the result from the meter will be visible in the result table and stored with the images. For more in- formation, see section 24 Fetching data from external FLIR meters, page 96.
Configuring Wi-Fi 23.1 General Depending on your camera configuration, you can connect the camera to a wireless local area network (WLAN) using Wi-Fi, or let the camera provide Wi-Fi access to other devices. You can connect the camera in two different ways: •...
The live value is displayed with a dotted outline. If the screen display for values is full, it is still possible to add more values from the FLIR meter. Added values are then indicated by a box with a number that counts up each time a new value is added.
24.3 Procedure Note • Before you can use a FLIR meter with the camera, you need to pair the devices. For more information, see section 22 Pairing Bluetooth devices, page 94. • To add more than one FLIR meter value when saving an image, preview mode must be enabled.
Fetching data from external FLIR meters 24.5 More information For more information, see the user manuals that are shipped with FLIR meters. #T810253; r. AA/42549/42549; en-US...
Changing settings 25.1 General You can change a variety of settings in the camera. You do this on the Settings menu. The Settings menu includes the following: • Connections. • Camera temperature range. • Save options & storage. • Device settings. 25.1.1 Connections •...
◦ Radiometric storage (*.csq): A CSQ file supports full radiometry but is only sup- ported by FLIR Systems software. The file does not include any visual image infor- mation. With this setting, only the image modes Thermal and Macro are supported when recording video.
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Changing settings – Laser: The focus is based on a laser distance measurement. The laser is on when the camera is autofocusing. ◦ Continuous autofocus: This setting is used to enable/disable continuous autofocus. • Display settings: This submenu includes the following settings: ◦...
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Changing settings ◦ Reset default camera mode...: This setting will affect the image mode, color palette, measurement tools, and measurement parameters. Saved images will not be affected. ◦ Reset device settings to factory default...: This setting will affect all camera settings, including regional settings.
Cleaning the camera 26.1 Camera housing, cables, and other items 26.1.1 Liquids Use one of these liquids: • Warm water • A weak detergent solution 26.1.2 Equipment A soft cloth 26.1.3 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Soak the cloth in the liquid. 2.
Cleaning the camera CAUTION • Be careful when you clean the infrared lens. The lens has a delicate anti-reflective coating. • Do not clean the infrared lens too vigorously. This can damage the anti-reflective coating. 26.3 Infrared detector 26.3.1 General Even small amounts of dust on the infrared detector can result in major blemishes in the image.
27.2 Note about technical data FLIR Systems reserves the right to change specifications at any time without prior notice. Please check http://support.flir.com for latest changes.
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Technical data Image presentation Screen size 4 in. Viewing angle 80° Color depth (bits) Aspect ratio Auto-rotation Touchscreen Optically bonded PCAP Display technology Cover glass material Dragontrail® Programmable buttons Viewfinder Image adjustment • Automatic • Automatic maximum • Automatic minimum •...
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Removable memory: SD card Time lapse (Periodic image storage) 10 seconds to 24 hours (infrared) Remote control operation • Using FLIR Tools (using USB cable) • FLIR Tools Mobile (over Wi-Fi) Image file format Standard JPEG, measurement data included. In-...
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Technical data Video recording in camera Radiometric infrared-video recording RTRR (.csq) Non-radiometric infrared-video recording H.264 to memory card Visual video recording H.264 to memory card Video streaming Radiometric infrared-video streaming Over UVC or RTSP (Wi-Fi) (compressed) Non-radiometric video streaming (compressed: IR, •...
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Battery size (L × W × H) 59 × 66 × 94 mm (2.3 × 2.6 × 3.7 in.) Tripod mounting UNC ¼″-20 Housing material PCABS with TPE, magnesium Color Black Warranty and service Warranty http://www.flir.com/warranty/ #T810253; r. AA/42549/42549; en-US...
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Technical data Image presentation Screen size 4 in. Viewing angle 80° Color depth (bits) Aspect ratio Auto-rotation Touchscreen Optically bonded PCAP Display technology Cover glass material Dragontrail® Programmable buttons Viewfinder Image adjustment • Automatic • Automatic maximum • Automatic minimum •...
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Removable memory: SD card Time lapse (Periodic image storage) 10 seconds to 24 hours (infrared) Remote control operation • Using FLIR Tools (using USB cable) • FLIR Tools Mobile (over Wi-Fi) Image file format Standard JPEG, measurement data included. In-...
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Technical data Video recording in camera Radiometric infrared-video recording RTRR (.csq) Non-radiometric infrared-video recording H.264 to memory card Visual video recording H.264 to memory card Video streaming Radiometric infrared-video streaming Over UVC or RTSP (Wi-Fi) (compressed) Non-radiometric video streaming (compressed: IR, •...
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Battery size (L × W × H) 59 × 66 × 94 mm (2.3 × 2.6 × 3.7 in.) Tripod mounting UNC ¼″-20 Housing material PCABS with TPE, magnesium Color Black Warranty and service Warranty http://www.flir.com/warranty/ #T810253; r. AA/42549/42549; en-US...
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Country of origin Sweden and/or Estonia Supplies and accessories: • T198495; Pouch for FLIR T6xx and T4xx series • T911705ACC; USB Type-C to USB Type-C cable (USB 2.0 standard), 1.0 m • T911632ACC; USB Type-C to HDMI adapter, standard specification UH311 •...
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Technical data Image presentation Screen size 4 in. Viewing angle 80° Color depth (bits) Aspect ratio Auto-rotation Touchscreen Optically bonded PCAP Display technology Cover glass material Dragontrail® Programmable buttons Viewfinder Image adjustment • Automatic • Automatic maximum • Automatic minimum •...
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Removable memory: SD card Time lapse (Periodic image storage) 10 seconds to 24 hours (infrared) Remote control operation • Using FLIR Tools (using USB cable) • FLIR Tools Mobile (over Wi-Fi) Image file format Standard JPEG, measurement data included. In-...
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Technical data Video recording in camera Radiometric infrared-video recording RTRR (.csq) Non-radiometric infrared-video recording H.264 to memory card Visual video recording H.264 to memory card Video streaming Radiometric infrared-video streaming Over UVC or RTSP (Wi-Fi) (compressed) Non-radiometric video streaming (compressed: IR, •...
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Battery size (L × W × H) 59 × 66 × 94 mm (2.3 × 2.6 × 3.7 in.) Tripod mounting UNC ¼″-20 Housing material PCABS with TPE, magnesium Color Black Warranty and service Warranty http://www.flir.com/warranty/ #T810253; r. AA/42549/42549; en-US...
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Country of origin Sweden and/or Estonia Supplies and accessories: • T198495; Pouch for FLIR T6xx and T4xx series • T911705ACC; USB Type-C to USB Type-C cable (USB 2.0 standard), 1.0 m • T911632ACC; USB Type-C to HDMI adapter, standard specification UH311 •...
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Technical data Image presentation Screen size 4 in. Viewing angle 80° Color depth (bits) Aspect ratio Auto-rotation Touchscreen Optically bonded PCAP Display technology Cover glass material Dragontrail® Programmable buttons Viewfinder Image adjustment • Automatic • Automatic maximum • Automatic minimum •...
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Removable memory: SD card Time lapse (Periodic image storage) 10 seconds to 24 hours (infrared) Remote control operation • Using FLIR Tools (using USB cable) • FLIR Tools Mobile (over Wi-Fi) Image file format Standard JPEG, measurement data included. In-...
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Technical data Video recording in camera Radiometric infrared-video recording RTRR (.csq) Non-radiometric infrared-video recording H.264 to memory card Visual video recording H.264 to memory card Video streaming Radiometric infrared-video streaming Over UVC or RTSP (Wi-Fi) (compressed) Non-radiometric video streaming (compressed: IR, •...
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Country of origin Sweden and/or Estonia Supplies and accessories: • T198495; Pouch for FLIR T6xx and T4xx series • T911705ACC; USB Type-C to USB Type-C cable (USB 2.0 standard), 1.0 m • T911632ACC; USB Type-C to HDMI adapter, standard specification UH311 •...
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Technical data Image presentation Color depth (bits) Aspect ratio Auto-rotation Touchscreen Optically bonded PCAP Display technology Cover glass material Dragontrail® Programmable buttons Viewfinder Image adjustment • Automatic • Automatic maximum • Automatic minimum • Manual Image presentation modes Infrared image Visual image Picture in picture Resizable and movable...
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Removable memory: SD card Time lapse (Periodic image storage) 10 seconds to 24 hours (infrared) Remote control operation • Using FLIR Tools (using USB cable) • FLIR Tools Mobile (over Wi-Fi) Image file format Standard JPEG, measurement data included. In-...
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Technical data Video streaming Radiometric infrared-video streaming Over UVC or RTSP (Wi-Fi) (compressed) Non-radiometric video streaming (compressed: IR, • H.264 (AVC) over RTSP (Wi-Fi) MSX, visual, Picture in Picture) • MPEG4 over RTSP (Wi-Fi) • MJPEG over UVC and RTSP (Wi-Fi) Visual video streaming Digital camera Resolution...
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Battery size (L × W × H) 59 × 66 × 94 mm (2.3 × 2.6 × 3.7 in.) Tripod mounting UNC ¼″-20 Housing material PCABS with TPE, magnesium Color Black Warranty and service Warranty http://www.flir.com/warranty/ #T810253; r. AA/42549/42549; en-US...
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Country of origin Sweden and/or Estonia Supplies and accessories: • T198495; Pouch for FLIR T6xx and T4xx series • T911705ACC; USB Type-C to USB Type-C cable (USB 2.0 standard), 1.0 m • T911632ACC; USB Type-C to HDMI adapter, standard specification UH311 •...
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Technical data Image presentation Screen size 4 in. Viewing angle 80° Color depth (bits) Aspect ratio Auto-rotation Touchscreen Optically bonded PCAP Display technology Cover glass material Dragontrail® Programmable buttons Viewfinder Image adjustment • Automatic • Automatic maximum • Automatic minimum •...
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Removable memory: SD card Time lapse (Periodic image storage) 10 seconds to 24 hours (infrared) Remote control operation • Using FLIR Tools (using USB cable) • FLIR Tools Mobile (over Wi-Fi) Image file format Standard JPEG, measurement data included. In-...
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Technical data Video recording in camera Radiometric infrared-video recording RTRR (.csq) Non-radiometric infrared-video recording H.264 to memory card Visual video recording H.264 to memory card Video streaming Radiometric infrared-video streaming Over UVC or RTSP (Wi-Fi) (compressed) Non-radiometric video streaming (compressed: IR, •...
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Battery size (L × W × H) 59 × 66 × 94 mm (2.3 × 2.6 × 3.7 in.) Tripod mounting UNC ¼″-20 Housing material PCABS with TPE, magnesium Color Black Warranty and service Warranty http://www.flir.com/warranty/ #T810253; r. AA/42549/42549; en-US...
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Country of origin Sweden and/or Estonia Supplies and accessories: • T198495; Pouch for FLIR T6xx and T4xx series • T911705ACC; USB Type-C to USB Type-C cable (USB 2.0 standard), 1.0 m • T911632ACC; USB Type-C to HDMI adapter, standard specification UH311 •...
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Technical data Image presentation Screen size 4 in. Viewing angle 80° Color depth (bits) Aspect ratio Auto-rotation Touchscreen Optically bonded PCAP Display technology Cover glass material Dragontrail® Programmable buttons Viewfinder Image adjustment • Automatic • Automatic maximum • Automatic minimum •...
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Removable memory: SD card Time lapse (Periodic image storage) 10 seconds to 24 hours (infrared) Remote control operation • Using FLIR Tools (using USB cable) • FLIR Tools Mobile (over Wi-Fi) Image file format Standard JPEG, measurement data included. In-...
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Technical data Video recording in camera Radiometric infrared-video recording RTRR (.csq) Non-radiometric infrared-video recording H.264 to memory card Visual video recording H.264 to memory card Video streaming Radiometric infrared-video streaming Over UVC or RTSP (Wi-Fi) (compressed) Non-radiometric video streaming (compressed: IR, •...
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Battery size (L × W × H) 59 × 66 × 94 mm (2.3 × 2.6 × 3.7 in.) Tripod mounting UNC ¼″-20 Housing material PCABS with TPE, magnesium Color Black Warranty and service Warranty http://www.flir.com/warranty/ #T810253; r. AA/42549/42549; en-US...
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Country of origin Sweden and/or Estonia Supplies and accessories: • T198495; Pouch for FLIR T6xx and T4xx series • T911705ACC; USB Type-C to USB Type-C cable (USB 2.0 standard), 1.0 m • T911632ACC; USB Type-C to HDMI adapter, standard specification UH311 •...
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Technical data Image presentation Screen size 4 in. Viewing angle 80° Color depth (bits) Aspect ratio Auto-rotation Touchscreen Optically bonded PCAP Display technology Cover glass material Dragontrail® Programmable buttons Viewfinder Image adjustment • Automatic • Automatic maximum • Automatic minimum •...
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Removable memory: SD card Time lapse (Periodic image storage) 10 seconds to 24 hours (infrared) Remote control operation • Using FLIR Tools (using USB cable) • FLIR Tools Mobile (over Wi-Fi) Image file format Standard JPEG, measurement data included. In-...
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Technical data Video recording in camera Radiometric infrared-video recording RTRR (.csq) Non-radiometric infrared-video recording H.264 to memory card Visual video recording H.264 to memory card Video streaming Radiometric infrared-video streaming Over UVC or RTSP (Wi-Fi) (compressed) Non-radiometric video streaming (compressed: IR, •...
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Battery size (L × W × H) 59 × 66 × 94 mm (2.3 × 2.6 × 3.7 in.) Tripod mounting UNC ¼″-20 Housing material PCABS with TPE, magnesium Color Black Warranty and service Warranty http://www.flir.com/warranty/ #T810253; r. AA/42549/42549; en-US...
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Country of origin Sweden and/or Estonia Supplies and accessories: • T198495; Pouch for FLIR T6xx and T4xx series • T911705ACC; USB Type-C to USB Type-C cable (USB 2.0 standard), 1.0 m • T911632ACC; USB Type-C to HDMI adapter, standard specification UH311 •...
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Technical data Image presentation Screen size 4 in. Viewing angle 80° Color depth (bits) Aspect ratio Auto-rotation Touchscreen Optically bonded PCAP Display technology Cover glass material Dragontrail® Programmable buttons Viewfinder Image adjustment • Automatic • Automatic maximum • Automatic minimum •...
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Removable memory: SD card Time lapse (Periodic image storage) 10 seconds to 24 hours (infrared) Remote control operation • Using FLIR Tools (using USB cable) • FLIR Tools Mobile (over Wi-Fi) Image file format Standard JPEG, measurement data included. In-...
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Technical data Video recording in camera Radiometric infrared-video recording RTRR (.csq) Non-radiometric infrared-video recording H.264 to memory card Visual video recording H.264 to memory card Video streaming Radiometric infrared-video streaming Over UVC or RTSP (Wi-Fi) (compressed) Non-radiometric video streaming (compressed: IR, •...
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Battery size (L × W × H) 59 × 66 × 94 mm (2.3 × 2.6 × 3.7 in.) Tripod mounting UNC ¼″-20 Housing material PCABS with TPE, magnesium Color Black Warranty and service Warranty http://www.flir.com/warranty/ #T810253; r. AA/42549/42549; en-US...
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Country of origin Sweden and/or Estonia Supplies and accessories: • T198495; Pouch for FLIR T6xx and T4xx series • T911705ACC; USB Type-C to USB Type-C cable (USB 2.0 standard), 1.0 m • T911632ACC; USB Type-C to HDMI adapter, standard specification UH311 •...
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Technical data Image presentation Screen size 4 in. Viewing angle 80° Color depth (bits) Aspect ratio Auto-rotation Touchscreen Optically bonded PCAP Display technology Cover glass material Dragontrail® Programmable buttons Viewfinder Image adjustment • Automatic • Automatic maximum • Automatic minimum •...
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Removable memory: SD card Time lapse (Periodic image storage) 10 seconds to 24 hours (infrared) Remote control operation • Using FLIR Tools (using USB cable) • FLIR Tools Mobile (over Wi-Fi) Image file format Standard JPEG, measurement data included. In-...
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Technical data Video recording in camera Radiometric infrared-video recording RTRR (.csq) Non-radiometric infrared-video recording H.264 to memory card Visual video recording H.264 to memory card Video streaming Radiometric infrared-video streaming Over UVC or RTSP (Wi-Fi) (compressed) Non-radiometric video streaming (compressed: IR, •...
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Country of origin Sweden and/or Estonia Supplies and accessories: • T198495; Pouch for FLIR T6xx and T4xx series • T911705ACC; USB Type-C to USB Type-C cable (USB 2.0 standard), 1.0 m • T911632ACC; USB Type-C to HDMI adapter, standard specification UH311 •...
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Technical data Image presentation Color depth (bits) Aspect ratio Auto-rotation Touchscreen Optically bonded PCAP Display technology Cover glass material Dragontrail® Programmable buttons Viewfinder Image adjustment • Automatic • Automatic maximum • Automatic minimum • Manual Image presentation modes Infrared image Visual image Picture in picture Resizable and movable...
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Removable memory: SD card Time lapse (Periodic image storage) 10 seconds to 24 hours (infrared) Remote control operation • Using FLIR Tools (using USB cable) • FLIR Tools Mobile (over Wi-Fi) Image file format Standard JPEG, measurement data included. In-...
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Technical data Video streaming Radiometric infrared-video streaming Over UVC or RTSP (Wi-Fi) (compressed) Non-radiometric video streaming (compressed: IR, • H.264 (AVC) over RTSP (Wi-Fi) MSX, visual, Picture in Picture) • MPEG4 over RTSP (Wi-Fi) • MJPEG over UVC and RTSP (Wi-Fi) Visual video streaming Digital camera Resolution...
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Technical data Image presentation Screen size 4 in. Viewing angle 80° Color depth (bits) Aspect ratio Auto-rotation Touchscreen Optically bonded PCAP Display technology Cover glass material Dragontrail® Programmable buttons Viewfinder Image adjustment • Automatic • Automatic maximum • Automatic minimum •...
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Removable memory: SD card Time lapse (Periodic image storage) 10 seconds to 24 hours (infrared) Remote control operation • Using FLIR Tools (using USB cable) • FLIR Tools Mobile (over Wi-Fi) Image file format Standard JPEG, measurement data included. In-...
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Technical data Video recording in camera Radiometric infrared-video recording RTRR (.csq) Non-radiometric infrared-video recording H.264 to memory card Visual video recording H.264 to memory card Video streaming Radiometric infrared-video streaming Over UVC or RTSP (Wi-Fi) (compressed) Non-radiometric video streaming (compressed: IR, •...
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Country of origin Sweden and/or Estonia Supplies and accessories: • T198495; Pouch for FLIR T6xx and T4xx series • T911705ACC; USB Type-C to USB Type-C cable (USB 2.0 standard), 1.0 m • T911632ACC; USB Type-C to HDMI adapter, standard specification UH311 •...
Application examples 29.1 Moisture & water damage 29.1.1 General It is often possible to detect moisture and water damage in a house by using an infrared camera. This is partly because the damaged area has a different heat conduction property and partly because it has a different thermal capacity to store heat than the surrounding material.
Application examples 29.2.2 Figure The image below shows a connection of a cable to a socket where improper contact in the connection has resulted in local temperature increase. 29.3 Oxidized socket 29.3.1 General Depending on the type of socket and the environment in which the socket is installed, ox- ides may occur on the socket's contact surfaces.
Application examples 29.4 Insulation deficiencies 29.4.1 General Insulation deficiencies may result from insulation losing volume over the course of time and thereby not entirely filling the cavity in a frame wall. An infrared camera allows you to see these insulation deficiencies because they either have a different heat conduction property than sections with correctly installed insulation, and/or show the area where air is penetrating the frame of the building.
Application examples 29.5 Draft 29.5.1 General Draft can be found under baseboards, around door and window casings, and above ceil- ing trim. This type of draft is often possible to see with an infrared camera, as a cooler air- stream cools down the surrounding surface. When you are investigating draft in a house, there should be sub-atmospheric pressure in the house.
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Application examples #T810253; r. AA/42549/42549; en-US...
• Prox Dynamics (2016) Figure 30.1 Patent documents from the early 1960s FLIR Systems has three manufacturing plants in the United States (Portland, OR, Boston, MA, Santa Barbara, CA) and one in Sweden (Stockholm). Since 2007 there is also a...
30.1 More than just an infrared camera At FLIR Systems we recognize that our job is to go beyond just producing the best infrared camera systems. We are committed to enabling all users of our infrared camera systems to work more productively by providing them with the most powerful camera–software...
Although our cameras are designed to be very user-friendly, there is a lot more to thermog- raphy than just knowing how to handle a camera. Therefore, FLIR Systems has founded the Infrared Training Center (ITC), a separate business unit, that provides certified training courses.
Terms, laws, and definitions Term Definition Absorption and emission The capacity or ability of an object to absorb incident radiated energy is always the same as the capacity to emit its own en- ergy as radiation Apparent temperature uncompensated reading from an infrared instrument, contain- ing all radiation incident on the instrument, regardless of its sources Color palette...
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Terms, laws, and definitions Term Definition Qualitative thermography thermography that relies on the analysis of thermal patterns to reveal the existence of and to locate the position of anomalies Quantitative thermography thermography that uses temperature measurement to deter- mine the seriousness of an anomaly, in order to establish re- pair priorities Radiative heat transfer Heat transfer by the emission and absorption of thermal...
Thermographic measurement techniques 32.1 Introduction An infrared camera measures and images the emitted infrared radiation from an object. The fact that radiation is a function of object surface temperature makes it possible for the camera to calculate and display this temperature. However, the radiation measured by the camera does not only depend on the temperature of the object but is also a function of the emissivity.
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Thermographic measurement techniques 32.2.1.1.1 Method 1: Direct method Follow this procedure: 1. Look for possible reflection sources, considering that the incident angle = reflection an- gle (a = b). Figure 32.1 1 = Reflection source 2. If the reflection source is a spot source, modify the source by obstructing it using a piece if cardboard.
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Thermographic measurement techniques 3. Measure the radiation intensity (= apparent temperature) from the reflection source us- ing the following settings: • Emissivity: 1.0 • D You can measure the radiation intensity using one of the following two methods: Figure 32.3 1 = Reflection source Figure 32.4 1 = Reflection source You can not use a thermocouple to measure reflected apparent temperature, because a thermocouple measures temperature, but apparent temperatrure is radiation intensity.
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Thermographic measurement techniques 5. Measure the apparent temperature of the aluminum foil and write it down. The foil is considered a perfect reflector, so its apparent temperature equals the reflected appa- rent temperature from the surroundings. Figure 32.5 Measuring the apparent temperature of the aluminum foil. 32.2.1.2 Step 2: Determining the emissivity Follow this procedure: 1.
50%. 32.6 Other parameters In addition, some cameras and analysis programs from FLIR Systems allow you to com- pensate for the following parameters: • Atmospheric temperature – i.e. the temperature of the atmosphere between the camera and the target •...
The secret to a good thermal image 33.1 Introduction The use of thermal cameras has spread to many professional environments in recent years. They are easy to handle, and thermal images are quick to take. Images can also be attached to reports easily, e.g., for an inspection of an electrical installation or building as evidence of work carried out or of any faults or deviations identified.
The secret to a good thermal image The comparison between photography and thermography can be summarized in a table using a few keywords: Photography Thermography Interesting motif The object to be examined “Tells a story” “Presents facts” Aesthetically pleasing Clear heat patterns Emotive Objective Image detail...
Figure 33.4. Figure 33.4 Images from a FLIR T440 with temperature ranges of –20 to +120°C, (left, –4 to +248°F), 0 to +650°C (middle, +32 to +1202°F) and +250 to +1200°C (right, +482 to +2192°F). All other settings are unchanged.
The secret to a good thermal image Figure 33.5 An image of the same object taken with different temperature ranges: –20 to 120°C (left, –4 to +248°F) and 0 to 650°C (right, +32 to +1202°F). The temperature in the left image is displayed with a warn- ing sign (a red circle with a white cross) because the measured values are outside the calibrated range.
The secret to a good thermal image Figure 33.7 Supply and return lines from radiators in an open-plan office. The left image was taken from a distance of 1 m: the measurement spot is filled and the temperature measurement is correct. The right im- age was taken from a distance of 3 m: the measurement spot is not completely filled and the measured tem- perature values are incorrect (31.4 and 24.4°C (88.5 and 75.9°F) instead of 33.2 and 25.9°C (91.8 and 78.6°...
The secret to a good thermal image greater contrast, but this can lead to a noisy image for objects with different surfaces or many temperatures. Figure 33.9 Gray, iron, and rainbow palettes (left to right). The isotherm is a measuring function that displays a given interval of the same apparent temperature or radiation intensity in a color that is different from the palette.
The secret to a good thermal image ◦ Observe the radiative situation. ◦ Check that the object is clearly visible and displayed at an appropriate size and position. • If you change the emissivity, monitor the temperature range and make sure that it re- mains appropriate.
34.3 Camera calibration at FLIR Systems Without calibration, an infrared camera would not be able to measure either radiance or temperature. At FLIR Systems, the calibration of uncooled microbolometer cameras with a 16. http://www.bipm.org/en/about-us/ [Retrieved 2017-01-31.] 17. http://jcgm.bipm.org/vim/en/2.39.html [Retrieved 2017-01-31.] 18.
The camera calibration certificate is con- firmation of this. It is proof that not only has the calibration been performed by FLIR Sys- tems but that it has also been carried out using calibrated references. Some users own or have access to accredited reference sources, but they are very few in number.
About calibration For instance, one has to ensure that the distance between the blackbody and the camera as well as the diameter of the blackbody cavity are chosen so as to reduce stray radiation and the size-of-source effect. To summarize: a validated protocol must comply with the physical laws for radiance, and not only those for temperature.
History of infrared technology Before the year 1800, the existence of the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum wasn't even suspected. The original significance of the infrared spectrum, or simply ‘the in- frared’ as it is often called, as a form of heat radiation is perhaps less obvious today than it was at the time of its discovery by Herschel in 1800.
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History of infrared technology Moving the thermometer into the dark region beyond the red end of the spectrum, Her- schel confirmed that the heating continued to increase. The maximum point, when he found it, lay well beyond the red end – in what is known today as the ‘infrared wavelengths’. When Herschel revealed his discovery, he referred to this new portion of the electromag- netic spectrum as the ‘thermometrical spectrum’.
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History of infrared technology Figure 35.4 Samuel P. Langley (1834–1906) The improvement of infrared-detector sensitivity progressed slowly. Another major break- through, made by Langley in 1880, was the invention of the bolometer. This consisted of a thin blackened strip of platinum connected in one arm of a Wheatstone bridge circuit upon which the infrared radiation was focused and to which a sensitive galvanometer re- sponded.
Theory of thermography 36.1 Introduction The subjects of infrared radiation and the related technique of thermography are still new to many who will use an infrared camera. In this section the theory behind thermography will be given. 36.2 The electromagnetic spectrum The electromagnetic spectrum is divided arbitrarily into a number of wavelength regions, called bands, distinguished by the methods used to produce and detect the radiation.
Such cavity radiators are commonly used as sources of radiation in temperature refer- ence standards in the laboratory for calibrating thermographic instruments, such as a FLIR Systems camera for example. If the temperature of blackbody radiation increases to more than 525°C (977°F), the source begins to be visible so that it appears to the eye no longer black.
Theory of thermography 36.3.1 Planck’s law Figure 36.3 Max Planck (1858–1947) Max Planck (1858–1947) was able to describe the spectral distribution of the radiation from a blackbody by means of the following formula: where: Blackbody spectral radiant emittance at wavelength λ. λb Velocity of light = 3 ×...
Theory of thermography Figure 36.4 Blackbody spectral radiant emittance according to Planck’s law, plotted for various absolute temperatures. 1: Spectral radiant emittance (W/cm × 10 (μm)); 2: Wavelength (μm) 36.3.2 Wien’s displacement law By differentiating Planck’s formula with respect to λ, and finding the maximum, we have: This is Wien’s formula (after Wilhelm Wien, 1864–1928), which expresses mathematically the common observation that colors vary from red to orange or yellow as the temperature of a thermal radiator increases.
Theory of thermography At room temperature (300 K) the peak of radiant emittance lies at 9.7 μm, in the far infra- red, while at the temperature of liquid nitrogen (77 K) the maximum of the almost insignifi- cant amount of radiant emittance occurs at 38 μm, in the extreme infrared wavelengths. Figure 36.6 Planckian curves plotted on semi-log scales from 100 K to 1000 K.
Theory of thermography Using the Stefan-Boltzmann formula to calculate the power radiated by the human body, at a temperature of 300 K and an external surface area of approx. 2 m , we obtain 1 kW. This power loss could not be sustained if it were not for the compensating absorption of ra- diation from surrounding surfaces, at room temperatures which do not vary too drastically from the temperature of the body –...
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Theory of thermography For highly polished materials ε approaches zero, so that for a perfectly reflecting material λ (i.e. a perfect mirror) we have: For a graybody radiator, the Stefan-Boltzmann formula becomes: This states that the total emissive power of a graybody is the same as a blackbody at the same temperature reduced in proportion to the value of ε...
Theory of thermography 36.4 Infrared semi-transparent materials Consider now a non-metallic, semi-transparent body – let us say, in the form of a thick flat plate of plastic material. When the plate is heated, radiation generated within its volume must work its way toward the surfaces through the material in which it is partially absorbed. Moreover, when it arrives at the surface, some of it is reflected back into the interior.
The measurement formula As already mentioned, when viewing an object, the camera receives radiation not only from the object itself. It also collects radiation from the surroundings reflected via the ob- ject surface. Both these radiation contributions become attenuated to some extent by the atmosphere in the measurement path.
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U according to the same equation, and get (Equation 3): Solve Equation 3 for U (Equation 4): This is the general measurement formula used in all the FLIR Systems thermographic equipment. The voltages of the formula are: Table 37.1 Voltages Calculated camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature T i.e.
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5 volts, the resulting curve would have been very much the same as our real curve extrapolated beyond 4.1 volts, provided the calibration algorithm is based on ra- diation physics, like the FLIR Systems algorithm. Of course there must be a limit to such extrapolations.
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The measurement formula Figure 37.2 Relative magnitudes of radiation sources under varying measurement conditions (SW camera). 1: Object temperature; 2: Emittance; Obj: Object radiation; Refl: Reflected radiation; Atm: atmosphere radia- tion. Fixed parameters: τ = 0.88; T = 20°C (+68°F); T = 20°C (+68°F).
Emissivity tables This section presents a compilation of emissivity data from the infrared literature and measurements made by FLIR Systems. 38.1 References 1. Mikaél A. Bramson: Infrared Radiation, A Handbook for Applications, Plenum press, N. 2. William L. Wolfe, George J. Zissis: The Infrared Handbook, Office of Naval Research, Department of Navy, Washington, D.C.
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Emissivity tables Table 38.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3: Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) Water snow snow –10 0.85 Water Wood 0.98 Wood 0.962 Wood ground 0.5–0.7...
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A note on the technical production of this publication This publication was produced using XML — the eXtensible Markup Language. For more information about XML, please visit http://www.w3.org/XML/ A note on the typeface used in this publication This publication was typeset using Linotype Helvetica™ World. Helvetica™ was designed by Max Miedinger (1910–1980) LOEF (List Of Effective Files) T501248.xml;...
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Disclaimer Specifications subject to change without further notice. Models and accessories subject to regional market considerations. License procedures may apply. Products described herein may be subject to US Export Regulations. Please refer to exportquestions@flir.com with any questions. Publ. No.: T810253...
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