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Kodak Document Scanner 9500 with Image Manager Integrator Manual

Document scanner with/without image manager
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A-61124

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  • Page 1 Document Scanner 9500 with Image Manager Document Scanner 9500 without Image Manager Integrator’s Guide A-61124...

  • Page 2: A-61124 March

    1 Introduction This Integrator’s Guide contains information that applies to the following Document Scanners: • Kodak Digital Science ™ Document Scanner 9500 with the Kodak Digital Science Image Manager • Kodak Digital Science ™ Document Scanner 9500 without the Kodak Digital Science Image Manager...
  • Page 3 This Integrator’s Guide provides the information need ed to use the About this guide Kodak Digital Science Document Scanner 9500 . You should be familiar with the operation of the scanner. If you are not, refer the Appendix B, Reference Materials for a complete listing of available publications.

  • Page 4: Scanning Documents

    4. Calibrate the scanner. For procedures on how to do this, see the Kodak Digital Science Scanner 9500, User’s Guide . 5. Prepare documents according to the instructions found in the Kodak Digital Science Scanner 9500, User’s Guide .
  • Page 5 Initiate polling document images are transferred from the image buffer to the host system. Polling should continue until scanning is disabled. Feed documents according to the instructions found in the Kodak Feed documents Digital Science Document Scanner 9500, User's Guide.
  • Page 6 When an error occurs, the host will receive a SCSI Check Condition Status. This indicates to the host that there may be one current error and potentially one or more deferred errors. The host must follow a Check Condition Status with a SCSI Request Sense command.
  • Page 7 Fault recovery methods are required when unanticipated Fault recovery circumstances interrupt scanning, such as a document jam. The two methods described below meet the needs of most users. However, other methods may be used. IMPORTANT: Before beginning fault recovery, make sure all the images and headers have been transferred from the image buffer to the host system.

  • Page 8: Image Headers

    3 Image Headers This chapter provides an overview of the type of information Image header contents generated during the scanning process, and how to retrieve images and headers. The scanner collects the following information for each document scanned: Document number (Sequential ID Number) The scanner assigns a unique Sequential ID Number to each document.
  • Page 9 Image address The scanner assigns an image address to the scanned document. The image address is based upon the index format defined in the current operating mode and the document level assigned to the document. Refer to Appendix C , Assigning Image Addresses for additional information.

  • Page 10: Ascii

    Bar code header information If the Bar Code Accessory is installed and enabled and a bar code is detected on the document, the decoded information is included in the image header. Bar code information can contain a maximum of 106 ASCII characters: •...

  • Page 11: Table Of Contents

    The following table gives the position and the format of each Image header format piece of data placed in the image header: Set by Offset Format Dynamic Data Command ASCII-10 Sequential ID Number ASCII-8 Image Size – ASCII-2 Document Level –...
  • Page 12 NOTES: • The header created for a rear side image is identical to the header created for a front side image except for the literal value (bytes 0–6); Front # is replaced by Rear #. • Each piece of information collected during the scanning process is placed in an image header associated with the scanned document image (two-sided scanning produces two image headers and two images-per-document;...
  • Page 13 Default Image Header Format 362 363 nu nu nu nu nu nu nu nu nu nu Bar Code Data … nu nu = Null (00H) = Line Feed (0AH) Blank = Blank (20H) NOTE: Resolution reported will be actual (rounded to the nearest 10 dpi).
  • Page 14 Headers and images are transferred to the host system via the Retrieving images and SCSI Read command. The data can be transferred in one of headers three forms: header only, image only, or compound image, i.e., header with image. To determine the form, set the transfer type within the SCSI Read command.
  • Page 15 The following examples illustrate how to retrieve image h eaders Recommended retrieval and images. methods To read compound images (image header with image) using packets: • Perform a SCSI Read asking for 64K bytes of compound data. • From the header, you find the image is 316,000 bytes long. Assuming the header is 512 bytes long, 65,024 bytes of image were obtained from the first read.
  • Page 16 Scanner — Host Communications This chapter provides an overview of the communication link between the scanner and the host system. Communications between the scanner and the host system occur across a SCSI bus. The SCSI interface supports two-way command/data communication between the scanner and the host system. The SCSI-2 command set is supported.

  • Page 17: The Scsi Interface

    The SCSI Interface This chapter describes the SCSI interface used with the scanners. For complete information on the appropriate SCSI specification, refer to SCSI-2 Working Draft ANSI X. 131-198X, Revision 6, 10/29/88. The SCSI interface provides a means of communication between SCSI overview a maximum of eight computer and peripheral devices, giving the host computer independence within this system.
  • Page 18 The SCSI interface uses 18 signal lines: SCSI interface signal lines Select (SEL) Acknowledge (ACK) Attention (ATN) Reset (RST) Host Busy (BSY) Computer Data (DB(0)-DB(7)) Target Initiator Data Parity (DB(P)) Control/Data (C/D) Input/Output (I/O) Message (MSG) Request (REQ) There are seven steps or phases for issuing commands to the Issuing SCSI scanner or controller: commands...
  • Page 19 Arbitration phase — an essential phase in a multi-host environment with multiple initiators. In this phase, multiple initiators compete for control of the bus. Only one initiator can have control of the bus at a time. The initiator asserts the BSY signal, simultaneously this initiator outputs its own SCSI ID bit to the SCSI bus.
  • Page 20 In the SCSI communication mode, a function is considered SCSI status responses incomplete until a valid status response is received from the other end of the SCSI link. There are three valid SCSI status responses: Status Response Code Meaning Good Status The frame was successfully received and individual fields within the frame contained legal...
  • Page 21 SCSI message responses Message Code Direction Function/Action SCSI Spec Command scanner->host Scanner indicating the I/O Section 5.6.5 Complete process is completed and a valid status has been sent. Initiator-Detected host->scanner Scanner continues current Section 5.6.11 Error I/O process. Abort host->scanner Scanner terminates current Section 5.6.1 I/O process.
  • Page 22 The scanner conforms to the SCSI specifications as follows: SCSI conformance • Single-ended, 8-bit bus, Cable A, shielded connector (Alternative 2). Cable B is not supported. • Single-initiator (one host) is supported. Disconnect and Reselect are not supported. • Asynchronous maximum transfer rate of 1.2 M Bytes per second.
  • Page 23 This section lists the SCSI commands that the scanner supports. SCSI commands Information for each command includes: • Command format operation codes (op codes). • Section numbers to reference in the SCSI-2 Specifications. • Command block descriptor. • Command specifics (parameters). SCSI command summary Command Op Command...
  • Page 24 Define Window Parameters command Command op code: 24H SCSI Specification: Section 14.2.1 Command block descriptor Byte Operation Code (24H) Logical Unit Number Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved (MSB) Transfer Length (LSB) Vendor Unique Reserved Flag Link NOTE: For single-sided documents, a single Define Window Parameters command should be sent.
  • Page 25 Define Window descriptor bytes Bit Byte Window Identifier Reserved X Resolution (MSB) (LSB) Y Resolution (MSB) (LSB) (MSB) Upper Left X (LSB) (MSB) Upper Left Y (LSB) (MSB) Width (LSB) (MSB) Length (LSB) Brightness Threshold Contrast Image Composition Bits Per Pixel Halftone Pattern (MSB) (LSB)
  • Page 26 Define Window Parameters data Descriptor Data Definition Window Identifier = SFFFFF00 S=Side (0-Front, 1-Rear) FFFFF=Mode (0-18) Auto Auto windows not supported X Resolution If zero, will default to 200 dpi = 70 to 300 Document Scanner 9500 Y Resolution Defaults to X resolution Upper Left X = 0 to 14400* 0 to 12 inches (0 to 304.8 mm)
  • Page 27 Descriptor Data Definition Bit Ordering = 0000H Always scans left to right, top to bottom 0001H Data packing within a byte (bit ordering) is selectable: 0000H=msb/right;lsb/left 0001H=msb/left;lsb/right (default) Compression Type = 00H, 01H, 00H = no compression 02H, 03H 01H = TSS Group III, 1-dimensional 02H = TSS Group III, 2-dimensional 03H = TSS Group IV Compression...
  • Page 28 Get Window command Command op code: 25H SCSI Specification: Section 14.2.2 Command block descriptor Byte Operation Code (25H) Logical Unit Number Reserved Single Reserved Reserved Reserved Window Identifier (MSB) Transfer Length (LSB) Vendor Unique Reserved Flag Link Get Window data Descriptor Data Definition...
  • Page 29 Get Window Parameters header data Descriptor Data Definition Window Data Length = 54 The value is equal to the data header, not including the window data length (8 bytes) plus the number 1756 of windows multiplied by the window descriptor length single window = 46 bytes all windows/simplex = 874 bytes...
  • Page 30 Get Window descriptor bytes Bit/Byte Window Identifier Reserved (MSB) X Resolution (LSB) (MSB) Y Resolution (LSB) (MSB) Upper Left X (LSB) (MSB) Upper Left Y (LSB) (MSB) Width (LSB) (MSB) Length (LSB) Brightness Threshold Contrast Image Composition Bits Per Pixel (MSB) Halftone Pattern (LSB)
  • Page 31 Get Window Parameters data Descriptor Data Definition Window Identifier = SFFFFF00 S=Side (0-Front, 1-Rear) FFFFF=Mode (0-18) Auto Auto windows not supported X Resolution = 70 to 300 Document Scanner 9500 Y Resolution Upper Left X = 0 to 14400* 0 to 12 inches (0 to 304.8 mm) †...
  • Page 32 Descriptor Data Definition Noise Filter = 0, 1, 2 0 = no filter 1 = remove lone pixels 2 = majority rule No Scan No scan off (scanning enabled) No scan on (scanning disabled) Border Reduction Border Reduction disabled ‡ Border Reduction enabled Skew Correction Skew Correction enabled...

  • Page 33: Inquiry Command

    Inquiry command Command op code: 12H SCSI Specification: Section 7.2.5 Command block descriptor Byte Operation Code (12H) Logical Unit Number Reserved EVPD Page Code Reserved Allocation Length Vendor Unique Reserved Flag Link EVPD Not supported Page Code Not supported Allocation Length = 0 - 56 If greater than 56 is specified, only 56 bytes will be returned Inquiry descriptor bytes Byte...
  • Page 34 Linked commands not supported CmdQue Command queuing not supported SftRes RESET condition causes hard reset Vendor Identification KODAKb / b / o / Kodak Product Identification DSb / Scannerb / 9500 Document Scanner 9500 Product Revision Current Version Current version Adaptive Threshold...

  • Page 35: Read Command

    Read command Command op code: 28H SCSI Specification: Section 14.2.5 Command block descriptor Byte Operation Code (28H) Logical Unit Number Reserved RelAdr Transfer Data Type Reserved (MSB) Transfer Identification (LSB) (MSB) Transfer Length (LSB) Vendor Unique Reserved Flag Link Read data Descriptor Data Definition...

  • Page 36: Release Unit Command

    Release Unit command Command op code: 17H SCSI Specification: Section 14.2.6 Command block descriptor This command is not fully implemented. A Good Status will be returned if it is executed. Byte Operation Code (17H) Logical Unit Number 3rdPty Third Party Device Reserved Reserved Reserved...

  • Page 37: Request Sense Command

    Request Sense command Command op code: 03H SCSI Specification: Section 7.2.15 Command block descriptor Byte Operation Code (03H) Logical Unit Number Reserved Reserved Reserved Allocation Length Vendor Unique Reserved Flag Link Request Sense descriptor bytes Byte Valid Error Code Segment Number Filemark Reserved Sense Key...
  • Page 38 Request Sense data Descriptor Data Definition Valid Data is always valid Error Code = 70H Current Error = 71H Deferred Error Segment Number Not used Filemark Not valid Not valid No Incorrect Length Incorrect Length Indicator is on Sense Key = 00H No Sense or Incorrect Length = 01H...
  • Page 39 Additional Info Scanner Disabled Error Sense Sense Sense Bytes Recovery Fatal Calibration Stop Control Code Qualifier Description Seq. Id# Required Error Required Trans Panel No additional information Invalid command operation code Invalid scanner-unique command Invalid scanner-unique command — unknown error Invalid scanner-unique command —...

  • Page 40: Reserve Unit Command

    Reserve Unit command Command op code: 16H SCSI Specification: Section 14.2.6 Command block descriptor This command is not fully implemented. A Good Status will be returned if it is executed. Byte Operation Code (16H) Reserved Logical Unit Number 3rdPty Third Party Device Reserved Reserved Reserved...

  • Page 41: Send Command

    Send command Send is required when executing scanner-unique commands. Command op code: 2AH SCSI Specification: Section 14.2.8 Command block descriptor Byte Operation Code (2AH) Logical Unit Number Reserved RelAdr Transfer Data Type Reserved Transfer Identification (LSB) (MSB) Transfer Length (LSB) Vendor Unique Reserved Flag...
  • Page 42 Scanner-unique commands may be sent to the scanner during the Using the Send Data Transfer phase of a SCSI Send command. command for scanner- unique commands IMPORTANT: The Transfer Type field must be set to 80H. The following tables illustrate how a scanner-unique DA command with a data field of 345.6 would be sent: Command block Byte...

  • Page 43: Test Unit Ready Command

    Test Unit Ready command Command op code: 00H SCSI Specification: Section 7.2.17 Command block descriptor Byte Operation Code (00H) Logical Unit Number Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved Vendor Unique Reserved Flag Link A-61124 March 1999 5-27...

  • Page 44: Ascii

    Scanner-unique Commands This chapter provides information about the scanner-unique commands used for communication and data exchange between the scanner and host system. Scanner-unique commands, which are used to establish or change the scanner configuration can be executed by sending a SCSI Send command (with the Transfer Type set to 80H) from the host system.
  • Page 45 The following table provides a summary of all available scanner- Command summary unique commands. Detailed descriptions of each command appear on the pages indicated. Machine Level Commands May be used with: Description Command SCSI SCSI Page Send Read Setup Bit Order 6–6 Count Only Mode 6–11...
  • Page 46 There are three types of image processing commands: • X commands affect both front and rear scanning. • Y commands affect only front scanning. • Z commands affect only rear scanning. When using SCSI Send: For duplex scanners, all three types of commands may be used. For simplex scanners, only the Y command type may be used.

  • Page 47: Ascii

    Each scanner-unique command is described in this section. The Commands command descriptions appear in alphabetical order. The AX/Y/Z command defines the scan window (cropping AX/Y/Z Cropping/ Auto parameters) to be used for the current mode. Cropping Data Field Command Field xs3...xs0 xl3...x10 ys3...ys0...

  • Page 48: Field

    The BX/Y/Z command defines scanning resolution for the current BX/Y/Z — Scan resolution mode. Data Field Command Field X/Y/Z Data Field Description Value(s) scan resolution in dots per inch 70 to 300* * Values must be specified in increments of 10 dpi. If not, values will be rounded to the nearest 10 dpi by the scanner.

  • Page 49: Field

    The DX command enables or disables scanning for the current DX — No scan mode. Data Field Command Field stat Data Field Description Value(s) stat no scan off (scanning enabled) no scan on (scanning disabled) The EX command defines the bit order within a byte of image EX —...

  • Page 50: Field

    The FX/Y/Z command defines the compression for the current FX/Y/Z — Compression mode. It allows the optional specification of a K-factor for Group III, two-dimensional compression. Data Field Command Field K-factor (opt) X/Y/Z Data Field Description Value(s) uncompressed Group III compression (one-dimensional) Group III compression (two-dimensional) Group IV compression K-factor...

  • Page 51: Field

    The GX command initiates the scanner End of Job sequence. GX — End of job This sequence includes: • turning off the feeder • flushing the transport • turning off the transport • disabling scanning NOTE: The image buffer is not cleared. Data Field Command Field none...

  • Page 52: Field

    The JA command alters the preprogrammed application mode by JA — Define mode storing the current operating mode in its place. After the current operating mode has been stored as one of the 18 application modes, it can be selected in one of two ways: the operator can select it by entering function code F01 on the scanner operator control panel;...

  • Page 53: Field

    JA command Example 2: • Mode 4 is the current application mode. • The host executes the following FX command to disable compression: CHAR • The host executes a JA command, specifying Mode 3: CHAR When Mode 3 is selected from the scanner operator control panel, all of the features of Mode 4 that were available prior to the execution of the FX command described above remain unchanged, except compression (which is now disabled);...

  • Page 54: Field

    The KX/Y/Z command defines the contrast used for the current KX/Y/Z — Scan contrast mode. NOTE: A contrast of 0 results in a fixed threshold. Data Field Command Field cont X/Y/Z Data Field Description Value(s) cont scan contrast ranging from 0 (fixed 0–100 thresholding) to 100 (fully adaptive) NOTES:...

  • Page 55: Field

    The MX/Y/Z command selects an Image Enhancement filter for MX/Y/Z — Image the current mode. enhancement filter Data Field Command Field filter X/Y/Z Data Field Description Value(s) filter no filter (all pass) halftone removal no filter (all pass) no filter (all pass) The NF command sets the document image level for the next NF —...

  • Page 56: Field

    The SX/Y/Z command changes the white/black polarity for SX/Y/Z — Reverse image the current mode. Data Field Command Field X/Y/Z Data Field Description Value(s) white/0 black/1 white/1 black/0 The TX command directs a duplex scanner to scan either TX — Simplex/duplex one or both sides of the document(s) for the current mode.
  • Page 57 If auto-cropping is off (see AX, Y, Z command), the Y YX/Y/Z — Border command removes borders on sides of documents. Reduction Data Field Command Field Border X/Y/Z Data Field Description Value(s) Border Border Reduction disabled Border Reduction enabled NOTE: If auto-cropping is on, and this command is sent, the machine will store the last commanded state of the Y command.
  • Page 58 There are several ways to alter the default image processing Scanner-unique parameters: command samples • temporarily override an individual parameter • temporarily override a group of parameters • permanently change an individual parameter • permanently change a group of parameters Temporary individual parameter overrides are performed by sending a single scanner-unique command using a single SCSI Send command.
  • Page 59 The following table illustrates how the use of a string of scanner- unique commands can temporarily override current mode parameters: RESULT ACTION Compression Resolution Scanner is in Mode 1 200* Host executes SCSI Send command with 2FX300BX Host executes SCSI Send command 200* with 4HA Host executes SCSI Send command...
  • Page 60 Permanently changing a group of parameters A permanent change to a group of parameters is performed by temporarily overriding a group of parameters and then sending a scanner-unique Define Mode (JA) command to save the values to a specified mode.** The permanent parameter changes remain in effect until a SCSI or power-on reset occurs.
  • Page 61 The recommended method of downloading and saving image Recommended usage of processing parameters, when using scanner-unique commands, scanner-unique is to use a SCSI Send command to transmit all desired parameter commands changes, and a Define Mode (JA) command to permanently store the parameter changes in a specified mode.
  • Page 62 The Diagnostic Interface (J45/COIN3) This chapter describes the communications between the scanner and an RS-232 terminal, which may used to receive diagnostic information. The diagnostic interface (also referred to as COIN3) may be used Usage to receive diagnostic messages. This interface may be used as a diagnostic tool during product development and integration.

  • Page 63: Appendix A Glossary

    Appendix A Glossary Batch A number of documents to be scanned as a group. Bi-tonal image An unscreened image that consists of pixels which are either black or white (1 bit/pixel), as opposed to gray scale (screened) images which consist of pixels which are assigned a value based upon a range of gray shades.
  • Page 64 Document image level Rank associated with a type of document. Up to four levels — Level 3, Level 2, Level 1, and Level 0 — can be used. The level can be set automatically using a Patch Reader accessory, manually by pressing the Footswitch, by pressing a Level key on the control panel, or by sending a scanner-unique Level of Next Document command.
  • Page 65 The basic unit of type measurement which determines the character height. 1 point = 1/72 of an inch. Point Size Font Kodak Digital Science ™ Document Scanner Products Kodak Digital Science ™ Document Scanner Products Kodak Digital Science ™ Document Scanner Products Kodak Digital Science ™...
  • Page 66 Scaling Method used to obtain output resolutions other than the base resolution of the scanner . Can be done only from a higher resolution to a lower resolution . Scanner-unique command Allows the host computer and the scanner to communicate with each other.
  • Page 67 Appendix B Reference Materials The following publications are available for the Kodak Digital Science Document Scanner 9500. A-61092 User's Guide A-61124 Integrator's Guide A-61094 Installation Planning and System Maintenance Guide A-61097 Installation Questionnaire Instructions /Mode Setup Software Accessory-specific A-61099 Bar Code Made Easy...
  • Page 68 Appendix C Assigning Image Addresses An image address may contain up to 15 characters, consisting of a maximum of 12 digits and a maximum of 3 delimiters. You must define the following four fields: • Field A represents Level 1. Its value is incremented when a document is assigned Level 1.
  • Page 69 • Three Level Offset Format Field A is defined as having a field length of zero. Field B is defined as having a field length greater than zero. Field C is defined as having a field length greater than zero. Fixed Field may be defined, if desired.
  • Page 70 Appendix D Image Processing Parameter Defaults Image processing parameters are fine-tuned during integration Image processing for each application/document type, with the goal of optimizing parameters document image quality. At the beginning of the optimization process, the default image processing parameter settings should be used as a base when fine-tuning the image processing parameters: •...
  • Page 71 Table D-1 — Scanner 9500 with the Image Manager Default image processing parameters Modes Modes Modes Modes Modes Modes Modes Parameter Command 1,5,9, 13,17 2,6,10 14,18 3,7,11,15 12,16 Scan (X & Y) BX/Y/Z Resolution Cropping AX/Y/Z auto crop auto crop auto crop auto crop Parameters...
  • Page 72 Table D-2 — Scanner 9500 Recommended Image processing parameters Image Document Type Threshold Contrast Screen Enhancement Noise Filter Compression (JX/Y/Z) (KX/Y/Z) (LX/Y/Z) Filter (NX/Y/Z) All Text Documents 90 (default) 2-level None (ATP enabled) (default) Continuous tone* 100-120 Any–Multi- (photographic) Level <100, >120 Not used (standard IP enabled)
  • Page 73 Table D-3 — Scanner 9500 without the Image Manager Default image processing parameters Modes Modes Modes Modes Parameter Command 1,5,9,13,17 2,6,10,14,18 3,7,11,15 4,8,12,16 Scan (X & Y) BX/Y/Z Resolution Cropping AX/Y/Z Parameters x start = x length = y start = 1104 1104 1104...
  • Page 74 This information pertains to the following: • Kodak Digital Science Scanner 9500 series • Kodak Digital Science Scanner 5500 and 7500 series • Kodak Digital Science Document Scanner/Microimager 990 NOTE: For the purpose of this appendix, when referring to the scanner and the scanner/microimager the term “...
  • Page 75 AX/Y/Z command. This option is only available for Document Scanners with the Auto-cropping Kodak Digital Science Image Manager accessory installed (not the Scanner/Microimager 990). The Image Manager provides border detection for use with auto- cropping. Auto-cropping locates the edges, in both the x and y direction of documents and outputs the actual size of the document that was scanned.
  • Page 76 Compression is used to reduce the number of bytes needed for Compression scanned document images, thus saving storage space and/or transmission time. This is accomplished with special algorithms that use run-length encoding. The scanner allows one of three types of compression: •...
  • Page 77 Contrast determines the ability of the scanner to detect subtle Contrast (without ATP) differences in gray levels. It is defined as a percentage, from 0 to 100%. A high contrast value will produce a scanned output of mostly blacks and whites (only large changes in gray levels are detected).
  • Page 78 Image Enhancement filters are used to optimize certain maximum Image enhancement filters characteristics. The following Image Enhancement filter options are available for the scanner/microimager 990 only. • No (all-pass) filter — used when no enhancement to an image is necessary. •...
  • Page 79 Mixed mode/Error diffusion processing screens photographic Mixed mode/Error diffusion areas of a document to simulate gray levels, yet sharpens the edges of text. It is recommended that mixed mode/error diffusion be used when a mix of text, graphs, pictures, and colors in the documents are being scanned.
  • Page 80 Noise filter The scanner uses two types of Noise filters: Remove Lone Pixel and Majority Rule. Use the Noise filter to increase the compression ratio and improve the appearance of document images. • Remove Lone Pixel — reduces random noise on bi-tonal images by converting a single black pixel surrounded by white to white or by converting a single white pixel surrounded by black to black.
  • Page 81 This is the same document, using the Remove Lone Pixel Noise filter to suppress the background noise: A-61122/A-61124 March 1999...
  • Page 82 The resolution of a scanned image is defined by the number of Resolution pixels-per-inch (also known as dots-per-inch or dpi) that are used to create the image. The scanner is capable of producing document images of varying resolutions. For example, if the desired resolution is 100 dpi, and the scanner uses a base resolution of 200 dpi and the desired (100 dpi) resolution is achieved by scaling down from 200 dpi.
  • Page 83 Screening (dithering) is a method used to simulate gray levels. Screening/Dithering Screening is expressed in terms of levels, ranging from 2-level to 64-level, with several levels in between. Screening is a process that groups neighboring pixels together into a super-pixel. The size of the super pixel is determined by the screening level chosen (i.e., when a 64-level screen is chosen, the super-pixel contains 64 pixels;...
  • Page 84 Thresholding is used to convert a gray scale image into a bi-tonal Thresholding (1 bit/pixel) image. The thresholding value ranges from 0 to 255. A low threshold value will produce a lighter image, and can be used to subdue backgrounds and subtle, unneeded information. A high threshold value will produce a darker image, and can be used to help pick up faint images.
  • Page 85 This document was scanned using a (high) threshold value of 170: This document was scanned using a (low) threshold value of E-12 A-61122/A-61124 March 1999...
  • Page 86 The Adaptive Threshold Processor separates the foreground Adaptive Threshold information in an image (i.e., text, graphics, lines, etc.) from the Processor (ATP) accessory background information (i.e., white paper background). The Adaptive Threshold Processor performs adaptive thresholding on gray scale scanned images and outputs a binary electronic image.
  • Page 87 Image A was processed using a contrast value of 50. Image B was processed using a contrast value of 80. Compare the two images. Notice the word "four" in blocks 5, 6, 7 and 8 was not visible in Image A, but is visible in Image B. Thus, the increased contrast value provided more legible text.
  • Page 88 ATP Threshold settings The threshold parameter controls the lightness and darkness of the background in an image. Threshold can have a value between 0 and 255, with a default value of 90. As the threshold is increased, more of the darker grays in the image will become black.
  • Page 89 The Kodak Digital Science Image Manager accessory provides Image Manager capabilities skew detection and correction, auto-cropping and border reduction. This accessory is not available on the Scanner/Microimager 990. The Image Manager provides skew detection and correction. Skew Detection and Skew detection can detect up to a 45-degree skew and correct up...
  • Page 90 When auto-cropping is turned on, it detects and crops the Auto-cropping borders of a document and outputs the actual size of the document that was scanned. The following illustrates how skew correction and auto-cropping work. Skewed document with auto-cropping and skew correction turned off Line Length = N x 16 pixels Same skewed document with auto-cropping and...
  • Page 91 The illustrations that follow show examples of skew correction in fixed cropping mode. Example 1 Skewed document ----- Center fed Un-skewed or deskewed document ----- Center fed Line Length = N x 16 pixels (Fixed Cropping) Line Length = N x 16 pixels (Fixed Cropping) Rotate about upper left corner Example 2 Un-skewed or deskewed document ----- fed left of...
  • Page 92 Example 3 If the entire image border is almost as dark as the scanner background (i.e., black or dark blue), deskew, auto-cropping and border reduction may not work properly. The resulting image will not be deskewed or auto-cropped, as shown in the example below.
  • Page 93 The border reduction feature only works when auto-cropping is Border reduction turned off. Border reduction fills the area outside of the document edges with a white background within the fixed cropping width. The following illustration shows the effects of border reduction. Skewed Document Line Length = N x 16 pixels (Fixed Cropping) Un-Skewed or Deskewed Document...
  • Page 94 This section describes methods for evaluating digitally scanned Evaluating scanned images images. Evaluating scanned images requires an understanding of how scanned images are created and the types of source documents used to create these images. Image creation and source image types are also discussed in this chapter, as well as various evaluation criteria using a standard target as an example.
  • Page 95 Computer-generated images Computer-generated images (printed by dot-matrix or laser printers) are discrete in both tone and space. Discrete in tone means the image consists of pixels on a grid. The number of bits-per-pixel determine the number of gray levels available. The spacing between points on the grid determine the resolution of the image.
  • Page 96 The target used is the IEEE Std 167A01987 Facsimile Test Chart. Evaluation criteria This target was chosen for its text and photographic content, as well as the assortment of resolution targets. Target A-61122/A-61124 March 1999 E-23...
  • Page 97 Staircasing is displayed when a detail on the scanned image Staircasing switches from the scan line to the next line of the grid. This is the same degradation seen on computer-generated images and is most apparent on shallow slopes and soft curves. Staircasing can be minimized by scanning at higher resolutions (more dpi).
  • Page 98 Use of the Halftone Removal option lowers the resolution of the image so it is lower than the scan resolution. The associated loss in resolution may not be acceptable for all applications. Figures C and D illustrate the effect of Halftone Removal on the aliasing patterns.
  • Page 99 When using a traditional microcopy chart, resolution is read as the smallest target that is clearly visible, with no line loss (all five lines present). 4.0 line pairs-per-millimeter is the last target with all five lines visible. Noise and dynamic range Noise in the scanned image will appear as random specks.
  • Page 100 Brightness indicates that calibration is functioning correctly and is Brightness directly affected by threshold. Loss in brightness in a scanned image may indicate a need to recalibrate the scanner or to alter threshold values. Brightness is measured, using the step wedge, by counting the number of black and white steps.
  • Page 101 EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY Document Imaging Rochester, New York 14650 Kodak, Digital Science and the ds monogram symbol are trademarks of Eastman Kodak Company. Printed on recycled paper. DOCUMENT I M A G I N G A-61124 3/99 © Eastman Kodak Company, 1999...

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