ABB REL670 2.2 IEC Applications Manual
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ABB REL670 2.2 IEC Applications Manual

Relion 670 series line distance protection version 2.2 iec
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R E L I O N ® 670 SERIES
Line distance protection REL670
Version 2.2 IEC
Application manual

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Summary of Contents for ABB REL670 2.2 IEC

  • Page 1 — R E L I O N ® 670 SERIES Line distance protection REL670 Version 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 3 Document ID: 1MRK 506 369-UEN Issued: March 2018 Revision: B Product version: 2.2 © Copyright 2017 ABB. All rights reserved...
  • Page 4 Copyright This document and parts thereof must not be reproduced or copied without written permission from ABB, and the contents thereof must not be imparted to a third party, nor used for any unauthorized purpose. The software and hardware described in this document is furnished under a license and may be used or disclosed only in accordance with the terms of such license.
  • Page 5 In case any errors are detected, the reader is kindly requested to notify the manufacturer. Other than under explicit contractual commitments, in no event shall ABB be responsible or liable for any loss or damage resulting from the use of this manual or the application of the equipment.
  • Page 6 (EMC Directive 2004/108/EC) and concerning electrical equipment for use within specified voltage limits (Low-voltage directive 2006/95/EC). This conformity is the result of tests conducted by ABB in accordance with the product standard EN 60255-26 for the EMC directive, and with the product standards EN 60255-1 and EN 60255-27 for the low voltage directive.

  • Page 7: Table Of Contents

    Setting of the phase reference channel........66 Example................. 66 Setting of current channels............66 Example 1................67 Example 2................67 Example 3................68 Examples on how to connect, configure and set CT inputs for most commonly used CT connections....72 Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 8 Short guidance for use of UDP..........107 Protocol reporting via IEEE 1344 and C37.118 PMUREPORT..109 Identification................109 Application................. 109 Operation principle..............112 Frequency reporting............. 113 Reporting filters..............115 Scaling Factors for ANALOGREPORT channels....116 Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 9 Impact of series compensation on protective IED of adjacent lines............... 181 Distance protection...............182 Setting guidelines..............189 General.................189 Setting of zone1..............190 Setting of overreaching zone..........190 Setting of reverse zone............191 Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 10 Load impedance limitation, without load encroachment function.................230 Load impedance limitation, with Phase selection with load encroachment, quadrilateral characteristic function activated ................232 Setting of minimum operating currents.........232 Directional impedance element for quadrilateral characteristics..............232 Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 11 Fault infeed from remote end..........265 Load encroachment..............265 Short line application............266 Long transmission line application........267 Parallel line application with mutual coupling....... 267 Tapped line application............273 Setting guidelines..............276 General.................276 Setting of zone1..............276 Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 12 Setting of zone 1..............306 Setting of overreaching zone..........306 Setting of reverse zone............307 Setting of zones for parallel line application......308 Setting of reach in resistive direction........309 Load impedance limitation, without load encroachment function.................310 Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 13 Setting of zones for parallel line application......349 Setting the reach with respect to load........351 Zone reach setting lower than minimum load impedance..352 Zone reach setting higher than minimum load impedance...354 Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 14 Zone reach setting higher than minimum load impedance...403 Parameter setting guidelines..........404 ZMMMXU settings..............406 Power swing detection ZMRPSB ...........407 Identification................407 Application................. 407 General.................407 Basic characteristics.............408 Setting guidelines..............409 Power swing logic PSLPSCH ............416 Identification................416 Application................. 416 Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 15 Directional phase overcurrent protection, four steps OC4PTOC..460 Identification................460 Application................. 460 Setting guidelines..............461 Settings for each step............463 Setting example..............466 Instantaneous residual overcurrent protection EFPIOC ....471 Identification................471 Application................. 471 Setting guidelines..............471 Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 16 Setting guidelines..............512 Pole discordance protection CCPDSC........... 513 Identification................513 Application................. 513 Setting guidelines..............514 Directional underpower protection GUPPDUP....... 514 Identification................514 Application................. 515 Setting guidelines..............517 Directional overpower protection GOPPDOP ........520 Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 17 Power supply quality............538 High impedance earthed systems........538 The following settings can be done for the two step overvoltage protection............538 Two step residual overvoltage protection ROV2PTOV ....541 Identification................541 Application................. 541 Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 18 Underfrequency protection SAPTUF ..........559 Identification................559 Application................. 559 Setting guidelines..............559 Overfrequency protection SAPTOF ..........560 Identification................560 Application................. 561 Setting guidelines..............561 Rate-of-change of frequency protection SAPFRC ......562 Identification................562 Application................. 562 Setting guidelines..............562 Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 19 Application................. 588 Setting guidelines..............589 General.................589 Setting of common parameters..........589 Negative sequence based............590 Zero sequence based............591 Delta U and delta I ...............591 Dead line detection...............592 Fuse failure supervision VDSPVC..........592 Identification................592 Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 20 ARMode = 1/2ph + 1*3ph, 1-phase, 2-phase or 3-phase reclosing in the first shot............620 ARMode = 1ph + 1*2/3ph, 1-phase, 2-phase or 3-phase reclosing in the first shot............621 External selection of auto reclosing mode......621 Auto reclosing reclaim timer..........622 Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 21 Configuration setting............662 Interlocking for bus-coupler bay ABC_BC ........ 663 Application................664 Configuration................ 664 Signals from all feeders............664 Signals from bus-coupler............666 Configuration setting............668 Interlocking for transformer bay AB_TRAFO ......669 Application................669 Signals from bus-coupler............670 Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 22 Single point generic control 8 signals SPC8GAPC......694 Identification................695 Application................. 695 Setting guidelines..............695 AutomationBits, command function for DNP3.0 AUTOBITS..695 Identification................696 Application................. 696 Setting guidelines..............696 Single command, 16 signals SINGLECMD........696 Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 23 Current reversal logic............714 Weak-end infeed logic............715 Setting guidelines..............716 Current reversal logic............717 Weak-end infeed logic............717 Current reversal and weak-end infeed logic for phase segregated communication ZC1WPSCH ........717 Identification................717 Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 24 Setting guidelines..............734 Carrier receive logic LCCRPTRC..........734 Identification................. 734 Application................734 Setting guidelines..............735 Negative sequence overvoltage protection LCNSPTOV... 735 Identification................. 735 Application................735 Setting guidelines..............735 Zero sequence overvoltage protection LCZSPTOV....736 Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 25 Setting guidelines..............748 Logic for group alarm ALMCALH............748 Identification................748 Application................. 748 Setting guidelines..............749 Logic for group alarm WRNCALH..........749 Identification................749 Application................749 Setting guidelines..............749 Logic for group indication INDCALH..........749 Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 26 Identification................759 Application................. 759 Setting guidelines..............760 Setting example.................760 Comparator for real inputs - REALCOMP........761 Identification................761 Application................. 761 Setting guidelines..............761 Setting example.................762 Section 18 Monitoring..............763 Measurement..................763 Identification................763 Application................. 763 Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 27 Application................. 791 Setting guidelines..............792 Fault locator LMBRFLO..............792 Identification................792 Application................. 792 Setting guidelines..............793 Connection of analog currents..........794 Limit counter L4UFCNT..............795 Identification................795 Application................. 795 Setting guidelines..............796 Running hour-meter TEILGAPC.............796 Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 28 IEC/UCA 61850-9-2LE communication protocol......813 Introduction................813 Setting guidelines..............816 Specific settings related to the IEC/UCA 61850-9-2LE communication..............817 Loss of communication when used with LDCM....817 Setting examples for IEC/UCA 61850-9-2LE and time synchronization..............822 Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 29 Change lock CHNGLCK..............852 Application................. 852 Denial of service SCHLCCH/RCHLCCH ........853 Application................. 853 Setting guidelines..............853 Section 24 Basic IED functions............855 IED identifiers TERMINALID............855 Application................. 855 Product information PRODINF............855 Application................. 855 Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 30 Test mode functionality TESTMODE..........868 Application................. 868 IEC 61850 protocol test mode..........868 Setting guidelines..............870 Time synchronization TIMESYNCHGEN........870 Application................. 870 Setting guidelines..............871 System time................871 Synchronization..............872 Process bus IEC/UCA 61850-9-2LE synchronization..874 Section 25 Requirements............... 877 Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 31 SNTP server requirements............. 886 PTP requirements................887 Sample specification of communication requirements for the protection and control terminals in digital telecommunication networks..................887 IEC/UCA 61850-9-2LE Merging unit requirements ....... 888 Section 26 Glossary............... 891 Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 33: Section 1 Introduction

    This manual addresses the protection and control engineer responsible for planning, pre-engineering and engineering. The protection and control engineer must be experienced in electrical power engineering and have knowledge of related technology, such as protection schemes and communication principles. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 34: Product Documentation

    The manual provides procedures for the checking of external circuitry and energizing the IED, parameter setting and configuration as well as verifying settings by secondary injection. The manual Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 35: Document Revision History

    Document revision history GUID-C8027F8A-D3CB-41C1-B078-F9E59BB73A6C v6 Document revision/date History –/May 2017 First release A/October 2017 2.2.1 release B/November 2017 ZMFPDIS and ZMFCPDIS - Added missing setting tables C/March 2018 2.2 Maintenance release 1 Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 36: Related Documents

    GUID-2945B229-DAB0-4F15-8A0E-B9CF0C2C7B15 v13 The electrical warning icon indicates the presence of a hazard which could result in electrical shock. The warning icon indicates the presence of a hazard which could result in personal injury. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 37: Document Conventions

    For example, to save the changes in non-volatile memory, select Yes and press • Parameter names are shown in italics. For example, the function can be enabled and disabled with the Operation setting. • Each function block symbol shows the available input/output signal. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 38: Iec 61850 Edition 1 / Edition 2 Mapping

    BFPTRC_F04 BFPTRC BFPTRC BFPTRC_F05 BFPTRC BFPTRC BFPTRC_F06 BFPTRC BFPTRC BFPTRC_F07 BFPTRC BFPTRC BFPTRC_F08 BFPTRC BFPTRC BFPTRC_F09 BFPTRC BFPTRC BFPTRC_F10 BFPTRC BFPTRC BFPTRC_F11 BFPTRC BFPTRC BFPTRC_F12 BFPTRC BFPTRC Table continues on next page Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 39 BUSPTRC_B11 BUSPTRC BUSPTRC BUSPTRC_B12 BUSPTRC BUSPTRC BUSPTRC_B13 BUSPTRC BUSPTRC BUSPTRC_B14 BUSPTRC BUSPTRC BUSPTRC_B15 BUSPTRC BUSPTRC BUSPTRC_B16 BUSPTRC BUSPTRC BUSPTRC_B17 BUSPTRC BUSPTRC BUSPTRC_B18 BUSPTRC BUSPTRC BUSPTRC_B19 BUSPTRC BUSPTRC Table continues on next page Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 40 BZNTGAPC BZNTPDIF BZNTPDIF_B BZNTPDIF BZBTGAPC BZBTPDIF BZNTGAPC BZNTPDIF CBPGAPC CBPLLN0 CBPMMXU CBPMMXU CBPPTRC CBPPTRC HOLPTOV HOLPTOV HPH1PTOV HPH1PTOV PH3PTOC PH3PTUC PH3PTUC PH3PTOC RP3PDOP RP3PDOP CCPDSC CCRPLD CCPDSC Table continues on next page Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 41 EFRWPIOC EFRWPIOC ETPMMTR ETPMMTR ETPMMTR FDPSPDIS FDPSPDIS FDPSPDIS FMPSPDIS FMPSPDIS FMPSPDIS FRPSPDIS FPSRPDIS FPSRPDIS FTAQFVR FTAQFVR FTAQFVR FUFSPVC SDDRFUF FUFSPVC SDDSPVC GENPDIF GENPDIF GENGAPC GENPDIF GENPHAR GENPTRC Table continues on next page Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 42 LDLPSCH LDLPDIF LDLPSCH LDRGFC STSGGIO LDRGFC LEXPDIS LEXPDIS LEXPDIS LEXPTRC LFPTTR LFPTTR LFPTTR LMBRFLO LMBRFLO LMBRFLO LOLSPTR LOLSPTR LOLSPTR LOVPTUV LOVPTUV LOVPTUV LPHD LPHD LPTTR LPTTR LPTTR Table continues on next page Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 43 PSPPPAM PSPPTRC QCBAY QCBAY BAY/LLN0 QCRSV QCRSV QCRSV RCHLCCH RCHLCCH RCHLCCH REFPDIF REFPDIF REFPDIF ROTIPHIZ ROTIPHIZ ROTIPHIZ ROTIPTRC ROV2PTOV GEN2LLN0 PH1PTRC PH1PTRC ROV2PTOV ROV2PTOV SAPFRC SAPFRC SAPFRC Table continues on next page Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 44 T2WPTRC T3WPDIF T3WPDIF T3WGAPC T3WPDIF T3WPHAR T3WPTRC TCLYLTC TCLYLTC TCLYLTC TCSLTC TCMYLTC TCMYLTC TCMYLTC TEIGAPC TEIGGIO TEIGAPC TEIGGIO TEILGAPC TEILGGIO TEILGAPC TMAGAPC TMAGGIO TMAGAPC TPPIOC TPPIOC TPPIOC Table continues on next page Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 45 ZMFPTRC ZMFPTRC ZMMMXU ZMMMXU ZMFPDIS ZMFLLN0 PSFPDIS PSFPDIS PSFPDIS ZMFPDIS ZMFPDIS ZMFPTRC ZMFPTRC ZMMMXU ZMMMXU ZMHPDIS ZMHPDIS ZMHPDIS ZMMAPDIS ZMMAPDIS ZMMAPDIS ZMMPDIS ZMMPDIS ZMMPDIS ZMQAPDIS ZMQAPDIS ZMQAPDIS Table continues on next page Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 46 Section 1 1MRK 506 369-UEN B Introduction Function block name Edition 1 logical nodes Edition 2 logical nodes ZMQPDIS ZMQPDIS ZMQPDIS ZMRAPDIS ZMRAPDIS ZMRAPDIS ZMRPDIS ZMRPDIS ZMRPDIS ZMRPSB ZMRPSB ZMRPSB ZSMGAPC ZSMGAPC ZSMGAPC Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 47: Section 2 Application

    With the included remote communication, following the IEEE C37.94 standard, up to 192 channels for intertrip and binary signals are available per LDCM communication module in the communication between the IEDs. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 48 The following tables list all the functions available in the IED. Those functions that are not exposed to the user or do not need to be configured are not described in this manual. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 49: Main Protection Functions

    Directional impedance element for mho characteristic ZDARDIR Additional distance protection directional function for earth faults ZSMGAPC Mho impedance supervision logic FMPSPDIS Faulty phase identification with load enchroachment Table continues on next page Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 50: Back-Up Protection Functions

    Current protection PHPIOC Instantaneous phase overcurrent protection OC4PTOC Directional phase overcurrent 51_67 protection, four steps EFPIOC Instantaneous residual overcurrent protection EF4PTOC Directional residual overcurrent protection, four steps Table continues on next page Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 51 Frequency protection SAPTUF Underfrequency protection 3-E04 3-E04 3-E04 3-E04 SAPTOF Overfrequency protection 3-E04 3-E04 3-E04 3-E04 SAPFRC Rate-of-change of frequency protection 3-E04 3-E04 3-E04 3-E04 Multipurpose protection Table continues on next page Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 52: Control And Monitoring Functions

    (1CB), including interlocking (see Table 4) APC15 Control 1-H38 functionality for a single bay, max 15 objects (2CB), including interlocking (see Table 5) QCBAY Bay control Table continues on next page Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 53 DNP3.0 SINGLECMD Single command, 16 signals I103CMD Function commands for 60870-5-103 I103GENCMD Function commands generic for 60870-5-103 I103POSCMD commands with position and select for 60870-5-103 Table continues on next page Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 54 INDCALH Logic for group indication AND, GATE, INV, Basic 40-420 40-42 40-42 40-42 40-42 LLD, OR, configurable PULSETIMER, logic blocks RSMEMORY, (see Table 3) SRMEMORY, TIMERSET, XOR Table continues on next page Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 55 Boolean 16 conversion ITBGAPC Integer to Boolean 16 conversion with Logic Node representation TEIGAPC Elapsed time integrator with limit transgression and overflow supervision INTCOMP Comparator for integer inputs REALCOMP Comparator for real inputs Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 56 Switch controller SXSWI Circuit switch QCRSV Apparatus control RESIN1 RESIN2 POS_EVAL Evaluation of position indication XLNPROXY Proxy for signals from switching device via GOOSE GOOSEXLNRCV GOOSE function block to receive a switching device Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 57 Table 6: Total number of instances for configurable logic blocks Q/T Configurable logic blocks Q/T Total number of instances ANDQT INDCOMBSPQT INDEXTSPQT INVALIDQT INVERTERQT ORQT PULSETIMERQT RSMEMORYQT SRMEMORYQT TIMERSETQT XORQT Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 58 VMMXU Voltage measurement phase-phase CMSQI Current sequence measurement VMSQI Voltage sequence measurement VNMMXU Voltage measurement phase-earth AISVBAS General service value presentation of analog inputs EVENT Event function Table continues on next page Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 59 SSIML Insulation supervision for liquid medium SSCBR Circuit breaker condition monitoring LMBRFLO Fault locator I103MEAS Measurands for IEC 60870-5-103 I103MEASUSR Measurands user defined signals for 60870-5-103 Table continues on next page Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 60 IEC 60870-5-103 I103USRDEF Status for user defined signals for 60870-5-103 L4UFCNT Event counter with limit supervision TEILGAPC Running hour meter Metering PCFCNT Pulse-counter logic ETPMMTR Function for energy calculation and demand handling Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 61: Communication

    8 merging units ACTIVLOG Activity logging ALTRK Service tracking IEC 62439-3 Parallel redundancy 1-P23 1-P23 1-P23 1-P23 protocol IEC 62439-3 High-availability 1-P24 1-P24 1-P24 1-P24 seamless redundancy Table continues on next page Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 62 Configuration parameters for C37.118 2011 and IEEE1344 protocol PMUREPORT Protocol reporting via IEEE 1344 and C37.118 PHASORREPORT1 Protocol reporting of phasor data via IEEE 1344 and C37.118, phasors 1-8 Table continues on next page Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 63: Basic Ied Functions

    Summation block 3 phase ATHSTAT Authority status ATHCHCK Authority check AUTHMAN Authority management FTPACCS FTP access with password GBASVAL Global base values for settings ALTMS Time master supervision ALTIM Time management COMSTATUS Protocol diagnostic Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 64 Parameter setting function for HMI in PCM600 FNKEYMD1– FNKEYMD5 LEDGEN General LED indication part for LHMI OPENCLOSE_LED LHMI LEDs for open and close keys GRP1_LED1– Basic part for CP HW LED indication module GRP1_LED15 GRP2_LED1– GRP2_LED15 GRP3_LED1– GRP3_LED15 Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 65: Section 3 Configuration

    Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 66: Description Of Configuration Rel670

    ZCRW PSCH Optional Functions Control Control Control Control Ud> PMU REP S CILO S CSWI S XSWI VD SPVC Q CRSV IEC16000195-1-en.vsd IEC16000195 V1 EN-US Figure 2: Configuration diagram for configuration A41 Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 67: Description Of Configuration A42

    PSP PPAM Q CRSV S CILO Control IN> Control Ud> S CSWI SDE PSDE S XSWI VD SPVC ZC1P PSCH ZC1W PSCH IEC16000196-1-en.vsd IEC16000196 V1 EN-US Figure 3: Configuration diagram for configuration A42 Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 68: Description Of Configuration B42

    Control Control PSP PPAM Q CRSV S CILO S CSWI SDE PSDE S XSWI Ud> VD SPVC ZC1P PSCH ZC1W PSCH IEC16000197-1-en.vsdx IEC16000197 V1 EN-US Figure 4: Configuration diagram for configuration B42 Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 69: Description Of Configuration D42

    PSP PPAM Q CRSV S CILO S CSWI IN> Control Ud> SDE PSDE S XSWI VD SPVC ZC1P PSCH ZC1W PSCH IEC16000198-1-en.vsdx IEC16000198 V1 EN-US Figure 5: Configuration diagram for configuration D42 Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 71: Section 4 Analog Inputs

    If a second TRM is used, at least one TRM channel must be configured to get the service values. However, the MU physical channel must be configured to get service values from that channel. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 72: Setting Of The Phase Reference Channel

    Set parameter Set parameter CTStarPoint CTStarPoint Correct Setting is Correct Setting is "ToObject" "FromObject" en05000456.vsd IEC05000456 V1 EN-US Figure 6: Internal convention of the directionality in the IED Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 73: Example 1

    Forward. This means that the protection is looking towards the line. 4.2.2.2 Example 2 SEMOD55055-29 v7 Two IEDs used for protection of two objects and sharing a CT. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 74: Example 3

    CT that is feeding the two IEDs. With these settings, the directional functions of the line protection shall be set to Forward to look towards the line. 4.2.2.3 Example 3 SEMOD55055-35 v7 One IED used to protect two objects. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 75 The CT direction for the current channels to the line protection is set with the line as reference object and the directional functions of the line protection shall be set to Forward to protect the line. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 76 CTStarPoint with Transformer as Transformer as reference object. reference object. Correct setting is Correct setting is "ToObject" "ToObject" IEC05000462 V2 EN-US Figure 10: Example how to set CTStarPoint parameters in the IED Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 77 CT inputs marked with 1 in Figure 11, set CTStarPoint = FromObject, and for all CT inputs marked with 2 in Figure 11, set CTStarPoint = ToObject. Regardless which one of the above two options is selected, busbar differential protection will behave correctly. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 78: Examples On How To Connect, Configure And Set Ct Inputs For Most Commonly Used Ct Connections

    CT polarity marking is correct! It shall be noted that depending on national standard and utility practices, the rated secondary current of a CT has typically one of the following values: • • Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 79: Phase Ct Set To The Ied

    IED. It gives an overview of the actions which are needed to make this measurement available to the built-in protection and control functions within the IED as well. For correct terminal designations, see the connection diagrams valid for the delivered IED. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 80 Ratio of the first two parameters is only used inside the IED. The third parameter (CTStarPoint=ToObject) as set in this example causes no change on the measured currents. In other words, currents are already measured towards the protected object. Table continues on next page Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 81 GRPL3. If GRP2N is connected, the data reflects the measured value of GRP2N. Another alternative is to have the star point of the three-phase CT set as shown in Figure 14: Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 82 IED. A third alternative is to have the residual/neutral current from the three-phase CT set connected to the IED as shown in Figure 14. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 83 6). Depending on the type of functions, which need this current information, more than one preprocessing block might be connected in parallel to these three CT inputs. Table continues on next page Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 84: Example How To Connect Delta Connected Three-Phase Ct Set To The Ied

    IED. It gives an overview of the required actions by the user in order to make this measurement available to the built-in protection and control functions in the IED as well. For correct terminal designations, see the connection diagrams valid for the delivered IED. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 85 Section 4 1MRK 506 369-UEN B Analog inputs IL1-IL2 SMAI2 BLOCK AI3P IL2-IL3 REVROT ^GRP2L1 IL3-IL1 ^GRP2L2 ^GRP2L3 ^GRP2N IEC11000027-3-en.vsdx Protected Object IEC11000027 V3 EN-US Figure 16: Delta DAB connected three-phase CT set Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 86 If frequency tracking and compensation is required (this feature is typically required only DFTReference for IEDs installed in the generating stations) then the setting parameters shall be set accordingly. Another alternative is to have the delta connected CT set as shown in figure 17: Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 87: Example How To Connect Single-Phase Ct To The Ied

    CT to the IED. It gives an overview of the required actions by the user in order to make this measurement available to the built-in protection and control functions within the IED as well. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 88 IED, which are connected to this preprocessing function block. If frequency tracking and compensation is required (this feature is typically required DFTReference only for IEDs installed in the power plants) then the setting parameters shall be set accordingly. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 89: Relationships Between Setting Parameter Base Current, Ct Rated Primary Current And Minimum Pickup Of A Protection Ied

    The phase-to-phase value can be used even if each channel is connected to a phase-to-earth voltage from the VT. 4.2.4.1 Example SEMOD55055-47 v3 Consider a VT with the following data: Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 90: Examples How To Connect, Configure And Set Vt Inputs For Most Commonly Used Vt Connections

    100 V • 110 V • 115 V • 120 V • 230 V The IED fully supports all of these values and most of them will be shown in the following examples. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 91: Examples On How To Connect A Three Phase-To-Earth Connected Vt To The Ied

    For correct terminal designations, see the connection diagrams valid for the delivered IED. SMAI2 BLOCK AI3P REVROT ^GRP2L1 ^GRP2L2 ^GRP2L3 ^GRP2N #Not used IEC06000599-4-en.vsdx IEC06000599 V4 EN-US Figure 20: A Three phase-to-earth connected VT Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 92 Inside the IED, only the ratio of these two parameters is used. It shall be noted that the ratio of the entered values exactly corresponds to ratio of one individual VT. (Equation 2) EQUATION1903 V1 EN-US Table continues on next page Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 93: Example On How To Connect A Phase-To-Phase Connected Vt To The Ied

    IED. It shall be noted that this VT connection is only used on lower voltage levels (that is, rated primary voltage below 40 kV). Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 94 VTprim =13.8 kV VTsec =120 V Please note that inside the IED only ratio of these two parameters is used. Table continues on next page Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 95: Example On How To Connect An Open Delta Vt To The Ied For High Impedance Earthed Or Unearthed Networks

    VT secondary voltage (110/3V in this particular example). Figure gives overview of required actions by the user in order to make this measurement available to the built-in protection and control functions within the IED as well. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 96 AI3P REVROT ^GRP2L1 # Not Used ^GRP2L2 # Not Used ^GRP2L3 # Not Used ^GRP2N +3Uo IEC06000601-4-en.vsdx IEC06000601 V4 EN-US Figure 23: Open delta connected VT in high impedance earthed power system Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 97 If frequency tracking and compensation is required (this feature is typically required only for IEDs installed in the generating stations ) then the setting parameters DFTReference shall be set accordingly. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 98: For Low Impedance Earthed Or Solidly Earthed Power Systems

    VT secondary voltage, that is, 115V or 115/√3V as in this particular example. Figure gives an overview of the actions which are needed to make this measurement available to the built-in protection and control functions within the IED. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 99 # Not Used ^GRP2L1 # Not Used ^GRP2L2 # Not Used ^GRP2L3 +3Uo ^GRP2N IEC06000602-4-en.vsdx IEC06000602 V4 EN-US Figure 24: Open delta connected VT in low impedance or solidly earthed power system Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 100 If frequency tracking and compensation is required (this feature is typically required only for IEDs installed in the generating stations) then the setting parameters DFTReference shall be set accordingly. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 101: Section 5 Local Hmi

    AMU0600442 v15 IEC13000239-3-en.vsd IEC13000239 V3 EN-US Figure 25: Local human-machine interface The LHMI of the IED contains the following elements • Keypad • Display (LCD) • LED indicators • Communication port for PCM600 Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 102: Display

    4 Scroll bar (appears when needed) The function key button panel shows on request what actions are possible with the function buttons. Each function button has a LED indication that can be used as a Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 103 Each panel is shown by pressing one of the function buttons or the Multipage button. Pressing the ESC button clears the panel from the display. Both panels have a dynamic width that depends on the label string length. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 104: Leds

    . These LEDs can indicate the status of two arbitrary binary signals by configuring the OPENCLOSE_LED function block. For instance, OPENCLOSE_LED can be connected to a circuit breaker to indicate the breaker open/close status on the LEDs. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 105: Keypad

    The push-buttons are also used to acknowledge alarms, reset indications, provide help and switch between local and remote control mode. The keypad also contains programmable push-buttons that can be configured either as menu shortcut or control buttons. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 106 LHMI keypad with object control, navigation and command push- buttons and RJ-45 communication port 1...5 Function button Close Open Escape Left Down Right Enter Remote/Local Uplink LED Not in use Multipage Menu Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 107: Local Hmi Functionality

    The blocking of functions through the IEC61850 protocol can be reset in Main menu/Test/Reset IEC61850 Mod. The yellow LED changes to either On or Off state depending on the state of operation. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 108: Parameter Management

    Numerical values are presented either in integer or in decimal format with minimum and maximum values. Character strings can be edited character by character. Enumerated values have a predefined set of selectable values. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 109: Front Communication

    Do not connect the IED front port to a LAN. Connect only a single local PC with PCM600 to the front port. It is only intended for temporary use, such as commissioning and testing. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 111: C37.118 Phasor Measurement Data Streaming Protocol Configuration Pmuconf

    Whereas, for UDP clients, the PMUREPORT instance for each UDP channel is defined by the user in the PMU and the client has to know the PMU ID corresponding to that instance in order to be able to communicate. More Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 112: Short Guidance For Use Of Tcp

    IED over IEEE1344 protocol using the selected TCP port defined in 1344TCPport, and can communicate with the IED over IEEE C37.118 protocol using the selected TCP port number in C37.118TCPport. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 113: Short Guidance For Use Of Udp

    PMUReportUDP[x] – Instance number of PMUREPORT function block that must send data on this UDP stream (UDP client group[x]) UDPDestAddres[x] – UDP destination address for UDP client group[x] (unicast / multicast address range) Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 114 UDP data will be only sent to that specific unicast IP address. In addition to UDPDestAddress[x] parameter, UDPDestPort[x] parameter is used to define the UDP destination port number for UDP client group[x]. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 115: Protocol Reporting Via Ieee 1344 And C37.118 Pmureport

    The message generated by the PMUREPORT function block is set in accordance with the IEEE C37.118 and/or IEEE 1344 standards. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 116 PHASORREPORT blocks including 32 configurable phasor channels (8 phasor channels in each PHASORREPORT block). Each phasor channel can be configured as a 3-phase (symmetrical components positive/ negative/zero) or single-phase phasor (L1/L2/L3). Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 117 BINARYREPORT blocks capable of reporting up to 24 Binary signals (8 Binary signals in each BINARYREPORT block). These binary signals can be for example dis-connector or breaker position indications or internal/ external protection alarm signals. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 118: Operation Principle

    The IEEE C37.118 standard also imposes a variety of steady state and dynamic requirements which are fulfilled in the IED with the help of high accuracy measurements and advanced filtering techniques. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 119: Frequency Reporting

    9 Hz to 95 Hz. In order to do that, the three-phase voltage signal shall be connected to the IED. Then IED can adapt its filtering algorithm in order to properly measure phasors of all current and voltage signals connected to the Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 120 FREQREFCHERR output states if the reference frequency is good, or if there is an error or if the reference channel is unavailable. For more information refer to the table PMUREPORT monitored data. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 121: Reporting Filters

    This has to be considered in connection with C37.118, where the passband is defined relative to a fixed nominal frequency as shown in the equation 12. ± (Equation 12) IECEQUATION2418 V1 EN-US where, Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 122: Scaling Factors For Analogreport Channels

    CFG-3 in order to recalculate analog values, will get a better resolution than using the scale factors in CFG-2. The following examples show how the scale factor is calculated. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 123 The scale factor will be sent as 3051804 on configuration frame 2, and 305180.43 on configuration frame 3. The range of analog values that can be transmitted in this case is -305181 to -10000000000 and +305181 to +10000000000. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 124: Pcm600 Application Configuration Tool (Act)

    3 ms while the PHASORREPORT block is expecting input every 0.9 ms. The PHASORREPORT filtering window is designed to receive updated input every 0.9 ms and therefore the application will fail. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 125 PHASORREPORT blocks with different instance numbers. In this example, as the PHASORREPORT blocks have different instance numbers and different settings for SvcClass and ReportRate, a separate SMAI block is used for each PHASORREPORT block. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 126 In this example, SMAI1 will adapt its filtering according to PHASORREPORT instance 1 (because of higher priority) and therefore PHASORREPORT instance 2 will receive data which does not match its performance class and report rate. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 127 PHASORREPORT blocks in ACT where SMAI3 is configured as the reference block for DFT reference external out (DFTRefExtOut) and 3PHSUM uses external DFT reference (from SMAI3). Figures show the corresponding setting parameters. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 128 Figure 43: An example of correct connection of 3PHSUM and PHASORREPORT blocks in ACT IEC140000130-1-en.vsd IEC140000130 V1 EN-US Figure 44: SMAI1 setting parameters example-showing that SMAI3 is selected as the DFT reference (DFTRefGrp3) Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 129 PHASORREPORT function block. On the other hand, when 3PHSUM uses external DFT reference, it also adapts its filtering according to the SMAI reference block. Therefore, in order to avoid two Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 130: Setting Guidelines

    Application Manual under section Basic IED functions. 6.2.4 Setting guidelines GUID-83969957-DABF-4B9B-95C7-B9F0AF6E647A v2 Based on the functionality and appearance in PCM600, the PMU reporting functionality is categorized into 4 different categories (function block) as follows: PMUREPORT PHASORREPORT ANALOGREPORT BINARYREPORT Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 131 1, 2 and 3 organization defined in IEEE C37.118.2 message format. Here the user can select the data type of the calculated synchrophasors. The options are Integer or Float data. The Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 132 IEEE floating-point format. The data sent via the DFREQ field is Rate Of Change Of Frequency (ROCOF), in Hertz per second times 100. It is ranged from –327.67 to Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 133 PHASORREPORT is the function block responsible for reporting the synchrophasors. Each instance of PMUREPORT function block has 32 phasor channels with the following setting parameters; where X is a number from 1 to Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 134 AnalogXUnitType: Unit type for analog signal X. It refers to the 4-byte ANUNIT field of the configuration frames 1, 2 organization defined in IEEE C37.118.2 message format. The options are Single point-on-wave, RMS of analog input and Peak of analog input. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 135: High Impedance Differential Protection, Single Phase Hzpdif

    Restricted earth fault protection for transformer, generator and shunt reactor windings • Restricted earth fault protection The application is dependent on the primary system arrangements and location of breakers, available CT cores and so on. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 136: The Basics Of The High Impedance Principle

    (that is, no operation) for external faults even in the presence of heavy CT saturation. The principle is based on the CT secondary current circulating between involved current transformers and not Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 137 For such a case a voltage will be developed across the measuring branch. The calculations are made with the worst situations in mind and a minimum operating voltage U is calculated according to equation Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 138 Adjust as required based on tables 16, or to values in between as required for the application. Minimum ohms can be difficult to adjust due to the small value compared to the total value. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 139 14. å = × n IR Ires lmag (Equation 14) EQUATION1747 V1 EN-US where: is the CT ratio primary current at IED pickup, Table continues on next page Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 140 The series resistor is dimensioned for 200 W. Preferable the U>Trip SeriesResistor should always be lower than 200 W to allow continuous activation during testing. If this value is exceeded, testing should be done with a transient faults. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 141 I> Protected Object a) Through load situation b) Through fault situation c) Internal faults IEC05000427-2-en.vsd IEC05000427 V2 EN-US Figure 49: The high impedance principle for one phase with two current transformer inputs Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 142: Connection Examples For High Impedance Differential Protection

    3-Ph Plate with Metrosils and Resistors IEC07000193-5-en.vsdx IEC07000193 V5 EN-US Figure 50: CT connections for high impedance differential protection Description Scheme earthing point It is important to insure that only one earthing point exist in this scheme. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 143: Connections For 1Ph High Impedance Differential Protection Hzpdif

    ^GRP2L2 G2AI3 AI04 (I) ^GRP2L3 G2AI4 ^GRP2N AI05 (I) Protected Object AI06 (I) 1-Ph Plate with Metrosil and Resistor =IEC07000194=5=en=Original.vsdx IEC07000194 V5 EN-US Figure 51: CT connections for restricted earth fault protection Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 144: Setting Guidelines

    Measure the value achieved and set this value for this parameter. The value shall always be high impedance. This means for example, for 1A circuits say bigger than 400 ohms (400 VA) and Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 145: T-Feeder Protection

    T-zone is protected with a separate differential protection scheme. The 1Ph high impedance differential HZPDIF function in the IED allows this to be done efficiently, see Figure 52. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 146 Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 147 The current value at U>Trip is taken. For the voltage dependent resistor current the peak value of voltage 200 ˣ √2 is used. Then the RMS current is calculated by dividing obtained current value from Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 148: Tertiary Reactor Protection

    HZPDIF can be used to protect the tertiary reactor for phase faults as well as earth faults if the power system of the tertiary winding is direct or low impedance earthed. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 149 Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 150 For the voltage dependent resistor current the peak value of voltage 30 ˣ √2 is used. Then the RMS current is calculated by dividing obtained current value from the metrosil curve with √2. Use the maximum value from the metrosil curve given in Figure 54. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 151: Alarm Level Operation

    The metrosil operating characteristic is given in the following figure. IEC05000749 V1 EN-US Figure 54: Current voltage characteristics for the non-linear resistors, in the range 10-200 V, the average range of current is: 0.01–10 mA Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 153: Distance Measuring Zone, Quadrilateral Characteristic For Series Compensated Lines Zmcpdis, Zmcapdis, Zdsrdir

    The distance protection function is designed to meet basic requirements for application on transmission and sub transmission lines (solid earthed systems) although it also can be used on distribution levels. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 154: System Earthing

    (Z0-Z1)/3 The voltage on the healthy phases is generally lower than 140% of the nominal phase-to-earth voltage. This corresponds to about 80% of the nominal phase-to- phase voltage. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 155: Fault Infeed From Remote End

    The fault infeed may enlarge the fault impedance seen by the distance protection. This effect is very important to keep in mind when both planning the protection system and making the settings. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 156: Load Encroachment

    57. The load encroachment algorithm increases the possibility to detect high fault resistances, especially for line to earth faults at remote end. For example, for a given setting of the load angle ARGLd for the load encroachment function, the Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 157: Long Transmission Line Application

    Table 18: Definition of long lines Line category 110 kV 500 kV Long lines 77 km - 99 km 350 km - 450 km Very long lines > 99 km > 450 km Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 158: Parallel Line Application With Mutual Coupling

    From an application point of view there exists three types of network configurations (classes) that must be considered when making the settings for the protection function. Those are: Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 159 Here is the description of what happens when a fault occurs on the parallel line, as shown in figure 59. From symmetrical components, it is possible to derive the impedance Z at the IED point for normal lines without mutual coupling according to equation 27. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 160 Equivalent zero sequence impedance circuit of the double-circuit, parallel, operating line with a single phase-to-earth-fault at the remote busbar When mutual coupling is introduced, the voltage at the IED point A is changed, according to equation 28. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 161 Notice that the following relationship exists between the zero sequence currents: ⋅ ⋅ − (Equation 31) EQUATION1279 V3 EN-US Simplification of equation 31, solving it for 3I0p and substitution of the result into equation gives that the voltage can be drawn as: Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 162 When the parallel line is out of service and earthed at both ends on the bus bar side of the line CT so that zero sequence current can flow on the parallel line, the equivalent zero sequence circuit of the parallel lines will be according to figure 61. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 163   ⋅       (Equation 35) DOCUMENT11520-IMG3502 V2 EN-US   ⋅  −      (Equation 36) DOCUMENT11520-IMG3503 V2 EN-US Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 164 (Equation 37) EQUATION1284 V1 EN-US This means that the reach is reduced in reactive and resistive directions. If the real and imaginary components of the constant A are equal to equation equation 39. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 165: Tapped Line Application

    EQUATION1288 V2 EN-US Ensure that the underreaching zones from both line ends will overlap a sufficient amount (at least 10%) in the middle of the protected circuit. 8.1.2.7 Tapped line application SEMOD168232-266 v2 Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 166 Transformation ratio for transformation of impedance at U1 side of the transformer to the measuring side U2 (it is assumed that current and voltage distance function is taken from U2 side of the transformer). Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 167 A. In practice, the setting of fault resistance for both phase-to-earth (RFPE) and phase-to-phase (RFPP) must be as high as possible without interfering with the load impedance to obtain reliable fault detection. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 168: Series Compensation In Power Systems

    45. The effect of series compensation is in this particular case obvious and self explanatory. Line (Equation 45) EQUATION1895 V1 EN-US A typical 500 km long 500 kV line is considered with source impedance (Equation 46) EQUATION1896 V1 EN-US Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 169 , because if it does, the system cannot get back to equilibrium and the synchronism is lost. The first swing stability and the stability margin can be evaluated by studying the different areas in figure Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 170 The reactive power balance of a series compensated line is shown in figure as an example for 500 km long 500 kV transmission line with 50% compensation degree. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 171 The effect on the power transfer when considering a constant angle difference (δ) between the line ends is illustrated in figure 72. Practical compensation degree runs from 20 to 70 percent. Transmission capability increases of more than two times can be obtained in practice. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 172 The cost of series compensation is small compared to the cost of a transmission line. When evaluating the cost of a transmission system upgrade also the cost of secondary equipment such as eventual Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 173 75. A TSSC typically consists of a few segments in series that can be inserted independently of each other in order to achieve different total series capacitor reactance. en06000595.vsd IEC06000595 V1 EN-US Figure 75: Thyristor switched series capacitor Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 174 TCSC wave forms presented in capacitive boost mode for a typical 50Hz system The apparent impedance of the TCSC (the impedance seen by the power system) can typically be increased to up to 3 times the physical impedance of the capacitor, Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 175: Challenges In Protection Of Series Compensated And Adjacent Power Lines

    The most important challenges, which influence the operation of different protection functions in the greatest extent, are described in this chapter. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 176 IED point is this way proportional to sum of voltage drops on partial impedances between the IED point and the fault position F, as presented by × (Equation 49) EQUATION1901 V1 EN-US Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 177 It is a common practice to call this phenomenon voltage inversion. Its consequences on operation of different protections in series compensated networks depend on their operating principle. The most known effect has voltage Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 178 90 electrical degrees, which means that reactive current will flow from series compensated line to the system. The system conditions are in such case presented by equation Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 179 IEDs. The most obvious difference is generally seen in fault currents. Figure presents a simplified picture of a series compensated network with basic Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 180 • The transient DC component, which magnitude depends on the fault incident angle decays with the circuit time constant L R s (Equation 56) EQUATION1907 V1 EN-US Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 181 DC component, which diminishes completely in approximately 120ms. The final magnitude of the fault current on compensated line is higher due to the decreased apparent impedance of a line (60% Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 182 - jX CT 1 CT 2 VT 2 en06000611.vsd IEC06000611 V1 EN-US Figure 85: Possible positions of instrument transformers relative to line end series capacitor Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 183 IEDs on protected power lines. Figure presents typical locations of capacitor banks on power lines together with corresponding compensation degrees. Distance IED near the feeding bus will see in different cases fault on remote end Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 184 LOC = 50% LOC = 33%, 66% LOC = 100% en06000613.vsd IEC06000613 V1 EN-US Figure 87: Apparent impedances seen by distance IED for different SC locations and spark gaps used for overvoltage protection Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 185 D,L “A Linearized Model for MOV-Protected series capacitors” Paper 86SM357– 8 IEEE/PES summer meeting in Mexico City July 1986) have resulted in construction of a non-linear equivalent circuit with series connected capacitor and Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 186 • Series capacitor becomes nearly completely bridged by MOV when the line current becomes higher than 10-times the protective current level (I £ 10· k · Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 187: Impact Of Series Compensation On Protective Ied Of Adjacent Lines

    D bus and the fault becomes equal to zero, if the capacitor is installed near the bus and the fault appears just behind the capacitor. This may cause the phenomenon of voltage inversion to be expanded very deep Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 188: Distance Protection

    This makes it necessary to install distance protection in combination with telecommunication. The most common is distance protection in Permissive Overreaching Transfer Trip mode (POTT). Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 189 If the capacitor is out of service or bypassed, the reach with these settings can be less than 50% of protected line dependent on compensation degree and there will be a section, G in figure 91, of the power line where no tripping occurs from either end. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 190 Distance protections of adjacent power lines shown in figure are influenced by this negative impedance. If the intermediate infeed of short circuit power by other lines is taken into consideration, the negative voltage drop on X is amplified and a Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 191 In such case the reactance of a short adjacent line may be lower than the capacitor reactance and voltage inversion phenomenon may occur also on remote end of Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 192 The operating area for negative impedance depends upon the magnitude of the source impedance and calculations must be made on a case by Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 193 The current reversal phenomenon also raises problems from the protection point of view, particularly when the power lines are short and when permissive overreach schemes are used. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 194 99, than also one distance IED (operating in POTT teleprotection scheme) on parallel, healthy circuit will send a carrier signal CSAB to the remote line end, where this signal will be received as a carrier receive signal CRBB. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 195: Setting Guidelines

    The settings for the distance protection function are done in primary values. The instrument transformer ratio that has been set for the analog input card is used to automatically convert the measured secondary input signals to primary values used in the distance protection function. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 196: Setting Of Zone1

    If the requirements in the bullet—listed paragraphs above gives a zone2 reach less than 120%, the time delay of zone2 must be increased by approximately 200ms to Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 197: Setting Of Reverse Zone

    ³ × Zrev Z rem (Equation 74) EQUATION1525 V5 EN-US Where: is the protected line impedance Z2rem is zone2 setting at remote end of protected line. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 198: Series Compensated And Adjacent Lines

    Due to the sub-harmonic oscillation swinging caused by the series capacitor at fault conditions the reach of the under-reaching zone 1 must be further reduced. Zone 1 can only be set with a percentage reach to the artificial fault according to the curve Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 199 Different settings of the reach for the ph-ph faults and ph-E loops makes it possible to minimise the necessary decrease of the reach for different types of faults. Reactive Reach Compensated lines with the capacitor into the zone 1 reach : Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 200 Section 8 1MRK 506 369-UEN B Impedance protection LLOC en07000063.vsd IEC07000063 V1 EN-US Figure 102: Simplified single line diagram of series capacitor located at X LLOC ohm from A station Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 201 When the calculation of XFw gives a negative value the zone 1 must be permanently blocked. For protection on non compensated lines facing series capacitor on next line. The setting is thus: Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 202 Settings of the resistive reaches are limited according to the minimum load impedance. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 203: Setting Of Zones For Parallel Line Application

    Check the reduction of a reach for the overreaching zones due to the effect of the zero sequence mutual coupling. The reach is reduced for a factor: × (Equation 78) EQUATION1426 V1 EN-US Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 204: Setting Of Reach In Resistive Direction

    83. ) RFPE × -- - 2 R1PE R0PE (Equation 83) EQUATION567 V1 EN-US Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 205: Load Impedance Limitation, Without Load Encroachment Function

    MVA. The load impedance [Ω/phase] is a function of the minimum operation voltage and the maximum load current: --------------------- - load × (Equation 88) EQUATION574 V1 EN-US Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 206 More accurate calculations are necessary according to equation 92. R1PP £ × × × RFPP 1.6 Z cosJ – -------------- - sinJ loadmin X1PP (Equation 92) EQUATION580 V1 EN-US Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 207: Load Impedance Limitation, With Load Encroachment Function Activated

    Operation parameter to Off. Different time delays are possible for the ph-E (tPE) and for the ph-ph (tPP) measuring loops in each distance protection zone separately, to further increase the total flexibility of a distance protection. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 208: Phase Selection, Quad, Fixed Angle, Load Encroachment Fdpspdis

    8.2.3.1 Load encroachment characteristics M13142-3 v6 The phase selector must at least cover the overreaching zone 2 in order to achieve correct phase selection for utilizing single-phase autoreclosing for faults on the Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 209 With reference to figure 104, the following equations for the setting calculations can be obtained. Index PHS in images and equations reference settings for Phase selection with load encroachment function FDPSPDIS and index Zm reference settings for Distance protection function (ZMQPDIS). Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 210 Relation between distance protection phase selection (FDPSPDIS) and impedance zone (ZMQPDIS) for phase-to-earth fault φloop>60° (setting parameters in italic) 1 FDPSPDIS (phase selection)(red line) 2 ZMQPDIS (Impedance protection zone) RFltRevPG +XN)/tan(60°) RFltFwdPG RFPG 8 φloop Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 211 FDPSPDIS characteristic shall cut off some part of the zone measurement characteristic. Phase-to-earth fault in reverse direction M13142-151 v4 Reactive reach M13142-153 v2 The reactive reach in reverse direction is the same as for forward so no additional setting is required. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 212 FDPSPDIS characteristic angle is changed from 60 degrees to 90 degrees (rotated 30° anti-clock wise). Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 213 φline>60° (setting parameters in italic) 1 FDPSPDIS (phase selection) (red line) 2 ZMQPDIS (Impedance protection zone) RFRvPP 3 0.5 · ° RFFwPP 5 0.5 · RFPP 6 0.5 · Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 214: Resistive Reach With Load Encroachment Characteristic

    The resistive boundary RLdRv for load encroachment characteristic in reverse direction can be calculated in the same way as RLdFw, but use maximum importing power that might occur instead of maximum exporting power and the relevant Umin voltage for this condition. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 215: Minimum Operate Currents

    The distance protection function in the IED is designed to meet basic requirements for application on transmission and sub-transmission lines (solid earthed systems) although it also can be used on distribution levels. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 216: System Earthing

    (kV) in the faulty phase before fault is the positive sequence impedance (Ω/phase) is the negative sequence impedance (Ω/phase), is considered to be equal to Z Table continues on next page Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 217 EQUATION2122 V1 EN-US £ (Equation 104) EQUATION2123 V1 EN-US Where is the zero sequence source resistance is the zero sequence source reactance is the positive sequence source resistance is the positive sequence source reactance Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 218 The neutral point reactor is normally designed so that it can be tuned to a position where the reactive current balances the capacitive current from the network that is: × × (Equation 106) EQUATION1272 V1 EN-US Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 219: Fault Infeed From Remote End

    ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ (Equation 107) EQUATION1273-IEC-650 V2 EN-US If we divide U by I we get Z present to the IED at A side. = p ·Z ·R (Equation 108) EQUATION1274-IEC-650 V1 EN-US Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 220: Load Encroachment

    This is valid in both directions. The use of the load encroachment feature is essential for long heavily loaded lines, where there might be a conflict between the necessary emergency load transfer and Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 221: Short Line Application

    110. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 222: Long Transmission Line Application

    (risk for unwanted trip due to load encroachment is eliminated), see figure 111. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 223: Parallel Line Application With Mutual Coupling

    The different network configuration classes are: Parallel line with common positive and zero sequence network Parallel circuits with common positive but isolated zero sequence network Parallel circuits with positive and zero sequence sources isolated. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 224 From symmetrical components, we can derive the impedance Z at the relay point for normal lines without mutual coupling according to equation 109. − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ (Equation 109) IECEQUATION1275 V2 EN-US Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 225 A side as: æ ö × ç ÷ × I ph è ø (Equation 111) EQUATION1277 V3 EN-US Where: = Z0m/(3 · Z1L) Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 226 90% of the line reactance p=71% that is, the protection is underreaching with approximately 20%. The zero sequence mutual coupling can reduce the reach of distance protection on the protected circuit when the parallel line is in normal operation. The reduction of Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 227 R equals to zero. They consider only the zero sequence, mutual reactance X . Calculate the equivalent X and R zero sequence parameters according to equation and equation for each Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 228 IEC09000255_1_en.vsd IEC09000255 V1 EN-US Figure 117: Equivalent zero-sequence impedance circuit for a double-circuit line with one circuit disconnected and not earthed The reduction of the reach is equal to equation 119. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 229: Tapped Line Application

    EQUATION1288 V2 EN-US Ensure that the underreaching zones from both line ends will overlap a sufficient amount (at least 10%) in the middle of the protected circuit. 8.3.2.7 Tapped line application M17048-243 v3 Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 230 U2 (it is assumed that current and voltage distance function is taken from U2 side of the transformer). is the line impedance from the T point to the fault (F). Transformer impedance Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 231 RFPP should be as high as possible without interfering with the load impedance in order to obtain reliable fault detection. However for zone1 it is necessary to limit the reach according to setting instructions in order to avoid overreach. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 232: Setting Guidelines

    120% of the protected line. The zone 2 reach can be even higher if the fault infeed from adjacent lines at remote end is considerable higher than the fault current at the IED location. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 233: Setting Of Reverse Zone

    The same applies to the back-up protection of the bus bar or power transformers. It is necessary to secure, that it always covers the overreaching zone, used at the remote line IED for the telecommunication purposes. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 234: Setting Of Zones For Parallel Line Application

    (Equation 130) EQUATION554 V1 EN-US Check the reduction of a reach for the overreaching zones due to the effect of the zero sequence mutual coupling. The reach is reduced for a factor: Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 235: Setting Of Reach In Resistive Direction

    The final reach in resistive direction for phase-to-earth fault loop measurement automatically follows the values of the line-positive and zero-sequence resistance, and at the end of the protected zone is equal to equation 136. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 236: Load Impedance Limitation, Without Load Encroachment Function

    Where: is the minimum phase-to-phase voltage in kV is the maximum apparent power in MVA. The load impedance [Ω/phase] is a function of the minimum operation voltage and the maximum load current: Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 237 More accurate calculations are necessary according to equation 145. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 238: Load Encroachment, Quadrilateral Characteristic Function Activated

    The evaluation of the directionality takes place in Directional impedance quadrilateral function ZDRDIR. Equation and equation are used to classify that the fault is in forward direction for phase-to-earth fault and phase-to-phase fault. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 239 (as shown in figure 120). It should not be changed unless system studies have shown the necessity. ZDRDIR gives binary coded directional information per measuring loop on the output STDIRCND. STDIR= STFWL1*1+STFWL2*2+STFWL3*4+STFWL1L2*8+ +STFWL2L3*16+STFWL3L1*32+STRVL1*64+STRVL2*128+ +STRVL3*256+STRVL1L2*512+STRVL2L3*1024+STRVL3L1*2048 Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 240 If the fault was detected in the reverse direction, the measuring element in the reverse direction remains in operation. • If the current decreases below the minimum operating value, the memory resets until the positive sequence voltage exceeds 10% of its rated value. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 241: Setting Of Timers For Distance Protection Zones

    Full-scheme distance measuring, mho characteristic function (ZMHPDIS) in the IED is designed to meet basic requirements for application on transmission and sub-transmission lines (solid earthed systems) although it also can be used on distribution levels. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 242: System Earthing

    (Z The voltage on the healthy phases is generally lower than 140% of the nominal phase-to-earth voltage. This corresponds to about 80% of the nominal phase-to- phase voltage. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 243 Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 244 The neutral point reactor is normally designed so that it can be tuned to a position where the inductive current balances the capacitive current from the network that × × (Equation 153) EQUATION1272 V1 EN-US Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 245: Fault Infeed From Remote End

    ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ (Equation 154) EQUATION1273-IEC-650 V2 EN-US If we divide V by IA we get Z present to the IED at A side = p ·Z ·R (Equation 155) EQUATION1274-IEC-650 V1 EN-US Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 246: Load Encroachment

    This has the drawback that it will reduce the sensitivity of the protection, that is, the ability to detect resistive faults. Load Load Load Load Load Load Load Load operation en06000403.vsd IEC06000403 V1 EN-US Figure 124: Load encroachment phenomena and shaped load encroachment characteristic Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 247 So, for short lines, the load encroachment function could preferably be switched off. The main settings of the parameters for load encroachment are done in Faulty phase identification with load encroachment for mho function FMPSPDIS. The Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 248: Short Line Application

    What can be recognized as long lines with respect to the performance of distance protection is noted in table 22. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 249: Parallel Line Application With Mutual Coupling

    Mutual coupling effect The mutual coupling is based on the known induction law, that a current induces a longitudinal voltage in the parallel circuit. The induced voltage is: × (Equation 156) IECEQUATION14002 V1 EN-US Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 250 It can be shown from analytical calculations of line impedances that the mutual impedances for positive and negative sequence are very small (< 1-2% of the self impedance) and it is a practice to neglect them. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 251 IECEQUATION14004 V1 EN-US Where: is phase to earth short circuit voltage at the relay location in the faulted phase is short circuit current in the faulted phase Table continues on next page Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 252 ê ú ë û (Equation 163) IECEQUATION14010 V1 EN-US Where: earth current of faulty line is earth current of the parallel line is line positive sequence impedance Table continues on next page Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 253 Different setting values that influence the earth -return compensation for different distance zones within the same group of setting parameters. • Different groups of setting parameters for different operating conditions of a protected multi circuit line. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 254: Tapped Line Application

    Transformation ratio for transformation of impedance at U1 side of the transformer to the measuring side U2 (it is assumed that current and voltage distance function is taken from U2 side of the transformer). Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 255: Setting Guidelines

    • The effect of a load transfer between the terminals of the protected line, the fault resistance is considerable and the effect must be recognized. • Zero-sequence mutual coupling from parallel lines. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 256: Setting Of Zone 1

    8.4.3.3 Setting of overreaching zone 8.4.3.4 Setting of zone 2 GUID-5A41709F-8AB2-4A4B-9B3E-3B48EBD0DE0D v1 Zone 2 distance elements must be set according to the following criteria: Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 257: Setting Of Zone 3

    In these equations, x stands for ratio of distance to fault and length of the line, and Z stands for the impedance seen by the relay. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 258 × (Equation 169) IECEQUATION14005 V1 EN-US ⋅ (Equation 170) IEC13000297 V1 EN-US Case 2: Parallel line switched off and not earthed or earthed at one line end Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 259 In case 3, the highest impedance is measured, which corresponds to the shortest reach. The mutual impedance will influence the distance measurement of ground faults and cause either an extension or a reduction of the reach relative to the set reach. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 260 To eliminate the overreach caused by the earthed parallel line, set the K for the zone 1 as: (Equation 173) IECEQUATION14018 V1 EN-US Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 261 The earth-fault compensation factor must be adjusted to the case of parallel line in service (case 3) where the highest earth-fault impedance occurs. (Equation 176) IECEQUATION14019 V1 EN-US For case 1, the measured impedance can be calculated by the following expression: Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 262 With this method of setting the zero sequence compensation factor K can for zone 1 and zone 2 be even better adapted for the real system conditions. The table describes earth-fault compensation settings to be adopted for different groups. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 263: Consideration Of Zero Sequence Mutual Coupling For Parallel Circuits

    The minimum load impedance (Ω/phase) is calculated as: ------ - loadmin (Equation 180) EQUATION571 V1 EN-US Where: is the minimum phase-to-phase voltage in kV is the maximum apparent power in MVA. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 264 The result gives the maximum diameter (RFPE) for which the load impedance touch the circle with the given load condition. Use an extra margin of 20% to give sufficient distance between the calculated minimum load impedance and relay boundary. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 265: Load Impedance Limitation, With Load Encroachment Function Activated

    SEMOD154469-129 v3 The parameters for load encroachment shaping of the characteristic are found in the description of Faulty phase identification with load encroachment for mho (FMPSPDIS), refer to section "Load encroachment characteristics". Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 266: Setting Of Minimum Operate Currents

    In the case of evolving faults or momentary current transformer saturation conditions, the pick up of the zones may get delayed. Zone timer logic improves the operating time in such conditions. The zone timer logic can be set using the Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 267: Full-Scheme Distance Protection, Quadrilateral For Earth Faults Zmmpdis, Zmmapdis

    In the following some hints with respect to distance protection are highlighted. Solid earthed networks SEMOD154680-14 v3 In solid earthed systems the transformer neutrals are connected solidly to earth without any impedance between the transformer neutral and earth. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 268 Effectively earthed networks SEMOD154680-40 v4 A network is defined as effectively earthed if the earth fault factor fe is less than 1.4. The earth fault factor is defined according to equation 185. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 269 (3U0) will have the same magnitude in different places in the network due to low voltage drop distribution. The magnitude of the total fault current can be calculated according to the formula below: Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 270 For this reason a separate high sensitive earth-fault protection is necessary to carry out the fault clearance for single phase- to-earth fault. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 271: Fault Infeed From Remote End

    The effect of load encroachment is illustrated to the left in figure 136. The entrance of the load impedance inside the characteristic is of cause not allowed and the way to handle this with conventional distance Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 272: Short Line Application

    Load encroachment is not so common. The line length that can be recognized as a short line is not a fixed length; it depends on system parameters such as voltage and source impedance, see table "Short line application". Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 273: Long Transmission Line Application

    (risk for unwanted trip due to load encroachment is eliminated). 8.5.2.7 Parallel line application with mutual coupling SEMOD154680-148 v1 Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 274 Most multi circuit lines have two parallel operating circuits. The application guide mentioned below recommends in more detail the setting practice for this particular type of line. The basic principles also apply to other multi circuit lines. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 275 Z< Z< en05000221.vsd IEC05000221 V1 EN-US Figure 137: Class 1, parallel line in service. The equivalent circuit of the lines can be simplified, see figure 138. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 276 When the parallel line is out of service and earthed at both ends on the bus bar side of the line CT so that zero sequence current can flow on the parallel line, the Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 277   ⋅       (Equation 194) DOCUMENT11520-IMG3502 V2 EN-US   ⋅  −      (Equation 195) DOCUMENT11520-IMG3503 V2 EN-US Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 278 (Equation 196) EQUATION1284 V1 EN-US This means that the reach is reduced in reactive and resistive directions. If the real and imaginary components of the constant A are equal to equation equation 198. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 279: Tapped Line Application

    EQUATION1288 V2 EN-US Ensure that the underreaching zones from both line ends will overlap a sufficient amount (at least 10%) in the middle of the protected circuit. 8.5.2.8 Tapped line application SEMOD154680-265 v1 Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 280 Transformation ratio for transformation of impedance at U1 side of the transformer to the measuring side U2 (it is assumed that current and voltage distance function is taken from U2 side of the transformer). Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 281 In practice, the setting of fault resistance for both phase-to-earth (RFPE) and phase-to-phase (RFPP) should be as high as possible without interfering with the load impedance in order to obtain reliable fault detection. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 282: Setting Guidelines

    IED location. The setting shall generally not exceed 80% of the following impedances: Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 283: Setting Of Reverse Zone

    Consider the possible enlarging factor that might exist due to fault infeed from adjacent lines. Equation can be used to calculate the reach in reverse direction when the zone is used for blocking scheme, weak-end infeed and so on. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 284: Setting Of Zones For Parallel Line Application

    If the denominator in equation is called B and Z0m is simplified to X0m, then the real and imaginary part of the reach reduction factor for the overreaching zones can be written as: Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 285: Setting Of Reach In Resistive Direction

    -- - 2 R1PE R0PE (Equation 213) EQUATION567 V1 EN-US é ù × 2 X1PE + X0 ê ú loop arctan ê × ú 2 R1PE + R0 ë û (Equation 214) EQUATION1457 V1 EN-US Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 286: Load Impedance Limitation, Without Load Encroachment Function

    To avoid load encroachment for the phase-to-earth measuring elements, the set resistive reach of any distance protection zone must be less than 80% of the minimum load impedance. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 287: Load Impedance Limitation, With Load Encroachment Function Activated

    If the load current compensation is activated, there is an additional criteria IMinOpIN that will block the phase-earth loop if the 3I0<IMinOpIN. The default setting of IMinOpIN is 5% of the IED base current IBase. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 288: Setting Of Timers For Distance Protection Zones

    The sector is mirror-symmetric along the MTA (Maximum Torque Axis). Directional elements for earth-faults must operate at fault current values below the magnitude of load currents. As phase quantities are adversely affected by load, the Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 289 0 degrees. Care must be taken to ensure that neutral current direction remains unchanged during all network configurations and faults, and therefore all transformer configurations/constructions are not suitable for polarization. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 290 (see equation 221), and similarly it must be ensured that |U | >> |k · I | for reverse faults. + × × AngleRCA k I e (Equation 221) EQUATION1639 V2 EN-US Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 291: Mho Impedance Supervision Logic Zsmgapc

    PilotMode: Set PilotMode to On when pilot scheme is to be used. In this mode fault inception function will send a block signal to remote end to block the overreaching zones, when operated. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 292: Faulty Phase Identification With Load Encroachment Fmpspdis

    The ability to accurately and reliably classifying different types of fault so that single pole tripping and autoreclosing can be used which plays an important roll in this matter. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 293: Setting Guidelines

    IMaxLoad: The setting IMaxLoad must be set higher than the maximum load current transfer during emergency conditions including a safety margin of at least 20%. The setting is proposed to be according to equation 222: Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 294: Load Encroachment

    ARGLd RLdRv en05000226.vsd IEC05000226 V1 EN-US Figure 145: Load encroachment characteristic The calculation of the apparent load impedance Z and minimum load load impedance Z can be done according to equations: loadmin Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 295: Distance Protection Zone, Quadrilateral Characteristic, Separate Settings Zmrpdis, Zmrapdis And Zdrdir

    The setting of RLd and ArgLd is by default set to 80 ohm/phase and 20 degrees. Those values must be adapted to the specific application. Distance protection zone, quadrilateral characteristic, separate settings ZMRPDIS, ZMRAPDIS and ZDRDIR GUID-7308DB86-32CE-4615-95DC-92BEEF69E184 v1 Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 296: Identification

    Some hints with respect to distance protection are highlighted below. Solid earthed networks GUID-02632014-090D-4D95-B678-6DFC7DE998A7 v1 In solidly earthed systems, the transformer neutrals are connected solidly to earth without any impedance between the transformer neutral and earth. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 297 Effectively earthed networks GUID-5F4CCC18-2BAC-4140-B56C-B9002CD36318 v1 A network is defined as effectively earthed if the earth-fault factor f is less than 1.4. The earth-fault factor is defined according to equation 229. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 298 What is typical for this type of network is that the magnitude of the earth fault current is very low compared to the short circuit current. The voltage on the healthy phases will get a magnitude of √3 times the phase voltage during the fault. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 299 Phase preference logic (PPLPHIZ) is needed, which is not common to be used in transmission applications. In this type of network, it is mostly not possible to use distance protection for detection and clearance of earth-faults. The low magnitude of the earth-fault Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 300: Fault Infeed From Remote End

    When the line is heavily loaded, the distance protection at the exporting end will have a tendency to overreach. To handle this phenomenon, the IED has an adaptive Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 301: Load Encroachment

    So, for short lines, the load encroachment function could preferably be switched off. See section "Load impedance limitation, without load encroachment function". The settings of the parameters for load encroachment are done in , FRPSPDIS function. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 302: Short Line Application

    GUID-40F06841-F192-4159-87BA-7BC7E4B014AA v1 For long transmission lines, the margin to the load impedance, that is, to avoid load encroachment, will normally be a major concern. It is well known that it is difficult Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 303: Parallel Line Application With Mutual Coupling

    The different network configuration classes are: Parallel line with common positive and zero sequence network Parallel circuits with common positive but isolated zero sequence network Parallel circuits with positive and zero sequence sources isolated. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 304 Let us analyze what happens when a fault occurs on the parallel line see figure 150. From symmetrical components, we can derive the impedance Z at the relay point for normal lines without mutual coupling according to equation 236. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 305 Equivalent zero sequence impedance circuit of the double-circuit, parallel, operating line with a single phase-to-earth fault at the remote busbar. When mutual coupling is introduced, the voltage at the relay point A will be changed according to equation 237. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 306 ⋅ ⋅ − (Equation 240) EQUATION1279 V3 EN-US Simplification of equation 240, solving it for 3I0p and substitution of the result into equation gives that the voltage can be drawn as: Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 307 When the parallel line is out of service and earthed at both line ends on the bus bar side of the line CTs so that zero sequence current can flow on the parallel line, the equivalent zero sequence circuit of the parallel lines will be according to figure 153. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 308   ⋅       (Equation 244) DOCUMENT11520-IMG3502 V2 EN-US   ⋅  −      (Equation 245) DOCUMENT11520-IMG3503 V2 EN-US Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 309 The line zero sequence mutual impedance does not influence the measurement of the distance protection in a faulty circuit. IEC09000255_1_en.vsd IEC09000255 V1 EN-US Figure 155: Equivalent zero sequence impedance circuit for a double-circuit line with one circuit disconnected and not earthed. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 310: Tapped Line Application

    U2 (it is assumed that current and voltage distance function is taken from U2 side of the transformer). is the line impedance from the T point to the fault (F). Transformer impedance Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 311 In practice, the setting of fault resistance for both phase-to-earth RFPE and phase- to-phase RFPP should be as high as possible without interfering with the load impedance in order to obtain reliable fault detection. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 312: Setting Guidelines

    IED location. The setting shall generally not exceed 80% of the following impedances: Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 313: Setting Of Reverse Zone

    Consider the possible enlarging factor that might exist due to fault infeed from adjacent lines. Equation can be used to calculate the reach in reverse direction when the zone is used for blocking scheme, weak-end infeed etc. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 314: Setting Of Zones For Parallel Line Application

    Check the reduction of a reach for the overreaching zones due to the effect of the zero sequence mutual coupling. The reach is reduced for a factor: × (Equation 253) EQUATION1426 V1 EN-US Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 315: Setting Of Reach In Resistive Direction

    258.       2 R1Zx R0Zx RFPEZx (Equation 258) IECEQUATION2303 V2 EN-US Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 316: Load Impedance Limitation, Without Load Encroachment Function

    MVA. The load impedance [Ω/phase] is a function of the minimum operation voltage and the maximum load current: --------------------- - load × (Equation 263) EQUATION574 V1 EN-US Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 317 More accurate calculations are necessary according to equation 267.   R1Zx         RFPPZx 1.6 Z    load min X1Zx (Equation 267) IECEQUATION2307 V2 EN-US Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 318: Activated

    Operation parameter to Off. Different time delays are possible for the phase-to-earthtPE and for the phase-to-phase tPP measuring loops in each distance protection zone separately, to further increase the total flexibility of a distance protection. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 319: Phase Selection, Quadrilateral Characteristic With Settable Angle Frpspdis

    The outline of the characteristic is presented in figure 158. As illustrated, the resistive blinders are set individually in forward and reverse direction while the angle of the sector is the same in all four quadrants. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 320 FRPSPDIS function. When output signal STCNDZis selected, the characteristic for the FRPSPDIS (and also zone measurement depending on settings) can be reduced by the load encroachment characteristic (as shown in figure 159). Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 321 160. The figure shows a distance measuring zone operating in forward direction. Thus, the operating area of the zone together with the load encroachment area is highlighted in black. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 322 R-axis. Consequently, it will be more or less necessary to use the load encroachment characteristic in order to secure a margin to the load impedance. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 323 30 degrees when subject to a pure phase-to-phase fault. At the same time, the characteristic "shrinks" by 2/√3, from the full RLdFw/RLdRv reach, which is valid at load or three-phase fault. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 324: Load Encroachment Characteristics

    STCNDZ or STCNDLE must be connected to input STCND on distance zones. For normal overhead lines, the angle for the loop impedance φ for phase-to-earth fault defined according to equation 268. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 325: Phase-To-Earth Fault In Forward Direction

    With reference to figure 163, the following equations for the setting calculations can be obtained. Index PHS in images and equations reference settings for Phase selection with load encroachment function (FRPSPDIS) and index Zm reference settings for Distance protection function (ZMRPDIS). Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 326 Teleprotection schemes, mostly zone 2. Equation and equation gives the minimum recommended reactive reach. These recommendations are valid for both 60 and 90 deg. characteristic angle. ³ × 1.44 X1 (Equation 269) EQUATION1309 V1 EN-US Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 327: Phase-To-Earth Fault In Reverse Direction

    Resistive reach M13142-156 v4 The resistive reach in reverse direction must be set longer than the longest reverse zones. In blocking schemes it must be set longer than the overreaching zone at Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 328: Phase-To-Phase Fault In Forward Direction

    0.91 RFPP > × RFFwPP 1.82 R PP (Equation 275) EQUATION2226 V1 EN-US where: RFPP is the setting of the longest reach of the overreaching zones that must be covered by FRPSPDIS. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 329 0.5*RFPP 0.5*RFPP 0.5*RFPP 0.5*RFPP 0 × RFRvPP R1PP= tan 70° en08000249.vsd IEC08000249 V1 EN-US Figure 164: Relation between measuring zone and FRPSPDIS characteristic for phase-to-phase fault for φline>70° (setting parameters in italic) Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 330: Setting Guidelines

    The resistive boundary RLdRv for load encroachment characteristic in reverse direction can be calculated in the same way as RLdFw, but use maximum Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 331: Minimum Operate Currents

    The heavy load transfer that is common in many transmission networks may in some cases be in opposite to the wanted fault resistance coverage. Therefore, the function has a built in algorithm for load encroachment, which gives the possibility Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 332: Setting Guidelines

    With reference to figure 166, the following equations for the setting calculations can be obtained. Index PHS in images and equations reference settings for Phase selection with load encroachment function FDPSPDIS and index Zm reference settings for Distance protection function (ZMQPDIS). Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 333 Relation between distance protection phase selection (FDPSPDIS) and impedance zone (ZMQPDIS) for phase-to-earth fault φloop>60° (setting parameters in italic) 1 FDPSPDIS (phase selection)(red line) 2 ZMQPDIS (Impedance protection zone) RFltRevPG +XN)/tan(60°) RFltFwdPG RFPG 8 φloop Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 334 FDPSPDIS characteristic shall cut off some part of the zone measurement characteristic. Phase-to-earth fault in reverse direction M13142-151 v4 Reactive reach M13142-153 v2 The reactive reach in reverse direction is the same as for forward so no additional setting is required. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 335 FDPSPDIS characteristic angle is changed from 60 degrees to 90 degrees (rotated 30° anti-clock wise). Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 336 φline>60° (setting parameters in italic) 1 FDPSPDIS (phase selection) (red line) 2 ZMQPDIS (Impedance protection zone) RFRvPP 3 0.5 · ° RFFwPP 5 0.5 · RFPP 6 0.5 · Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 337: Resistive Reach With Load Encroachment Characteristic

    The resistive boundary RLdRv for load encroachment characteristic in reverse direction can be calculated in the same way as RLdFw, but use maximum importing power that might occur instead of maximum exporting power and the relevant Umin voltage for this condition. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 338: Minimum Operate Currents

    Some hints with respect to distance protection are highlighted below. Solidly earthed networks GUID-6B0F02F4-18ED-415E-8D48-0A1648F7CE00 v2 In solidly earthed systems, the transformer neutrals are connected directly to earth without any impedance between the transformer neutral and earth. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 339 GUID-39CAF169-315E-4E3E-9EE6-28CBF624B90E v5 A network is defined as effectively earthed if the earth-fault factor f is less than 1.4. The earth-fault factor is defined according to equation 287. (Equation 287) EQUATION1268 V4 EN-US Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 340 The zero sequence voltage (3U ) will have the same magnitude in different places in the network due to low voltage drop distribution. The magnitude of the total fault current can be calculated according to equation290. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 341 For cross-country faults and when using phase preference, it is necessary to make sure that the distance protection is operating in the phase-to- earth loops independently, whenever possible. See guidelines for setting INReleasePE. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 342: Fault Infeed From Remote End

    To handle this phenomenon, the IED has an adaptive built-in algorithm, which compensates the overreach tendency of zone 1 at the exporting end. No settings are required for this feature. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 343: Load Encroachment

    Load encroachment is not a major problem. . ArgLd RLdRv RLdFw IEC09000248-3-en.vsdx IEC09000248 V3 EN-US Figure 172: Load encroachment phenomena and shaped load encroachment characteristic [1] RLdRv=RLdRvFactor*RLdFw Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 344: Short Line Application

    (risk for unwanted trip due to load encroachment is eliminated), see figure 172. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 345: Parallel Line Application With Mutual Coupling

    The possibility of different setting values that influence the earth-return compensation for different distance zones within the same group of setting parameters. • Different groups of setting parameters for different operating conditions of a protected multi circuit line. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 346 Z< Z< IEC09000250_1_en.vsd IEC09000250 V1 EN-US Figure 173: Class 1, parallel line in service The equivalent circuit of the lines can be simplified, see figure 174. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 347 A to B on the parallel line for the case when the fault current infeed from remote line end is zero, the voltage U in the faulty phase at A side as in equation 297. = ⋅ p ZI ⋅ ⋅ (Equation 297) IECEQUATION1278 V2 EN-US Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 348 Parallel line out of service and earthed GUID-574F8EE5-EAEC-40B8-A615-FDAD2808CD6D v1 GUID-8EB3A8EF-119D-4530-8F01-0879A7478E1F v1 Z< Z< IEC09000251_1_en.vsd IEC09000251 V1 EN-US Figure 175: The parallel line is out of service and earthed Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 349   ⋅       (Equation 302) DOCUMENT11520-IMG3502 V2 EN-US   ⋅  −      (Equation 303) DOCUMENT11520-IMG3503 V2 EN-US Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 350 A are equal to equation equation 306. × × + × × + × Re( ) 0 (2 0 ( 0 2 (Equation 305) EQUATION1285 V1 EN-US Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 351: Tapped Line Application

    (at least 10%) in the middle of the protected circuit. 8.12.2.7 Tapped line application GUID-740E8C46-45EE-4CE8-8718-9FAE658E9FCE v1 GUID-7AA566A4-B6E9-41A7-9927-4DAB50BE8D1A v1 IEC09000160-3-en.vsd IEC09000160 V3 EN-US Figure 179: Example of tapped line with Auto transformer Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 352 1 settings, that is, without selectivity conflicts. Careful fault calculations are necessary to determine suitable settings and selection of proper scheme communication. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 353: Setting Guidelines

    5-10% of the total line impedance. • The effect of a load transfer between the IEDs of the protected fault resistance is considerable, the effect must be recognized. • Zero-sequence mutual coupling from parallel lines. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 354: Setting Of Zone 1

    If a fault occurs at point F see figure 180, the IED at point A senses the impedance:     ⋅ ⋅  ⋅  ⋅       (Equation 312) EQUATION302 V5 EN-US Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 355: Setting Of Reverse Zone

    GUID-8A62367C-2636-4EC1-90FF-397A51F586F7 v1 With reference to section "Parallel line applications", the zone reach can be set to 85% of the protected line. However, influence of mutual impedance has to be taken into account. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 356 Set the values of the corresponding zone (zero-sequence resistance and reactance) equal to: Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 357: Setting The Reach With Respect To Load

    See figure In this context, the main examples of normal operation are reactive load from reactive power compensation equipment or the capacitive charging of a long high-voltage power line. XLd needs Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 358: Zone Reach Setting Lower Than Minimum Load Impedance

    As a safety margin, it is required to avoid load encroachment under three-phase conditions. To guarantee correct, healthy phase IED operation under combined heavy three-phase load and earth faults, [2] RLdRv=RLdRvFactor*RLdFw [3] RLdRv=RLdRvFactor*RLdFw Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 359 ZMRPSB is activated in the IED. Use an additional safety margin of approximately 20% in cases when a ZMRPSB function is activated in the IED, refer to the description of Power swing detection function ZMRPSB. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 360: Zone Reach Setting Higher Than Minimum Load Impedance

    Should one phase of a parallel circuit open a single pole, even though there is no fault, and the load current of that phase increase, there is actually no way of distinguish this from a real fault with similar characteristics. Should this [4] RLdRv=RLdRvFactor*RLdFw Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 361: Other Settings

    Z1, Z2 and ZRV is fixed). The options are Non-directional, Forward or Reverse. The result from respective set value is illustrated in figure182, where the positive impedance corresponds to the direction out on the protected line. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 362 TimerModeZx, ZoneLinkStart and TimerLinksZx The logic for the linking of the timer settings can be described with a module diagram. The figure shows only the case when TimerModeZx is selected to Ph- Ph and Ph-E. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 363 CVTs with power electronic damping devices, or if the type cannot be identified at all. None This option should be selected if the voltage transformer is fully magnetic. (Magnetic) INReleasePE Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 364: Zmmmxu Settings

    ENUMERATED (normal, high, low, high-high and low-low) in ZMFPDIS.ZMMMXU. ZLimHys Hysteresis value in % of range (ZMax-ZMin), common for all limits. It is used to avoid the frequent update of the value for the attribute “range”. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 365: High Speed Distance Protection For Series Compensated Lines Zmfcpdis

    Some hints with respect to distance protection are highlighted below. Solidly earthed networks GUID-6870F6A8-EB28-47CF-AF26-7CE758BF934E v1 In solidly earthed systems, the transformer neutrals are connected directly to earth without any impedance between the transformer neutral and earth. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 366 Effectively earthed networks GUID-613296E6-A612-4B8B-9F23-311D07CFDB0E v2 A network is defined as effectively earthed if the earth-fault factor f is less than 1.4. The earth-fault factor is defined according to equation 335: Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 367 For this reason a separate high sensitive earth-fault protection is necessary to carry out the fault clearance for single phase- to-earth fault. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 368: Fault Infeed From Remote End

    To handle this phenomenon, the IED has an adaptive built-in algorithm, which compensates the overreach tendency of zone 1 at the exporting end and reduces the underreach at the importing end. No settings are required for this function. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 369: Load Encroachment

    ArgLd RLdRv RLdFw IEC09000248-3-en.vsdx IEC09000248 V3 EN-US Figure 186: Load encroachment phenomena and shaped load encroachment characteristic [5] RLdRv=RLdRvFactor*RLdFw. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 370: Short Line Application

    (risk for unwanted trip due to load encroachment is eliminated), see figure 187. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 371: Parallel Line Application With Mutual Coupling

    The different network configuration classes are: Parallel line with common positive and zero sequence network Parallel circuits with common positive but separated zero sequence network Parallel circuits with positive and zero sequence sources separated. [6] RLdRv=RLdRvFactor*RLdFw. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 372 From symmetrical components, we can derive the impedance Z at the relay point for normal lines without mutual coupling according to equation 340. − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ (Equation 340) IECEQUATION1275 V2 EN-US Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 373 A side as: æ ö × ç ÷ × I ph è ø (Equation 342) EQUATION1277 V3 EN-US Where: = Z0m/(3 · Z1L) Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 374 The zero sequence mutual coupling can reduce the reach of distance protection on the protected circuit when the parallel line is in normal operation. The reduction of the reach is most pronounced with no current infeed in the IED closest to the fault. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 375 All expressions below are proposed for practical use. They assume the value of zero sequence, mutual resistance R equals to zero. They consider only the zero sequence, mutual reactance X . Calculate the equivalent X and R zero Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 376 IEC09000255_1_en.vsd IEC09000255 V1 EN-US Figure 193: Equivalent zero-sequence impedance circuit for a double-circuit line with one circuit disconnected and not earthed The reduction of the reach is equal to equation 350. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 377: Tapped Line Application

    EQUATION1288 V2 EN-US Ensure that the underreaching zones from both line ends will overlap a sufficient amount (at least 10%) in the middle of the protected circuit. 8.13.2.7 Tapped line application GUID-4DFD6015-E97C-4F7E-84CA-C7CD2438C55A v1 Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 378 U2 (it is assumed that current and voltage distance function is taken from U2 side of the transformer). is the line impedance from the T point to the fault (F). is transformer impedance. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 379: Series Compensation In Power Systems

    Series compensation in power systems GUID-7F3BBF91-4A17-4B31-9828-F2757672C440 v2 The main purpose of series compensation in power systems is virtual reduction of line reactance in order to enhance the power system stability and increase Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 380: Steady State Voltage Regulation And Increase Of Voltage Collapse Limit

    358. The effect of series compensation is in this particular case obvious and self explanatory. Line (Equation 358) EQUATION1895 V1 EN-US A typical 500 km long 500 kV line is considered with source impedance (Equation 359) EQUATION1896 V1 EN-US Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 381: Increase In Power Transfer

    The effect on the power transfer when considering a constant angle difference (δ) between the line ends is illustrated in figure 198. Practical compensation degree runs from 20 to 70 percent. Transmission capability increases of more than two times can be obtained in practice. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 382: Voltage And Current Inversion

    The resulting voltage U in IED point is this way proportional to sum of voltage drops on partial impedances between the IED point and the fault position F, as presented by Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 383 Voltage U in IED point will lag the fault current I in case when: < < (Equation 362) EQUATION1902 V1 EN-US Where is the source impedance behind the IED Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 384 202. The resultant reactance is in this case of inductive nature and the fault currents lags source voltage by 90 electrical degrees. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 385 Current inversion in zero sequence systems with low zero sequence source impedance (a number of power transformers connected in parallel) must be considered as practical possibility in many modern networks. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 386 It is for this reason absolutely necessary to study the possible effect on operation of zero sequence directional earth-fault overcurrent protection before its installation. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 387 LOC = 50% LOC = 33%, 66% LOC = 100% en06000613.vsd IEC06000613 V1 EN-US Figure 205: Apparent impedances seen by distance IED for different SC locations and spark gaps used for overvoltage protection Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 388 Extensive studies at Bonneville Power Administration in USA ( ref. Goldsworthy, D,L “A Linearized Model for MOV-Protected series capacitors” Paper 86SM357– 8 IEEE/PES summer meeting in Mexico City July 1986) have resulted in Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 389 • Series capacitor becomes nearly completely bridged by MOV when the line current becomes higher than 10-times the protective current level (I £ 10· k · Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 390: Impact Of Series Compensation On Protective Ied Of Adjacent Lines

    D bus and the fault becomes equal to zero, if the capacitor is installed near the bus and the fault appears just behind the capacitor. This may cause the phenomenon of voltage inversion to be expanded very deep Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 391: Distance Protection

    This makes it necessary to install distance protection in combination with telecommunication. The most common is distance protection in Permissive Overreaching Transfer Trip mode (POTT). Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 392: Underreaching And Overreaching Schemes

    If the capacitor is out of service or bypassed, the reach with these settings can be less than 50% of protected line dependent on compensation degree and there will be a section, G in figure 209, of the power line where no tripping occurs from either end. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 393 Distance protections of adjacent power lines shown in figure are influenced by this negative impedance. If the intermediate infeed of short circuit power by other lines is taken into consideration, the negative voltage drop on X is amplified and a Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 394 In such case the reactance of a short adjacent line may be lower than the capacitor reactance and voltage inversion phenomenon may occur also on remote end of Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 395 The operating area for negative impedance depends upon the magnitude of the source impedance and calculations must be made on a case by Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 396 The current reversal phenomenon also raises problems from the protection point of view, particularly when the power lines are short and when permissive overreach schemes are used. m0AC m0CB en06000627.vsd IEC06000627 V1 EN-US Figure 215: Double circuit, parallel operating line Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 397 IED RAB and especially telecommunication equipment, trip its related circuit breaker, since all conditions for POTT have been fulfilled. Zero sequence mutual impedance will additionally influence this process, Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 398: Setting Guidelines

    Inaccuracies in the line zero-sequence impedance data, and their effect on the calculated value of the earth-return compensation factor. • The effect of infeed between the IED and the fault location, including the influence of different Z ratios of the various sources. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 399: Setting Of Zone 1

    The zone 2 must not be reduced below 120% of the protected line section. The whole line must be covered under all conditions. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 400: Setting Of Reverse Zone

    In many applications it might be necessary to consider the enlarging factor due to the fault current infeed from adjacent lines in the reverse direction in order to obtain certain sensitivity. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 401: Series Compensated And Adjacent Lines

    Figure 219: Reduced reach due to the expected sub-harmonic oscillations at different degrees of compensation æ ö c degree of compensation ç ÷ ç ÷ è ø (Equation 381) EQUATION1894 V1 EN-US Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 402 Different settings of the reach for the ph-ph faults and ph-E loops makes it possible to minimise the necessary decrease of the reach for different types of faults. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 403 When the calculation of X1Fwgives a negative value the zone 1 must be permanently blocked. For protection on non compensated lines facing series capacitor on next line. The setting is thus: • X1Fw is set to (XLine-XC · K) · p/100. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 404 Settings of the resistive reaches are limited according to the minimum load impedance. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 405: Setting Of Zones For Parallel Line Application

    (Equation 383) EQUATION554 V1 EN-US Check the reduction of a reach for the overreaching zones due to the effect of the zero sequence mutual coupling. The reach is reduced for a factor: Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 406: Setting Of Reach In Resistive Direction

    The final reach in resistive direction for phase-to-earth fault loop measurement automatically follows the values of the line-positive and zero-sequence resistance, and at the end of the protected zone is equal to equation 389. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 407: Load Impedance Limitation, Without Load Encroachment Function

    Check the maximum permissible resistive reach for any zone to ensure that there is a sufficient setting margin between the boundary and the minimum load impedance. The minimum load impedance (Ω/phase) is calculated as: [7] RLdRv=RLdRvFactor*RLdFw. [8] RLdRv=RLdRvFactor*RLdFw. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 408 To avoid load encroachment for the phase-to-phase measuring elements, the set resistive reach of any distance protection zone must be less than 160% of the minimum load impedance. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 409: Zone Reach Setting Higher Than Minimum Load Impedance

    For symmetrical load or three-phase and phase-to-phase faults, this corresponds to the per-phase, or positive-sequence, impedance. For a phase-to-earth fault, it corresponds to the per-loop impedance, including the earth return impedance. [9] RLdRv=RLdRvFactor*RLdFw Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 410: Parameter Setting Guidelines

    ILmLn is the RMS value of the vector difference between phase currents Lm and Both current limits IMinOpPEZx and IMinOpPPZx are automatically reduced to 75% of regular set values if the zone is set to operate in reverse direction, that is, OperationDir=Reverse. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 411 Refer to chapter Simplified logic schemes in Technical Manual for the application of these settings. OperationSC Choose the setting value SeriesComp if the protected line or adjacent lines are compensated with series capacitors. Otherwise maintain the NoSeriesComp setting value. CVTtype Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 412: Zmmmxu Settings

    8.13.4.11 ZMMMXU settings GUID-760E7792-1BA4-47B3-A437-1C7777425F57 v1 ZZeroDb Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 413: Power Swing Detection Zmrpsb

    As the rotating masses strive to find a stable operate condition, they oscillate with damped oscillations until they reach the final stability. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 414: Basic Characteristics

    See the corresponding description in “Technical reference manual” for the IEDs. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 415: Setting Guidelines

    Rated secondary voltage of voltage (or potential) transformers 0.11 used EQUATION1325 V1 EN-US Rated primary current of current transformers used 1200 EQUATION1326 V1 EN-US Rated secondary current of current transformers used EQUATION1327 V1 EN-US Table continues on next page Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 416 The calculated value of the system impedance is of informative nature and helps in determining the position of the oscillation center, see figure 225, which is for a general case calculated according to equation 405. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 417 EQUATION1340 V1 EN-US In particular cases, when (Equation 406) EQUATION1342 V1 EN-US The center of oscillation resides on the impedance point according to equation 407. 7.43 33.9 (Equation 407) EQUATION1341 V1 EN-US Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 418 400 kV: • = 0.9 for lines longer than 150 km • = 0.85 for lines between 80 and 150 km • = 0.8 for lines shorter than 80 km Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 419 Since it is not possible to further increase the external load angle δ , it is necessary to reduce the inner boundary of the oscillation detection characteristic. The minimum required value is calculated according to the procedure listed in equation 413, 414, and 416. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 420 FRPSPDIS) to the value equal to or less than the calculated value RLdInFw. It is at the same time necessary to adjust the load angle in FDPSPDIS or FRPSPDIS to follow the condition presented in equation 418. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 421 The tR2 inhibit timer disables the output START signal from ZMRPSB function, if the measured impedance remains within ZMRPSB operating area for a time longer than the set tR2 value. This time delay was usually set to approximately two seconds in older power-swing devices. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 422: Power Swing Logic Pslpsch

    1 operating characteristic and causes its unwanted operation, if no preventive measures have been taken, see figure 227. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 423 ZMRPSB operating characteristic IEC99000181_2_en.vsd IEC99000181 V2 EN-US Figure 227: Impedance trajectory within the distance protection zones 1 and 2 during and after the fault on line B – D Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 424: Setting Guidelines

    3) is in many cases not blocked by the power swing detection elements. This allows in such cases the distance protection zone 3 (together with the full-scheme design of the distance protection function) to be used at the same time as the overreaching power-swing zone. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 425 Connect the CACC functional input to start output signal of the local overreaching power swing distance protection zone, which serves as a local criteria at receiving of carrier signal during the power swing cycle. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 426 (swing) frequency in smin Calculate the maximum permissible resistive reach for each power swing zone separately according to the following equations. × × RFPP v tnPP (Equation 422) EQUATION1538 V1 EN-US Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 427 O/C EF protection to eliminate the initial fault and still make possible for the power swing zones to operate for possible consecutive faults. A time delay between 150 and 300 ms is generally sufficient. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 428: Blocking And Tripping Logic For Evolving Power Swings

    (usually zone 2). Configure for this reason the functional output signal STZMURPS to the start output of the overreaching distance protection zone (usually START of distance protection zone 2). Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 429: Pole Slip Protection Pspppam

    The situation with pole slip of a generator can be caused by different reasons. A short circuit occurs in the external power grid, close to the generator. If the fault clearance time is too long, the generator will accelerate so much, so the Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 430 This split can be made at predefined locations (trip of predefined lines) after function from pole slip protection (PSPPPAM) in the line protection IED. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 431 The consequence can be damages on insulation and stator/rotor iron. • At asynchronous operation the generator will absorb a significant amount of reactive power, thus risking overload of the windings. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 432: Setting Guidelines

    MeasureMode. The setting possibilities are: PosSeq, L1-L2, L2- L3, or L3-L1. If all phase voltages and phase currents are fed to the IED the PosSeq alternative is recommended (default). Further settings can be illustrated in figure 232. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 433 The ImpedanceZB is the reverse impedance as show in figure 232. ZB should be equal to the generator transient reactance X'd. The impedance is given in % of the base impedance, see equation 425. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 434: Setting Example For Line Application

    Figure 233: Line application of pole slip protection If the apparent impedance crosses the impedance line ZB – ZA this is the detection criterion of out of step conditions, see figure 234. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 435 With all phase voltages and phase currents available and fed to the protection IED, it is recommended to set the MeasureMode to positive sequence. The impedance settings are set in pu with ZBase as reference: Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 436 The warning angle (StartAngle) should be chosen not to cross into normal operating area. The maximum line power is assumed to be 2000 MVA. This corresponds to apparent impedance: 2000 (Equation 432) EQUATION1967 V1 EN-US Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 437 Normally the N1Limit is set to 1 so that the line will be tripped at the first pole slip. If the line shall be tripped at all pole slip situations also the parameter N2Limit is set to 1. In other cases a larger number is recommended. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 438: Setting Example For Generator Application

    Figure 236: Generator application of pole slip protection If the apparent impedance crosses the impedance line ZB – ZA this is the detected criterion of out of step conditions, see figure 237. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 439 Use the following generator data: UBase : 20 kV SBase set to 200 MVA ': 25% Use the following block transformer data: UBase : 20 kV (low voltage side) SBase set to 200 MVA : 15% Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 440 Ð ° 0.25 0.25 90 (Equation 438) EQUATION1973 V1 EN-US Set ZB to 0.25 × 0.15 (Equation 439) EQUATION1974 V1 EN-US This corresponds to: Ð 0.15 0.15 90 (Equation 440) EQUATION1975 V2 EN-US Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 441 EQUATION1977 V2 EN-US In case of minor damped oscillations at normal operation we do not want the protection to start. Therefore we set the start angle with large margin. Set StartAngle to 110°. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 442: Out-Of-Step Protection Oosppam

    This is often shown in a simplified way as two equivalent generators connected to each other via an equivalent transmission line and the phase difference between the equivalent generators is 180 electrical degrees. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 443 The out-of-step condition of a generator can be caused by different reasons. Sudden events in an electrical power system such as large changes in load, fault occurrence or slow fault clearance, can cause power oscillations, that are called power swings. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 444 In asynchronous operation there is induction of currents in parts of the generator normally not carrying current, thus resulting in increased heating. The consequence can be damages on insulation and iron core of both rotor and stator. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 445: Setting Guidelines

    ForwardX = 0.565/0.9522 · 100 = 59.33 in % ZBase; ReverseX = 0.282/0.9522 · 100 = 29.6 in % ZBase (all referred to 13.8 kV) resulted ForwardR = 0.078/0.9522 · 100 = 8.19 in % ZBase; ReverseR = 0.003/0.9522 · 100 = 0.29 in % ZBase (all referred to 13.8 kV) settings Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 446 11.32 % of the total ForwardX, the setting ReachZ1 should be set to ReachZ1 = 12 %. This means that the generator – step-up transformer unit would be in the zone 1. In other words, if the centre of Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 447 2 can be the same as in zone 1. Recommended value: NoOfSlipsZ2 = 2 or 3. • Operation: With the setting Operation OOSPPAM function can be set On/Off. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 448: Automatic Switch Onto Fault Logic Zcvpsof

    (LV-side) then inversion is not necessary (InvertCTCurr = Off), provided that the CT’s star point earthing complies with ABB recommendations, as it is shown in Table 32. If the currents fed to the Out-of-step protection are measured on the protected generator terminals side, then invertion is necessary (InvertCTCurr = On), provided that the CT’s star...

  • Page 449: Application

    IPh< is used to set the current level for the detection of a dead line. IPh< is, by default, set to 20% of IBase. It shall be set with a sufficient margin (15–20%) below the minimum expected load current. In many cases, the minimum load Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 450 The selection of the Impedance mode gives increased security. When Mode is set to UILvl&Imp, the condition for tripping is an ORed between UILevel and Impedance. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 451: Phase Preference Logic Pplphiz

    Figure shows an occurring cross-country fault. Figure shows the achievement of line voltage on healthy phases and an occurring cross-country fault. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 452 243. The integer from the phase selection function, which gives the type of fault undergoes a check and will release the distance protection zones as decided by the logic. The logic includes a check of the fault loops given by the phase selection Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 453 It is limited by the impedance to below the typical, say 25 to 40 A. Occurring neutral current is thus a sign of a cross-country fault (a double earth- fault) Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 454: Setting Guidelines

    Normally in a high impedance earthed system, the voltage drop is big and the setting can typically be set to 70% of base voltage (UBase) Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 455: Phase Preference Logic Ppl2Phiz

    High speed distance protection ZMFPDIS. The application is for resonance (Petersen coil) or high resistive earthed systems where phase preference based tripping is required for so-called cross-country faults, two simultaneous single phase-to-earth-faults in different phases and on different line sections. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 456 Figure shows a typical cross-country fault situation. Figure shows phase voltage relations before and during a single phase-to-earth fault. Load Load en06000550.vsd IEC06000550 V1 EN-US Figure 245: A typical cross-country fault situation Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 457 This residual current may be used as an indication of a cross-country fault. IL3=IN IL1=IN en06000553.vsd IEC06000553 V1 EN-US Figure 247: The currents in the phases at a double earth fault Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 458 AND condition with the corresponding signals of the phase selection, loop by loop. In other words, the phase selection inside the distance protection has to detect the fault as well before a trip from the distance zones can be achieved. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 459: Setting Guidelines

    3U0>: The setting of the residual voltage level (neutral voltage) which is used by the evaluation logic to verify that an earth-fault exists. The setting can typically be 20% of base voltage (UBase). Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 460 In the High speed distance protection ZMFPDIS, setting INReleasePE needs to be set lower than the expected residual current during a cross-country fault. Otherwise the distance protection might operate in the phase-to-phase loops which will bypass the Phase preference logic. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 461: Instantaneous Phase Overcurrent Protection Phpioc

    (and relay) point, for which very high fault currents are characteristic. The instantaneous phase overcurrent protection PHPIOC can operate in 10 ms for faults characterized by very high currents. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 462: Setting Guidelines

    The following fault calculations have to be done for three-phase, single-phase-to- earth and two-phase-to-earth faults. With reference to Figure 249, apply a fault in B and then calculate the current through-fault phase current I . The calculation Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 463 5% for the maximum possible transient overreach have to be introduced. An additional 20% is suggested due to the inaccuracy of the instrument transformers under transient conditions and inaccuracy in the system data. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 464: Meshed Network With Parallel Line

    A fault in C has to be applied, and then the maximum current seen from the IED ) on the healthy line (this applies for single-phase-to-earth and two-phase-to- earth faults) is calculated. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 465 The IED setting value IP>> is given in percentage of the primary base current value, IBase. The value for IP>> is given from this formula: >>= × IBase (Equation 448) EQUATION1147 V3 EN-US Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 466: Directional Phase Overcurrent Protection, Four Steps Oc4Ptoc

    The selectivity between different overcurrent protections is normally enabled by co-ordination between the function time delays of the different protections. To enable optimal co-ordination between all overcurrent Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 467: Setting Guidelines

    The parameters for the directional phase overcurrent protection, four steps OC4PTOC are set via the local HMI or PCM600. The following settings can be done for OC4PTOC. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 468 7% of IB. 2ndHarmStab: Operate level of 2nd harmonic current restrain set in % of the fundamental current. The setting range is 5 - 100% in steps of 1%. The default setting is 20%. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 469: Settings For Each Step

    DirModex: The directional mode of step x. Possible settings are Off/Non- directional/Forward/Reverse. Characteristx: Selection of time characteristic for step x. Definite time delay and different types of inverse time characteristics are available according to Table 33. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 470 ANSI reset characteristic according to standard. If IMinx is set above Ix> for any step the ANSI reset works as if current is zero when current drops below IMinx. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 471 The delay characteristics are described in Technical manual. There are some restrictions regarding the choice of the reset delay. For the definite time delay characteristics, the possible delay time setting instantaneous (1) and IEC (2 = set constant time reset). Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 472: Setting Example

    The protection reset current must also be considered so that a short peak of overcurrent does not cause the operation of a protection even when the overcurrent has ceased. This phenomenon is described in Figure 255. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 473 The maximum load current on the line has to be estimated. There is also a demand that all faults within the zone that the protection shall cover must be detected by the phase overcurrent protection. The minimum fault current Iscmin to be detected by Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 474 This is mostly used in the case of inverse time overcurrent protection. Figure shows how the time-versus-current curves are plotted in a diagram. The time setting is chosen to get the shortest fault time with maintained selectivity. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 475 These time delays can vary significantly between different protective equipment. The following time delays can be estimated: Protection operation 15-60 ms time: Protection resetting time: 15-60 ms Breaker opening time: 20-120 ms Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 476 There are uncertainties in the values of protection operation time, breaker opening time and protection resetting time. Therefore a safety margin has to be included. With normal values the needed time difference can be calculated according to Equation 454. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 477: Instantaneous Residual Overcurrent Protection Efpioc

    Some guidelines for the choice of setting parameter for EFPIOC is given. M12762-6 v8 Common base IED values for primary current (IBase), primary voltage (UBase) and primary power (SBase) are set in the global base values for settings function GBASVAL. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 478 The function shall not operate for any of the calculated currents to the protection. The minimum theoretical current setting (Imin) will be:    in MAX I (Equation 455) EQUATION284 V2 EN-US Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 479 = 1.3 × I (Equation 458) EQUATION288 V3 EN-US The IED setting value IN>> is given in percent of the primary base current value, IBase. The value for IN>> is given by the formula: Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 480: Directional Residual Overcurrent Protection, Four Steps Ef4Ptoc

    51N_67N 4(IN>) protection, four steps TEF-REVA V2 EN-US 9.4.2 Application M12509-12 v10 The directional residual overcurrent protection, four steps EF4PTOC is used in several applications in the power system. Some applications are: Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 481 Curve name ANSI Extremely Inverse ANSI Very Inverse ANSI Normal Inverse ANSI Moderately Inverse ANSI/IEEE Definite time ANSI Long Time Extremely Inverse ANSI Long Time Very Inverse Table continues on next page Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 482: Setting Guidelines

    Thus, if only the inverse time delay is required, it is important to set the definite time delay for that stage to zero. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 483: Common Settings For All Steps

    IEC05000135-5-en.vsdx IEC05000135 V5 EN-US Figure 261: Relay characteristic angle given in degree In a normal transmission network a normal value of RCA is about 65°. The setting range is -180° to +180°. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 484: Nd Harmonic Restrain

    This will give a declining residual current in the network, as the inrush current is deviating between the phases. There is a risk that the residual overcurrent function will give an unwanted trip. The inrush current has a relatively large ratio of 2nd Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 485: Parallel Transformer Inrush Current Logic

    Also the same current setting as this step is chosen for the blocking at parallel transformer energizing. The settings for the parallel transformer logic are described below. BlkParTransf: This is used to On blocking at energising of parallel transformers. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 486: Switch Onto Fault Logic

    The function can be activated by Circuit breaker position (change) or Circuit breaker command. tUnderTime: Time delay for operation of the sensitive undertime function. The setting range is 0.000 - 60.000 s in step of 0.001 s. The default setting is 0.300 s Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 487: Settings For Each Step (X = 1, 2, 3 And 4)

    IMinx: Minimum operate current for step x in % of IB. Set IMinx below INx> for every step to achieve ANSI reset characteristic according to standard. If IMinx is set above INx> for any step, signal will reset at current equals to zero. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 488 HarmBlockx: This is used to enable block of step x from 2 harmonic restrain function. tPCrvx, tACrvx, tBCrvx, tCCrvx: Parameters for user programmable of inverse time characteristic curve. The time characteristic equation is according to equation 460: Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 489: Line Application Example

    The polarizing voltage and current can be internally generated when a three-phase set of voltage transformers and current transformers are used. IN> IEC05000149-2-en.vsdx IEC05000149 V2 EN-US Figure 264: Connection of polarizing voltage from an open delta Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 490 As a consequence of the distribution of zero sequence current in the power system, the current to the protection might be larger if one line out from the remote busbar is taken out of service, see Figure 266. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 491 IEC05000152 V2 EN-US Figure 267: Step 1, third calculation In this case the residual current out on the line can be larger than in the case of earth fault on the remote busbar. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 492 To assure selectivity the current setting must be chosen so that step 2 does not operate at step 2 for faults on the next line from the remote substation. Consider a fault as shown in Figure 269. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 493 IEC05000156 V3 EN-US Figure 270: Step 3, Selectivity calculation ³ × × step3 step2 (Equation 466) EQUATION1204 V4 EN-US where: is the chosen current setting for step 2 on the faulted line. step2 Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 494: Four Step Directional Negative Phase Sequence Overcurrent Protection Ns4Ptoc

    Four step negative sequence NS4PTOC 46I2 overcurrent protection IEC10000053 V1 EN-US 9.5.2 Application GUID-343023F8-AFE3-41C2-8440-1779DD7F5621 v2 Four step negative sequence overcurrent protection NS4PTOC is used in several applications in the power system. Some applications are: Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 495 Table 36: Inverse time characteristics Curve name ANSI Extremely Inverse ANSI Very Inverse ANSI Normal Inverse ANSI Moderately Inverse ANSI/IEEE Definite time ANSI Long Time Extremely Inverse Table continues on next page Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 496: Setting Guidelines

    GlobalBaseSel: Selects the global base value group used by the function to define IBase, UBase and SBase as applicable. GUID-F7AA2194-4D1C-4475-8853-C7D064912614 v4 When inverse time overcurrent characteristic is selected, the operate time of the stage will be the sum of the inverse time delay Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 497: Settings For Each Step

    IEC Definite Time User Programmable ASEA RI RXIDG (logarithmic) The different characteristics are described in the Technical Reference Manual (TRM). Ix>: Operation negative sequence current level for step x given in % of IBase. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 498 Curve name Instantaneous IEC Reset (constant time) ANSI Reset (inverse time) The different reset characteristics are described in the Technical Reference Manual (TRM). There are some restrictions regarding the choice of reset delay. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 499: Common Settings For All Steps

    AngleRCA: Relay characteristic angle given in degrees. This angle is defined as shown in figure 272. The angle is defined positive when the residual current lags the reference voltage (Upol = -U2) Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 500: Sensitive Directional Residual Overcurrent And Power Protection Sdepsde

    % of IBase. The start forward or start reverse signals can be used in a communication scheme. The appropriate signal must be configured to the communication scheme block. Sensitive directional residual overcurrent and power protection SDEPSDE SEMOD171436-1 v4 Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 501: Identification

    When should the sensitive directional residual overcurrent protection be used and when should the sensitive directional residual power protection be used? Consider the following: Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 502: Setting Guidelines

    Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 503 In a system with a neutral point resistor (resistance earthed system) the impedance can be calculated as: Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 504 The series impedances in the system can no longer be neglected. The system with a single phase to earth fault can be described as in Figure 274. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 505 The residual voltages in stations A and B can be written: × T ,0 (Equation 474) EQUATION1949 V1 EN-US × 3I (Z T ,0 lineAB,0 (Equation 475) EQUATION1950 V1 EN-US Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 506 ). Since the reference voltage is used as the polarizing quantity for directionality, it is important to set this parameter correctly. With the setting OpMode the principle of directional function is chosen. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 507 When OpMode is set to 3I0 and fi the function will operate if the residual current is larger than the setting INDir> and the residual current angle is within the sector RCADir ± ROADir. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 508 The characteristic angle of the directional functions RCADir is set in degrees. RCADir is normally set equal to 0° in a high impedance earthed network with a neutral point resistor as the active current component is appearing out on the Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 509 TimeChar is the selection of time delay characteristic for the non-directional residual current protection. Definite time delay and different types of inverse time characteristics are available: Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 510 OpUN> is set On to activate the trip function of the residual over voltage protection. tUN is the definite time delay for the trip function of the residual voltage protection, given in s. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 511: Thermal Overload Protection, One Time Constant, Celsius Fahrenheit Lcpttr/Lfpttr

    If the temperature of the protected object reaches a set warning level AlarmTemp, a signal ALARM can be given to the operator. This enables actions in the power system to be taken before dangerous temperatures are reached. If the temperature Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 512: Setting Guideline

    When the thermal overload protection trips, a lock-out signal is activated. This signal is intended to block switch in of the protected circuit as long as the conductor temperature is high. The signal is released when the estimated Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 513: Breaker Failure Protection Ccrbrf

    CCRBRF are set via the local HMI or PCM600. The following settings can be done for the breaker failure protection. GlobalBaseSel: Selects the global base value group used by the function to define IBase, UBase and SBase as applicable. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 514 In most applications 1 out of 3 is sufficient. For Contact operation means back-up trip is done when circuit breaker is closed (breaker position is used). Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 515 It is often required that the total fault clearance time shall be less than a given critical time. This time is often dependent of the ability to maintain transient stability in case of a fault close to a power plant. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 516 CBFLT is active. Typical setting is 2.0 seconds. tPulse: Trip pulse duration. This setting must be larger than the critical impulse time of circuit breakers to be tripped from the breaker failure protection. Typical setting is 200 ms. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 517: Stub Protection Stbptoc

    The stub protection is only activated when the disconnector of the object is open. STBPTOCenables fast fault clearance of faults at the section between the CTs and the open disconnector. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 518: Setting Guidelines

    This signal is normally taken from an auxiliary contact (normally closed) of the line disconnector and connected to a binary input RELEASE of the IED. With the settingContinuous the function is activated independent of presence of any external release signal. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 519: Pole Discordance Protection Ccpdsc

    Each phase current through the circuit breaker is measured. If the difference between the phase currents is larger than a CurrUnsymLevel this is an indication of pole discordance, and the protection will operate. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 520: Setting Guidelines

    9.11 Directional underpower protection GUPPDUP SEMOD156693-1 v4 9.11.1 Identification SEMOD158941-2 v4 Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2 identification identification device number Directional underpower protection GUPPDUP P < SYMBOL-LL V2 EN-US Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 521: Application

    Power to the power plant auxiliaries may come from a station service transformer connected to the secondary side of the step-up transformer. Power may also come from a start-up service transformer connected to the external network. One has to Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 522 Overpower protection Operate Operate Line Line Margin Margin Operating point Operating point without without turbine torque turbine torque IEC09000019-2-en.vsd IEC09000019 V2 EN-US Figure 280: Reverse power protection with underpower or overpower protection Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 523: Setting Guidelines

    With the parameter OpMode1(2) the function can be set On/Off. The function gives trip if the power component in the direction defined by the setting Angle1(2) is smaller than the set pick up power value Power1(2) Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 524 The setting is given in degrees. For active power the set angle should be 0° or 180°. 0° should be used for generator low forward active power protection. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 525 Calculated is settable parameter Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 526: Directional Overpower Protection Goppdop

    Often, the motoring condition may imply that the turbine is in a very dangerous state. The task of the reverse power protection is to protect the turbine and not to protect the generator itself. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 527 This power will be about 10% of the rated power. If there is only air in the hydro turbine, the power demand will fall to about 3%. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 528: Setting Guidelines

    IBase, UBase and SBase as applicable. Operation: With the parameter Operation the function can be set On/Off. Mode: The voltage and current used for the power measurement. The setting possibilities are shown in table 41. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 529 With the parameter OpMode1(2) the function can be set On/Off. The function gives trip if the power component in the direction defined by the setting Angle1(2) is larger than the set pick up power value Power1(2) Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 530 The setting Angle1(2) gives the characteristic angle giving maximum sensitivity of the power protection function. The setting is given in degrees. For active power the set angle should be 0° or 180°. 180° should be used for generator reverse power protection. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 531 Calculated is settable parameter Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 532: Broken Conductor Check Brcptoc

    All settings are in primary values or percentage. Set IBase (given in GlobalBaseSel) to power line rated current or CT rated current. Set minimum operating level per phase IP> to typically 10-20% of rated current. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 533: Voltage-Restrained Time Overcurrent Protection Vrpvoc

    VRPVOC function module has two independent protection each consisting of: • One overcurrent step with the following built-in features: Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 534: Base Quantities

    The short-circuit current may drop below the generator rated current after 0.5...1 s. Also, for generators with an excitation system not fed from the generator terminals, a fault can occur when the automatic voltage Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 535: Setting Guidelines

    Technical Manual for details. tDef_OC: Definite time delay. It is used if definite time characteristic is chosen; it shall be set to 0 s if the inverse time characteristic is chosen and no additional delay Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 536: Voltage-Restrained Overcurrent Protection For Generator And Step-Up Transformer

    An example of how to use VRPVOC function to provide voltage restrained overcurrent protection for a generator is given below. Let us assume that the time coordination study gives the following required settings: Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 537: Overcurrent Protection With Undervoltage Seal-In

    Set GlobalBaseSel to the right value in order to select the Global Base Values Group with UBase and IBase equal to the rated phase-to-phase voltage and the rated phase current of the generator. Set StartCurr to the value 150%. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 538 Set tDef_UV to 3.0 s. 10. Set EnBlkLowV to Off (default value) to disable the cut-off level for low- voltage of the undervoltage stage. The other parameters may be left at their default value. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 539: Two Step Undervoltage Protection Uv2Ptuv

    Disconnect apparatuses, like electric motors, which will be damaged when subject to service under low voltage conditions. The function has a high measuring accuracy and a settable hysteresis to allow applications to control reactive load. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 540: Setting Guidelines

    10.1.3.5 Backup protection for power system faults M13851-62 v3 The setting must be below the lowest occurring "normal" voltage and above the highest occurring voltage during the fault conditions under consideration. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 541: Settings For Two Step Undervoltage Protection

    When using inverse time characteristic for the undervoltage function during very low voltages can give a short operation time. This might lead to unselective tripping. By setting t1Min longer than the operation time for other protections, such unselective tripping can be avoided. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 542: Two Step Overvoltage Protection Ov2Ptov

    Two step overvoltage protection OV2PTOV IP14545-1 v3 10.2.1 Identification M17002-1 v8 Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 identification ANSI/IEEE C37.2 identification device number Two step overvoltage protection OV2PTOV 3U> SYMBOL-C-2U-SMALLER-THAN V2 EN-US Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 543: Application

    The same also applies to the associated equipment, its voltage and time characteristic. There are wide applications where general overvoltage functions are used. All voltage related settings are made as a percentage of a settable base primary voltage, Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 544: Equipment Protection, Such As For Motors, Generators Reactors And Transformers

    The following settings can be done for the two step overvoltage protection M13852-22 v10 ConnType: Sets whether the measurement shall be phase-to-earth fundamental value, phase-to-phase fundamental value, phase-to-earth RMS value or phase-to- phase RMS value. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 545 The speed might be important for example in case of protection of transformer that might be overexcited. The time delay must be co- ordinated with other automated actions in the system. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 546 If the function is used as control for automatic switching of reactive compensation devices the hysteresis must be set smaller than the voltage change after switching of the compensation device. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 547: Two Step Residual Overvoltage Protection Rov2Ptov

    The time delay for ROV2PTOV is seldom critical, since residual voltage is related to earth faults in a high-impedance earthed system, and enough time must normally be given for the primary protection to clear the fault. In some more specific Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 548: Reactors And Transformersequipment Protection For Transformers

    The two healthy phases will measure full phase-to- phase voltage, as the faulty phase will be connected to earth. The residual overvoltage will be three times the phase-to-earth voltage. See figure 287. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 549: Direct Earthed System

    The residual sum will have the same value as the remaining phase-to-earth voltage, which is shown in Figure 288. IEC07000189-2-en.vsd IEC07000189 V2 EN-US Figure 288: Earth fault in Direct earthed system Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 550: Settings For Two Step Residual Overvoltage Protection

    The setting is highly dependent on the protection application. In many applications, the protection function has the task to prevent damage to the protected object. The speed might be important, for Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 551 Make sure that the set value for parameter HystABSn is somewhat smaller than the set pickup value. Otherwise there is a risk that step n will not reset properly. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 552: Overexcitation Protection Oexpvph

    The capability of a transformer (or generator) to withstand overexcitation can be illustrated in the form of a thermal capability curve, that is, a diagram which shows Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 553 It then uses the positive sequence quantities of voltages and currents. Analog measurements shall not be taken from any winding where a load tap changer is located. Some different connection alternatives are shown in figure 289. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 554: Setting Guidelines

    TRIP: The TRIP output is activated after the operate time for the U/f level has expired. TRIP signal is used to trip the circuit breaker(s). Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 555: Settings

    The default value is recommended to be used if the constant is not known. tMin: The operating times at voltages higher than the set V/Hz>>. The setting shall match capabilities on these high voltages. Typical setting can be 1-10 second. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 556: Service Value Report

    In this example, each step will be (140-105) /5 = 7%. The setting of time delays t1 to t6 are listed in table 42. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 557 V/Hz transformer capability curve relay operate characteristic Continous 0.05 Time (minutes) en01000377.vsd IEC01000377 V1 EN-US Figure 290: Example on overexcitation capability curve and V/Hz protection settings for power transformer Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 558: Voltage Differential Protection Vdcptov

    The function requires voltage transformers in all phases of the capacitor bank. Figure shows some different alternative connections of this function. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 559 It will be an alternative for example, generator units where often two voltage transformers are supplied for measurement and excitation equipment. The application to supervise the voltage on two voltage transformers in the generator circuit is shown in figure 292. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 560: Setting Guidelines

    The factor is defined as U2 · RFLx and shall be equal to the U1 voltage. Each phase has its own ratio factor. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 561: Loss Of Voltage Check Lovptuv

    (SDDRFUF) the alarm delay can be set to zero. 10.6 Loss of voltage check LOVPTUV SEMOD171868-1 v2 10.6.1 Identification SEMOD171954-2 v2 Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2 identification identification device number Loss of voltage check LOVPTUV Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 562: Application

    The most common application of the PAPGAPC function is to provide tripping at the remote end of lines with passive load or with weak end infeed. The function must be included in the terminal at the weak infeed end of the feeder. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 563: Setting Guidelines

    Del1PhOp: Enabling of delayed single phase operation. t1Ph: Time delay for single phase operation. Del3PhOp: Enabling of delayed three phase operation. ResCurrOper: Enabling of residual current operation. tResCurr: Time delay for residual current indication. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 565: Underfrequency Protection Saptuf

    M13355-3 v8 All the frequency and voltage magnitude conditions in the system where SAPTUF performs its functions should be considered. The same also applies to the associated equipment, its frequency and time characteristic. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 566: Overfrequency Protection Saptof

    11.2 Overfrequency protection SAPTOF IP15747-1 v3 11.2.1 Identification M14866-1 v4 Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2 identification identification device number Overfrequency protection SAPTOF f > SYMBOL-O V1 EN-US Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 567: Application

    In smaller systems the frequency START level has to be set at a higher value, and the time delay must be rather short. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 568: Rate-Of-Change Of Frequency Protection Sapfrc

    SAPFRC is normally used together with an overfrequency or underfrequency function, in small power systems, where a single event can cause a large imbalance Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 569 - up to 3 Hz/s has been experienced when a small island was isolated from a large system. For more "normal" severe disturbances in large power systems, rate-of-change of frequency is much less, most often just a fraction of 1.0 Hz/s. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 571: General Current And Voltage Protection Cvgapc

    Each CVGAPC function module has got four independent protection elements built into it. Two overcurrent steps with the following built-in features: Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 572: Current And Voltage Selection For Cvgapc Function

    The user can select a current input, by a setting parameter CurrentInput, to measure one of the current quantities shown in table 43. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 573 CVGAPC function will measure the phase L1 voltage phasor phase2 CVGAPC function will measure the phase L2 voltage phasor phase3 CVGAPC function will measure the phase L3 voltage phasor Table continues on next page Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 574 U and U . This information about actual VT L1L2 L2L3 L3L1 connection is entered as a setting parameter for the pre-processing block, which will then be taken care automatically. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 575: Base Quantities For Cvgapc Function

    • Underimpedance protection • Voltage Controlled/Restrained Overcurrent protection • Turn-to-Turn & Differential Backup protection (directional Negative Sequence. Overcurrent protection connected to generator HV terminal CTs looking into generator) • Stator Overload protection Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 576: Inadvertent Generator Energization

    The reverse power protection might detect the situation but the operation time of this protection is normally too long. For big and important machines, fast protection against inadvertent energizing should, therefore, be included in the protective scheme. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 577: Setting Guidelines

    OC element offers protection against all unbalance faults (phase-to-phase faults as well). Care shall be taken that the minimum pickup of such protection function shall be set above natural system unbalance level. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 578 In that case typically two NegSeq overcurrent steps are required. One for forward and one for reverse direction. As Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 579: Negative Sequence Overcurrent Protection

    By defining parameter x equal to maximum continuous negative sequence rating of the generator in accordance with the following formula Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 580 B_OC1 = 0.0, C_OC1=0.0 and P_OC1=2.0 set StartCurr_OC1 equal to the value x then the OC1 step of the CVGAPC function can be used for generator negative sequence inverse overcurrent protection. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 581: Generator Stator Overload Protection In Accordance With Iec Or Ansi Standards

    (k = 37.5 for the IEC standard or k = 41.4 for the ANSI standard) is the magnitude of the measured current is the generator rated current Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 582 A, B, C and P are user settable coefficients which determine the curve used for Inverse Time Overcurrent TOC/IDMT calculation When the equation is compared with the equation for the inverse time characteristic of the OC1 step in it is obvious that if the following rules are followed: Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 583: Generators And Circuit Breaker Head Flashover Protection For Generators

    Connect three-phase currents from the protected object to one CVGAPC instance (for example, GF03) Set CurrentInput to value UnbalancePh Set EnRestrainCurr to On Set RestrCurrInput to MaxPh Set RestrCurrCoeff to value 0.97 Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 584: Voltage Restrained Overcurrent Protection For Generator And Step-Up Transformer

    Select CurveType_OC1 to value ANSI Very inv If required set minimum operating time for this curve by using parameter tMin_OC1 (default value 0.05s) Set StartCurr_OC1 to value 185% 10. Set VCntrlMode_OC1 to On 11. Set VDepMode_OC1 to Slope Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 585: Loss Of Excitation Protection For A Generator

    RCA & ROA angles will be applicable for OC2 step if directional feature is enabled for this step as well. Figure shows overall protection characteristic Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 586 Furthermore the other build-in protection elements can be used for other protection and alarming purposes. Q [pu] Operating region ILowSet [pu] -rca -0.2 -0.4 ILowSet Operating Region -0.6 -0.8 en05000535.vsd IEC05000535 V2 EN-US Figure 293: Loss of excitation Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 587: Multipurpose Filter Smaihpac

    Sub-synchronous resonance protection for turbo generators • Sub-synchronous protection for wind turbines/wind farms • Detection of sub-synchronous oscillation between HVDC links and synchronous generators • Super-synchronous protection • Detection of presence of the geo-magnetic induced currents Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 588: Setting Guidelines

    GUID-5A3F67BD-7D48-4734-948C-01DAF9470EF8 v2 A relay type used for generator subsynchronous resonance overcurrent protection shall be replaced. The relay had inverse time operating characteristic as given with the following formula: (Equation 523) EQUATION13000029 V1 EN-US Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 589 IDMT characteristic is used which for multi-purpose overcurrent stage one, which has the following equation (for more information see Section “Inverse time characteristics” in the TRM). Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 590 Setting Group1 Operation CurrentInput MaxPh IBase 1000 VoltageInput MaxPh UBase 20.50 OPerHarmRestr I_2ndI_fund 20.0 BlkLevel2nd 5000 EnRestrainCurr RestrCurrInput PosSeq RestrCurrCoeff 0.00 Table continues on next page Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 591 System protection and control RCADir ROADir LowVolt_VM Setting Group1 Operation_OC1 StartCurr_OC1 30.0 CurrMult_OC1 CurveType_OC1 Programmable tDef_OC1 0.00 k_OC1 1.00 tMin1 tMin_OC1 1.40 ResCrvType_OC1 Instantaneous tResetDef_OC1 0.00 P_OC1 1.000 A_OC1 118.55 B_OC1 0.640 C_OC1 0.000 Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 593: Current Circuit Supervision Ccsspvc

    14.1.3 Setting guidelines M12397-17 v8 GlobalBaseSel: Selects the global base value group used by the function to define IBase, UBase and SBase as applicable. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 594: Fuse Failure Supervision Fufspvc

    These solutions are combined to get the best possible effect in the fuse failure supervision function (FUFSPVC). FUFSPVC function built into the IED products can operate on the basis of external binary signals from the miniature circuit breaker or from the line disconnector. The Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 595: Setting Guidelines

    We propose a setting of approximately 70% of UBase. The drop off time of 200 ms for dead phase detection makes it recommended to always set SealIn to On since this will secure a fuse failure indication at persistent Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 596: Negative Sequence Based

    The setting of the current limit 3I2< is in percentage of parameter IBase. The setting of 3I2< must be higher than the normal unbalance current that might exist in the system and can be calculated according to equation 528. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 597: Zero Sequence Based

    14.2.3.5 Delta U and delta I GUID-02336F26-98C0-419D-8759-45F5F12580DE v7 Set the operation mode selector OpDUDI to On if the delta function shall be in operation. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 598: Dead Line Detection

    A safety margin of at least 15% is recommended. 14.3 Fuse failure supervision VDSPVC GUID-9C5BA1A7-DF2F-49D4-A13A-C6B483DDFCDC v2 14.3.1 Identification GUID-109434B0-23E5-4053-9E6E-418530A07F9C v2 Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2 identification identification device number Fuse failure supervision VDSPVC Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 599: Application

    VDSPVC output can be configured to block voltage dependent protection functions such as high-speed distance protection, undervoltage relays, underimpedance relays and so on. Main Vt circuit FuseFailSupvn IEC12000143-1-en.vsd IEC12000143 V1 EN-US Figure 295: Application of VDSPVC Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 600: Setting Guidelines

    When SealIn is set to On and the fuse failure has last for more than 5 seconds, the blocked protection functions will remain blocked until normal voltage conditions are restored above the USealIn setting. The fuse failure outputs are deactivated when the normal voltage conditions are restored. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 601: Synchrocheck, Energizing Check, And Synchronizing Sesrsyn

    FreqDiffMin. If the frequency is less than FreqDiffMin the synchrocheck is used and the value of FreqDiffMin must thus be identical to the value FreqDiffM resp FreqDiffA for synchrocheck function. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 602 If needed an additional phase angle adjustment can be done for selected line voltage with the PhaseShift setting. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 603: Synchrocheck

    In steady conditions a bigger phase angle difference can be allowed as this is sometimes the case in a long and loaded parallel power line. For this application we accept a synchrocheck Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 604: Energizing Check

    The output is given only when the actual measured conditions match the set conditions. Figure shows two substations, where one (1) is energized and the other (2) is not energized. The line Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 605: Voltage Selection

    The voltage selection function is used for the connection of appropriate voltages to the synchrocheck, synchronizing and energizing check functions. For example, when the IED is used in a double bus arrangement, the voltage that should be Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 606: External Fuse Failure

    (B16I). If the PSTO input is used, connected to the Local-Remote switch on the local HMI, the choice can also be from the station HMI system, typically ABB Microscada through IEC 61850–8–1 communication. The connection example for selection of the manual energizing mode is shown in figure 299.

  • Page 607: Application Examples

    The input used below in example are typical and can be changed by use of configuration and signal matrix tools. The SESRSYN and connected SMAI function block instances must have the same cycle time in the application configuration. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 608: Single Circuit Breaker With Single Busbar

    The voltage from busbar VT is connected to U3PBB1 and the voltage from the line VT is connected to U3PLN1. The conditions of the VT fuses shall also be connected as shown above. The voltage selection parameter CBConfig is set to No voltage sel. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 609: Single Circuit Breaker With Double Busbar, External Voltage Selection

    LINE_MCB UB2OK WA2_MCB UB2FF ULN1OK LINE_MCB ULN1FF LINE_VT LINE IEC10000095-6-en.vsd IEC10000095 V4 EN-US Figure 302: Connection of the SESRSYN function block in a single breaker, double busbar arrangement with internal voltage selection Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 610: Double Circuit Breaker

    U3PBB1 on all three function blocks and the voltage from busbar 2 VT is connected to U3PBB2 on all three function blocks. The voltage from line1 VT is connected to U3PLN1 on all three function blocks and the voltage from line2 VT is Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 611 Section 15 1MRK 506 369-UEN B Control connected to U3PLN2 on all three function blocks. The positions of the disconnectors and VT fuses shall be connected as shown in Figure 304. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 612 UB1FF WA2_MCB UB2OK UB2FF LINE1_MCB ULN1OK ULN1FF LINE2_MCB ULN2OK ULN2FF IEC10000097-4-en.vsd IEC10000097 V4 EN-US Figure 304: Connections of the SESRSYN function block in a 1 ½ breaker arrangement with internal voltage selection Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 613 UB1OK/FF = Supervision of WA1_MCB fuse • UB2OK/FF = Supervision of WA2_MCB fuse • ULN1OK/FF = Supervision of LINE1_MCB fuse • ULN2OK/FF = Supervision of LINE2_MCB fuse • Setting CBConfig = 1 1/2 bus alt. CB Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 614: Setting Guidelines

    1 and 2 respectively, which can be a single-phase (phase-neutral), two-phase (phase-phase) or a positive sequence voltage. CBConfig This configuration setting is used to define type of voltage selection. Type of voltage selection can be selected as: Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 615 A typical value for FreqDiffMin is 10 mHz. Generally, the value should be low if both synchronizing and synchrocheck functions are provided, and it is better to let the synchronizing function close, as it Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 616 100 seconds. If the network frequencies are expected to be outside the limits from the start, a margin needs to be added. A typical setting is 600 seconds. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 617 PhaseDiffA setting. tSCM and tSCA The purpose of the timer delay settings, tSCM and tSCA, is to ensure that the synchrocheck conditions remains constant and that the situation is not due to a Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 618 This voltage can be as high as 30% or more of the base line voltage. Because the setting ranges of the threshold voltages UHighBusEnerg/ UHighLineEnerg and ULowBusEnerg/ULowLineEnerg partly overlap each other, Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 619: Smbrrec

    “dead time” setting value. When simultaneous tripping and reclosing at the two line ends occurs, line dead time is approximately equal to the auto recloser “dead time”. If the auto reclosing dead time and line Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 620 During the single-phase dead time there is an equivalent "series"-fault in the system resulting in a flow of zero sequence current. It is therefore necessary to Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 621 The auto recloser can be inhibited (blocked) when certain protection functions detecting permanent faults, such as shunt reactor, cable or busbar protection are in operation. Back-up protection zones Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 622 A permanent fault will cause the line protection to trip again when it recloses in an attempt to energize the line. The auto reclosing function allows a number of parameters to be adjusted. Examples: Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 623: Auto Reclosing Operation Off And On

    No signal at INHIBIT input that is, no blocking or inhibit signal present. After the start has been accepted, it is latched in and an internal signal “start” is set. It can be interrupted by certain events, like an “inhibit” signal. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 624: Start Auto Reclosing From Circuit Breaker Open Information

    This time extension is controlled by the setting Extended t1 = On and the PLCLOST input. If this functionality is used the auto recloser start must also be allowed from distance protection zone 2 time delayed trip. Time Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 625: Long Trip Signal

    If TR2P and TR3P inputs are low (i.e. single-phase trip): The timer for single- phase auto reclosing dead time is started and the 1PT1 output (single-phase reclosing in progress) is activated. It can be used to suppress pole Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 626: First Shot

    1/2/3ph. If the first reclosing shot fails, a three-phase trip will be issued and three-phase reclosing will follow, if selected. At three-phase trip, a failure of a three-phase auto reclosing attempt will inhibit the auto recloser. No Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 627: Armode = 1Ph + 1*2/3Ph, 1-Phase, 2-Phase Or 3-Phase Reclosing In The First Shot

    External selection of auto reclosing mode M12391-241 v5 The auto reclosing mode can be selected by use of available logic function blocks. Below is an example where the choice of mode, ARMode=3ph or Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 628: Auto Reclosing Reclaim Timer

    If a new start occurs, and the number of auto reclosing shots is set to 1, and a new START or TRSOTF input signal appears, after the circuit breaker closing command, the UNSUCCL output (unsuccessful reclosing) is set high. The timer for the first Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 629: Lock-Out Initiation

    An example of lock-out logic. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 630: Evolving Fault

    The sequence will continue as a three-phase auto reclosing sequence, if it is a selected alternative reclosing mode. The second fault which can be single-phase is tripped three-phase because the trip function Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 631: Automatic Continuation Of The Auto Reclosing Sequence

    BLKON input or by an unsuccessful auto reclosing attempt if the BlockByUnsucCl setting is set to On. BLKON Used to block the auto recloser, for example, when certain special service conditions arise. When used, blocking must be reset with BLKOFF. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 632 Used to reset the auto recloser to start conditions. Possible hold by thermal overload protection will be reset. Circuit breaker position will be checked and time settings will be restarted with their set times. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 633 Signals for two-phase and three-phase trip. They are usually connected to the corresponding output of the trip function block. They control the choice of dead time and the auto reclosing cycle according to the selected program. Signal TR2P Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 634 • wait: an auto recloser, acting as slave, is waiting for a release from the master to proceed with its own reclosing sequence Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 635 Indicates that the auto recloser is ready for a new and complete auto reclosing sequence. It can be connected to the zone extension if a line protection should have extended zone reach before auto reclosing. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 636 Figure is showing an example of how to connect the auto recloser when used for single-phase, two-phase or three-phase auto reclosing. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 637 3PT1 ZCVPSOF-TRIP TRSOTF 3PT2 3PT3 THOLHOLD 3PT4 TR2P 3PT5 TRUE TR3P SESRSYN-AUTOOK SYNC WAIT RSTCOUNT WFMASTER =IEC04000135=5=en=Original.vsd IEC04000135 V5 EN-US Figure 309: Example of I/O-signal connections at a three-phase auto reclosing sequence Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 638 WAIT input resets. The mimimum settable time for tSlaveDeadTime is 0.1sec because both master and slave should not send the breaker closing command at the same time. The slave Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 639 If the High priority circuit breaker is not closed the High priority moves to the low priority circuit breaker. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 640 IEC04000137 V4 EN-US Figure 311: Additional input and output signals at multi-breaker arrangement. The connections can be made "symmetrical" to make it possible to control the priority by the settings, Priority: High/Low Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 641: Auto Recloser Settings

    INHIBIT input. tLongStartInh: The user can set a maximum start pulse duration time tLongStartInh. At a set time somewhat longer than the auto reclosing dead time, Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 642 BlockByUnsucCl: Setting of whether an unsuccessful auto reclosing attempt shall set the auto recloser in blocked status. If used the BLKOFF input must be configured to unblock the function after an unsuccessful auto reclosing attempt. Normal setting is Off. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 643 NoOfShots: In power transmission one shot is mostly used. In most cases one auto reclosing shot is sufficient as the majority of arcing faults will cease after the first auto reclosing shot. In power systems with many other types of faults caused by Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 644 The maximum wait time, tWaitForMaster for the second circuit breaker is set longer than the auto reclosing dead time plus a margin for synchrocheck conditions to be fulfilled for the first circuit breaker. Typical setting is 2sec. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 645: Apparatus Control

    The commands to an apparatus can be initiated from the Control Centre (CC), the station HMI or the local HMI on the IED front. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 646 The apparatus control function is realized by means of a number of function blocks designated: • Switch controller SCSWI • Circuit breaker SXCBR • Circuit switch SXSWI • Bay control QCBAY • Bay reserve QCRSV Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 647 The extension of the signal flow and the usage of the GOOSE communication are shown in Figure 314. IEC 61850 en05000116.vsd IEC05000116 V2 EN-US Figure 313: Signal flow between apparatus control function blocks when all functions are situated within the IED Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 648 IED, then the local/remote switch is under authority control, otherwise the default user can perform control operations from the local IED HMI without logging in. The default position of the local/remote switch is on remote. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 649: Bay Control Qcbay

    The Bay control (QCBAY) is used to handle the selection of the operator place per bay. The function gives permission to operate from two main types of locations either from Remote (for example, control centre or station HMI) or from Local Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 650: Switch Controller Scswi

    SCSWI may handle and operate on one three-phase device or three one-phase switching devices. After the selection of an apparatus and before the execution, the switch controller performs the following checks and actions: Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 651: Switches Sxcbr/Sxswi

    Substitution of position indication • Supervision timer that the primary device starts moving after a command • Supervision of allowed time for intermediate position • Definition of pulse duration for open/close command respectively Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 652: Xlnproxy

    XLNPROXY function, their usage is controlled by the connection of each data’s signal input and valid input. These connections are usually from the GOOSEXLNRCV function (see Figure and Figure 317). Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 653 Section 15 1MRK 506 369-UEN B Control IEC16000071 V1 EN-US Figure 316: Configuration with XLNPROXY and GOOSEXLNRCV where all the IEC 61850 modelled data is used, including selection Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 654 SCSWI function. This cause is also shown on the output L_CAUSE as indicated in the following table: Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 655: Reservation Function (Qcrsv And Resin)

    IEDs. With this reservation method, the bay that wants the reservation sends a reservation request to other bays and then waits for a reservation granted signal from the other bays. Actual position Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 656 The reservation can also be realized with external wiring according to the application example in Figure 319. This solution is realized with external auxiliary relays and extra binary inputs and outputs in each IED, but without use of function blocks QCRSV and RESIN. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 657: Interaction Between Modules

    Application principle for an alternative reservation solution 15.3.7 Interaction between modules M16626-3 v9 A typical bay with apparatus control function consists of a combination of logical nodes or functions that are described here: Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 658 (energizing-check) is included. • The Generic Automatic Process Control function, GAPC, handles generic commands from the operator to the system. The overview of the interaction between these functions is shown in Figure below. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 659: Setting Guidelines

    Figure 321: Example overview of the interactions between functions in a typical 15.3.8 Setting guidelines M16669-3 v5 The setting parameters for the apparatus control function are set via the local HMI or PCM600. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 660: Bay Control (Qcbay)

    When the time has expired, the control function is reset, and a cause-code is given. tSynchrocheck is the allowed time for the synchrocheck function to fulfill the close conditions. When the time has expired, the function tries to start the synchronizing Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 661: Switch (Sxcbr/Sxswi)

    The default length is set to 200 ms for a circuit breaker (SXCBR) and 500 ms for a disconnector (SXSWI). tClosePulse is the output pulse length for a close command. If AdaptivePulse is set to Adaptive, it is the maximum length of the output pulse for an open command. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 662: Xlnproxy

    (x) in the bay, only the own bay is reserved, that is, the output for reservation request of other bays (RES_BAYS) will not be activated at selection of apparatus x. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 663: Reservation Input (Resin)

    As an option, a voltage indication can be used for interlocking. Take care to avoid a dangerous enable condition at the loss of a VT secondary voltage, for example, because of a blown fuse. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 664: Configuration Guidelines

    322. The function can also be used for a double busbar arrangement without transfer busbar or a single busbar arrangement with/without transfer busbar. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 665: Signals From Bypass Busbar

    Signal QB7OPTR Q7 is open VPQB7TR The switch status for QB7 is valid. EXDU_BPB No transmission error from the bay that contains the above information. For bay n, these conditions are valid: Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 666: Signals From Bus-Coupler

    The switch status of BC_12 is valid. VP_BC_17 The switch status of BC_17 is valid. VP_BC_27 The switch status of BC_27 is valid. EXDU_BC No transmission error from any bus-coupler bay (BC). Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 667 The switch status of bus-section coupler BS is valid. EXDU_BS No transmission error from the bay that contains the above information. For a line bay in section 1, these conditions are valid: Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 668: Configuration Setting

    1 to section 2 and vice versa. 15.4.2.4 Configuration setting M13560-108 v4 If there is no bypass busbar and therefore no QB7 disconnector, then the interlocking for QB7 is not used. The states for QB7, QC71, BB7_D, BC_17, Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 669: Interlocking For Bus-Coupler Bay Abc_Bc

    • QC21_OP = 1 • QC21_CL = 0 • BC_12_CL = 0 • BC_27_OP = 1 • BC_27_CL = 0 • VP_BC_12 = 1 15.4.3 Interlocking for bus-coupler bay ABC_BC IP14144-1 v2 Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 670: Application

    Signal QQB12OPTR QB1 or QB2 or both are open. VPQB12TR The switch status of QB1 and QB2 are valid. EXDU_12 No transmission error from the bay that contains the above information. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 671 If the busbar is divided by bus-section circuit breakers, the signals from the bus- section coupler bay (A1A2_BS), rather than the bus-section disconnector bay (A1A2_DC), have to be used. For B1B2_BS, corresponding signals from busbar B Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 672: Signals From Bus-Coupler

    Section 1 Section 2 (WA1)A1 (WA2)B1 (WA7)C A1A2_DC(BS) B1B2_DC(BS) ABC_BC ABC_BC en04000484.vsd IEC04000484 V1 EN-US Figure 330: Busbars divided by bus-section disconnectors (circuit breakers) To derive the signals: Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 673 VPS1S2TR The switch status of bus-section coupler BS is valid. EXDU_BS No transmission error from the bay containing the above information. For a bus-coupler bay in section 1, these conditions are valid: Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 674: Configuration Setting

    In the functional block diagram, 0 and 1 are designated 0=FALSE and 1=TRUE: • QB2_OP = 1 • QB2_CL = 0 • QB20_OP = 1 • QB20_CL = 0 • QC21_OP = 1 • QC21_CL = 0 Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 675: Interlocking For Transformer Bay Ab_Trafo

    QA2 and QC4 are not used in this interlocking en04000515.vsd IEC04000515 V1 EN-US Figure 332: Switchyard layout AB_TRAFO M13566-4 v4 The signals from other bays connected to the module AB_TRAFO are described below. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 676: Signals From Bus-Coupler

    0 and 1 are designated 0=FALSE and 1=TRUE: • QB2_OP = 1 • QB2QB2_CL = 0 • QC21_OP = 1 • QC21_CL = 0 • BC_12_CL = 0 • VP_BC_12 = 1 Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 677: Interlocking For Bus-Section Breaker A1A2_Bs

    Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 678 The switch status of bus-section coupler BS is valid. EXDU_BS No transmission error from the bay that contains the above information. For a bus-section circuit breaker between A1 and A2 section busbars, these conditions are valid: Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 679 IEC04000490 V1 EN-US Figure 336: Signals from any bays for a bus-section circuit breaker between sections A1 and A2 For a bus-section circuit breaker between B1 and B2 section busbars, these conditions are valid: Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 680: Configuration Setting

    QA1 open circuit breaker is not used or the state for BBTR is set to open. That is, no busbar transfer is in progress in this bus-section: • BBTR_OP = 1 • VP_BBTR = 1 Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 681: Interlocking For Bus-Section Disconnector A1A2_Dc

    B are used. Section 1 Section 2 (WA1)A1 (WA2)B1 (WA7)C A1A2_DC(BS) B1B2_DC(BS) ABC_BC AB_TRAFO ABC_LINE ABC_LINE AB_TRAFO en04000493.vsd IEC04000493 V1 EN-US Figure 339: Busbars divided by bus-section disconnectors (circuit breakers) To derive the signals: Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 682 The switch status of QB2 is valid. EXDU_BS No transmission error from the bay BS (bus-section coupler bay) that contains the above information. For a bus-section disconnector, these conditions from the A1 busbar section are valid: Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 683 EXDU_DC (A2/A3) en04000495.vsd IEC04000495 V1 EN-US Figure 341: Signals from any bays in section A2 to a bus-section disconnector For a bus-section disconnector, these conditions from the B1 busbar section are valid: Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 684: Signals In Double-Breaker Arrangement

    The same type of module (A1A2_DC) is used for different busbars, that is, for both bus-section disconnector A1A2_DC and B1B2_DC. But for B1B2_DC, corresponding signals from busbar B are used. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 685 No transmission error from the bay that contains the above information. The logic is identical to the double busbar configuration “Signals in single breaker arrangement”. For a bus-section disconnector, these conditions from the A1 busbar section are valid: Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 686 EXDU_DB (bay n/sect.A2) en04000500.vsd IEC04000500 V1 EN-US Figure 346: Signals from double-breaker bays in section A2 to a bus-section disconnector For a bus-section disconnector, these conditions from the B1 busbar section are valid: Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 687: Signals In 1 1/2 Breaker Arrangement

    The same type of module (A1A2_DC) is used for different busbars, that is, for both bus-section disconnector A1A2_DC and B1B2_DC. But for B1B2_DC, corresponding signals from busbar B are used. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 688: Interlocking For Busbar Earthing Switch Bb_Es

    The signals from other bays connected to the module BB_ES are described below. 15.4.7.2 Signals in single breaker arrangement M15053-6 v5 The busbar earthing switch is only allowed to operate if all disconnectors of the bus-section are open. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 689 The switch status of bus-section disconnector DC is valid. EXDU_DC No transmission error from the bay that contains the above information. If no bus-section disconnector exists, the signal DCOPTR, VPDCTR and EXDU_DC are set to 1 (TRUE). Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 690 Figure 352: Signals from any bays in section A1 to a busbar earthing switch in the same section For a busbar earthing switch, these conditions from the A2 busbar section are valid: Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 691 Figure 354: Signals from any bays in section B1 to a busbar earthing switch in the same section For a busbar earthing switch, these conditions from the B2 busbar section are valid: Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 692: Signals In Double-Breaker Arrangement

    Signals from bypass busbar to busbar earthing switch 15.4.7.3 Signals in double-breaker arrangement M15053-83 v4 The busbar earthing switch is only allowed to operate if all disconnectors of the bus section are open. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 693: Signals In 1 1/2 Breaker Arrangement

    The logic is identical to the double busbar configuration described in section “Signals in single breaker arrangement”. 15.4.7.4 Signals in 1 1/2 breaker arrangement M15053-123 v4 The busbar earthing switch is only allowed to operate if all disconnectors of the bus-section are open. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 694: Interlocking For Double Cb Bay Db

    M13585-3 v10 The interlocking for a double busbar double circuit breaker bay including DB_BUS_A, DB_BUS_B and DB_LINE functions are used for a line connected to a double busbar arrangement according to figure 359. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 695: Configuration Setting

    • QB9_OP = VOLT_OFF • QB9_CL = VOLT_ON If there is no voltage supervision, then set the corresponding inputs as follows: • VOLT_OFF = 1 • VOLT_ON = 0 Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 696: Interlocking For 1 1/2 Cb Bh

    M13569-6 v5 For application without QB9 and QC9, just set the appropriate inputs to open state and disregard the outputs. In the functional block diagram, 0 and 1 are designated 0=FALSE and 1=TRUE: Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 697: Logic Rotating Switch For Function Selection And Lhmi Presentation Slgapc

    (BLOCK) and one operator position input (PSTO). SLGAPC can be activated both from the local HMI and from external sources (switches) via the IED binary inputs. It also allows the operation from remote (like Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 698: Setting Guidelines

    PCM600 for a variety of applications, as a general purpose switch. VSGAPC can be used for both acquiring an external switch position (through the IPOS1 and the IPOS2 inputs) and represent it through the single line Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 699: Setting Guidelines

    Generic communication function for Double Point indication DPGAPC SEMOD55384-1 v4 15.7.1 Identification GUID-E16EA78F-6DF9-4B37-A92D-5C09827E2297 v3 Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2 identification identification device number Generic communication function for DPGAPC Double Point indication Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 700: Application

    Closed Bad State 15.7.3 Setting guidelines SEMOD55398-5 v5 The function does not have any parameters available in the local HMI or PCM600. 15.8 Single point generic control 8 signals SPC8GAPC SEMOD176448-1 v3 Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 701: Identification

    PulseModex: decides if the command signal for output x is Latched (steady) or Pulsed. tPulsex: if PulseModex is set to Pulsed, then tPulsex will set the length of the pulse (in seconds). 15.9 AutomationBits, command function for DNP3.0 AUTOBITS SEMOD158589-1 v3 Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 702: Identification

    IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2 identification identification device number Single command, 16 signals SINGLECMD 15.10.2 Application M12445-3 v3 Single command, 16 signals (SINGLECMD) is a common function and always included in the IED. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 703 Application example showing a logic diagram for control of a circuit breaker via configuration logic circuits Figure and figure show other ways to control functions, which require steady On/Off signals. Here, the output is used to control built-in functions or external devices. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 704: Setting Guidelines

    Application example showing a logic diagram for control of external devices via configuration logic circuits 15.10.3 Setting guidelines M12448-3 v2 The parameters for Single command, 16 signals (SINGLECMD) are set via the local HMI or PCM600. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 705 0 to 1. That means the configured logic connected to the command function block may not have a cycle time longer than the cycle time for the command function block. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 707: Scheme Communication Logic For Distance Or Overcurrent Protection Zcpsch

    (overreaching and underreaching) • unblocking scheme and direct intertrip A permissive scheme is inherently faster and has better security against false tripping than a blocking scheme. On the other hand, a permissive scheme depend Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 708: Blocking Schemes

    Z rev TRIP = OR + tCoord+ CR Z rev IEC09000015_2_en.vsd IEC09000015 V2 EN-US Figure 365: Principle of blocking scheme Overreaching Communication signal received Communication signal send Z rev : Reverse zone Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 709: Delta Blocking Scheme

    IEC11000252 V1 EN-US Figure 366: Principle of delta blocking scheme Overreaching Communication signal received Communication signal send deltaA: Delta based fault inception detection on A side that gets inhibited for forward faults Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 710: Permissive Schemes

    Therefore set the timer tCoord to zero. Failure of the communication channel does not affect the selectivity, but delays tripping at one end(s) for certain fault locations. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 711 The send signal (CS) might be issued in parallel both from an overreaching zone and an underreaching, independent tripping zone. The CS signal from the overreaching zone must not be prolonged while the CS signal from zone 1 can be prolonged. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 712: Intertrip Scheme

    In some power system applications, there is a need to trip the remote end breaker immediately from local protections. This applies for instance when transformers or reactors are connected to the system without circuit-breakers or for remote tripping following operation of breaker failure protection. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 713: Setting Guidelines

    Restart if Unblocking scheme with alarm for loss of guard is to be used) Set to tSecurity = 0.035 s 16.1.3.2 Delta blocking scheme GUID-F4359690-F433-46CB-A173-8C14559E3FCF v1 Operation SchemeType DeltaBlocking tCoord = 0 s tSendMin = 0 s Table continues on next page Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 714: Permissive Underreaching Scheme

    NoRestart if only trip is required) tSecurity = 0.035 s 16.1.3.6 Intertrip scheme M13869-62 v5 Operation SchemeType Intertrip tCoord = 50 ms (10 ms + maximal transmission time) Table continues on next page Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 715: Phase Segregated Scheme Communication Logic For Distance Protection Zc1Ppsch

    The logic supports the following communications schemes: • blocking scheme • permissive schemes (overreach and underreach) • direct intertrip Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 716 In case of single-phase faults, only one channel is activated at a time. But in case of multi-phase faults, two or three channels are activated simultaneously. The following descriptions of the schemes generally presents one of the three identical phases. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 717: Blocking Scheme

    SEMOD141790-35 v2 Permissive underreach scheme is not suitable to use on short line length due to difficulties for distance protection measurement in general to distinguish between internal and external faults in those applications. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 718 CS signal from zone1 can be prolonged. To secure correct operations of current reversal logic in case of parallel lines, when applied, the carrier send signal CS shall not be prolonged. So Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 719: Intertrip Scheme

    IEC 60834-1. It is recommended to coordinate the proposed settings with actual performance for the teleprotection equipment to get optimized settings. 16.2.3.1 Permissive underreache scheme SEMOD141800-6 v1 Operation Scheme Permissive UR type tCoord 0 ms tSendMin 0.1 s Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 720: Permissive Overreach Scheme

    3-phase 16.3.2 Application IP15023-1 v1 16.3.2.1 Current reversal logic M13895-4 v6 To avoid this kind of disturbances, a fault current reversal logic (transient blocking logic) can be used. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 721: Weak-End Infeed Logic

    (WEI) echo logic is used. The fault current can also be initially too low due to the fault current distribution. Here, the fault current increases when the breaker opens at the strong terminal, and a sequential tripping is achieved. This Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 722: Setting Guidelines

    (SBase) are set in global base values for settings function GBASVAL. GlobalBaseSel: Selects the global base value group used by the function to define IBase, UBase and SBase as applicable. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 723: Current Reversal Logic

    ZC1WPSCH SEMOD155635-1 v2 16.4.1 Identification SEMOD156467-2 v2 Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2 identification identification device number Current reversal and weak-end infeed ZC1WPSCH logic for phase segregated communication Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 724: Application

    IRVLx has reset and the tDelayRev time has elapsed. To achieve this, the reverse zone on the distance protection shall be connected to input IRVLx and the output IRVOPLx shall be connected to input BLKCS on the communication function block ZCPSCH. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 725: Setting Guidelines

    (SBase) are set in Global base values for settings function GBASVAL. GlobalBaseSel: It is used to select a GBASVAL function for reference of base values. Current reversal logic Set OperCurrRev to On to activate the function. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 726: Local Acceleration Logic Zclcpsch

    The local acceleration logic (ZCLCPSCH) is used in applications where a conventional teleprotection scheme is not available (no communication channel), but where the user still requires fast clearance for faults on the whole line. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 727: Setting Guidelines

    At the same time it should be set below the minimum load current transfer during normal operations that the line can be subjected to. By default, MinCurr is set to 5% of IBase. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 728: Scheme Communication Logic For Residual Overcurrent Protection Ecpsch

    With power line carrier, for example, the communication signal may be attenuated by the fault, especially when the fault is close to the line end, thereby disabling the communication channel. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 729: Setting Guidelines

    ECRWPSCH IP14365-1 v4 16.7.1 Identification M14883-1 v2 Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2 identification identification device number Current reversal and weak-end infeed ECRWPSCH logic for residual overcurrent protection Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 730: Application

    B2. The delayed reset of output signal IRVL also ensures the send signal from IED B2 is held back till the forward direction element is reset in IED A2. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 731: Weak-End Infeed Logic

    In communication networks small additional time delays are added in multiplexers and repeaters. Theses delays are less than 1 ms per process. It is often stated that the total propagation time is less than 5 ms. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 732: Weak-End Infeed

    (3U0) higher than the maximum false network frequency residual voltage that can occur during normal service conditions. The recommended minimum setting is two times the false zero-sequence voltage during normal service conditions. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 733: Direct Transfer Trip Logic

    The trip signal from local criterion will ensure the fault at the remote end and release the trip signal to the local side circuit breaker. The local criterion must detect the abnormal conditions and permit the CR signal to trip the circuit breaker. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 734: Setting Guidelines

    Figure 379: DTT scheme 16.8.2 Setting guidelines GUID-9E9CD5E0-1556-4E56-8A5D-5ACC17DAA00F v2 Setting guidelines for Direct transfer trip functions are outlined in the following sections. 16.8.3 Low active power and power factor protection LAPPGAPC GUID-585236C8-583C-4415-9820-A1DD038EA995 v1 Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 735: Identification

    However, when fault current is fed to the fault point the power loss in the fault will be detected. For operation for all unsymmetrical faults 1 out of 3 should be selected. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 736: Compensated Over And Undervoltage Protection Couvgapc

    The capacitance (and charging current) is negligible in short line but significant in medium line and appreciable in long line. The percentage voltage rise due to the Ferranti effect between local end and remote end voltage is proportional Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 737 The definite delay time for compensated over and under voltage can be shorter than that at remote end, but not too short. A short delay time would result in frequent Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 738: Setting Guidelines

    Setting guidelines GUID-DE3963D6-016E-41AD-832F-1D10DD26AABA v2 GlobalBaseSel: Selects the global base value group used by the function to define IBase, UBase and SBase as applicable. OperationUV: Used to set the under-voltage function On or Off. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 739: Sudden Change In Current Variation Sccvptoc

    The Sudden change in current variation (SCCVPTOC) function is fast way of finding any abnormality in line currents. When there is a fault in the system then current changes faster than the voltage. SCCVPTOC finds abnormal condition Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 740: Setting Guidelines

    2' mode if any one of the two CR is received then the trip signal coming from the local criterion is released, and in case of '2 out of 2' mode both the CR’s Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 741: Setting Guidelines

    Negative sequence voltage is also available as service value output U2. 16.8.7.3 Setting guidelines GUID-CB454AA3-ED5F-4D8A-9568-B6A167301B1E v2 GlobalBaseSel: Selects the global base value group used by the function to define IBase, UBase and SBase as applicable. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 742: Zero Sequence Overvoltage Protection Lczsptov

    VT-group. The setting of analogue inputs always gives 3U0. Therefore set: Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 743: Negative Sequence Overcurrent Protection Lcnsptoc

    BLKTR will block the trip output. Negative sequence current is available as service value output I2. 16.8.9.3 Setting guideline GUID-377FEADE-375F-4B2D-ADDE-D92C59BDBD41 v2 GlobalBaseSel: Selects the global base value group used by the function to define IBase, UBase and SBase as applicable. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 744: Zero Sequence Overcurrent Protection Lczsptoc

    The zero sequence current shall be calculated for different types of faults (single Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 745: Three Phase Overcurrent Lcp3Ptoc

    The choice of time delay is depending on the application of the protection as well as network topology. 16.8.12 Three phase undercurrent LCP3PTUC GUID-E8EAE24D-4B69-43DC-BCFC-C4AC63AA66AB v1 Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 746: Identification

    The choice of time delay is depending on the application of the protection as well as network topology. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 747: Tripping Logic Smpptrc

    1/3-phase tripping and 1/3-phase autoreclosing. Alternatively, the breaker chosen as master can have single-phase tripping, while the slave Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 748: Three-Phase Tripping

    PSL1 TR3P PSL2 CLLKOUT PSL3 START 1PTRZ STL1 1PTREF STL2 P3PTR STL3 SETLKOUT RSTLKOUT STDIR IEC05000544-4-en.vsdx IEC05000544 V4 EN-US Figure 382: Tripping logic SMPPTRC is used for a simple three-phase tripping application Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 749: Single- And/Or Three-Phase Tripping

    OR conditions from both line protections. Other back-up functions are connected to the input TRIN as described above for three-phase tripping. A typical connection for a single-phase tripping scheme is shown in figure 383. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 750: Single-, Two- Or Three-Phase Tripping

    The SMPPTRC function block is provided with possibilities to initiate lock-out. The lock-out can be set to only activate the block closing output CLLKOUT or initiate the block closing output and also maintain the trip signal output TR3P (latched trip). Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 751: Example Of Directional Data

    SETLKOUT. 17.1.2.5 Example of directional data GUID-08AC09AB-2B2F-4095-B06E-1171CF225869 v2 An example how to connect the directional data from different application functions to the trip function is given below, see Figure 384: Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 752 SMPPTRC, or directly to SMAGAPC and then to the SMPPTRC. The trip function (SMPPTRC) splits up the directional data as general output data for START, STL1, STL2, STL3, STN, FW and REV. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 753: Blocking Of The Function Block

    Secures two- or three-pole tripping depending on Program selection during evolving faults. 17.2 Trip matrix logic TMAGAPC IP15121-1 v4 17.2.1 Identification SEMOD167882-2 v3 Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2 identification identification device number Trip matrix logic TMAGAPC Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 754: Application

    LEDs and/or output contacts on the IED. ALMCALH output signal and the physical outputs allows the user to adapt the alarm signal to physical tripping outputs according to the specific application needs. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 755: Setting Guidelines

    LEDs and/or output contacts on the IED. INDCALH output signal IND and the physical outputs allows the user to adapt the indication signal to physical outputs according to the specific application needs. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 756: Setting Guidelines

    GUID-D93E383C-1655-46A3-A540-657141F77CF0 v4 Logic is configured using the ACT configuration tool in PCM600. Execution of functions as defined by the configurable logic blocks runs according to a fixed sequence with different cycle times. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 757 Remember to design the logic circuits carefully and always check the execution sequence for different functions. In other cases, additional time delays must be introduced into the logic schemes to prevent errors, for example, race between functions. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 758: Fixed Signal Function Block Fxdsign

    Since all group connections are mandatory to be connected, the third input needs to be connected to something, which is the GRP_OFF signal in FXDSIGN function block. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 759: Boolean 16 To Integer Conversion B16I

    Values of each of the different OUTx from function block B16I for 1≤x≤16. The sum of the value on each INx corresponds to the integer presented on the output OUT on the function block B16I. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 760: Boolean To Integer Conversion With Logical Node Representation, 16 Bit Btigapc

    Boolean to integer conversion with logical node representation, 16 bit (BTIGAPC) is used to transform a set of 16 binary (logical) signals into an integer. BTIGAPC has a logical node mapping in IEC 61850. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 761: Integer To Boolean 16 Conversion Ib16

    1≤x≤16) are active that is=1; is 65535. 65535 is the highest boolean value that can be converted to an integer by the BTIGAPC function block. 17.10 Integer to Boolean 16 conversion IB16 SEMOD158367-1 v2 Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 762: Identification

    Input 7 BOOLEAN Input 8 BOOLEAN Input 9 IN10 BOOLEAN Input 10 IN11 BOOLEAN Input 11 1024 IN12 BOOLEAN Input 12 2048 IN13 BOOLEAN Input 13 4096 Table continues on next page Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 763: Representation Itbgapc

    OUTx where 1≤x≤16. The values of the different OUTx are according to the Table 53. If the BLOCK input is activated, it freezes the logical outputs at the last value. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 764: Elapsed Time Integrator With Limit Transgression And Overflow Supervision Teigapc

    The function TEIGAPC is used for user-defined logics and it can also be used for different purposes internally in the IED. An application example is the integration of elapsed time during the measurement of neutral point voltage or neutral current at earth-fault conditions. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 765: Setting Guidelines

    The function gives the possibility to monitor the level of integer values in the system relative to each other or to a fixed value. It is a basic arithmetic function that can be used for monitoring, supervision, interlocking and other logics. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 766: Setting Guidelines

    For absolute comparison between input and setting Set the EnaAbs = Absolute Set the RefSource = Set Value SetValue shall be set between -2000000000 to 2000000000 Similarly for signed comparison between input and setting Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 767: Comparator For Real Inputs - Realcomp

    RefPrefix: This setting is used to set the unit of the reference value for comparison when setting RefSource is selected as SetValue. It has 5 unit selections and they are Milli, Unity, Kilo, Mega and Giga. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 768: Setting Example

    INPUT and REF. Then the settings should be adjusted as below, EnaAbs = Absolute RefSource = Input REF EqualBandHigh = 5.0 % of reference value EqualBandLow = 5.0 % of reference value. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 769: Measurement

    IEC 61850. The possibility to continuously monitor measured values of active power, reactive power, currents, voltages, frequency, power factor etc. is vital for efficient production, transmission and distribution of electrical energy. It Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 770 (DFT values) of the measured current and voltage signals. The measured power quantities are available either, as instantaneously calculated quantities or, averaged values over a period of time (low pass filtered) depending on the selected settings. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 771: Zero Clamping

    I leading U System mean voltage, calculated according to selected mode System mean current, calculated according to selected mode Frequency Relevant settings and their values on the local HMI under Main menu/ Settings/IED settings/Monitoring/Servicevalues(P_Q)/CVMMXN(P_Q): Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 772: Setting Guidelines

    UAmpCompY: Amplitude compensation to calibrate voltage measurements at Y% of Ur, where Y is equal to 5, 30 or 100. IAmpCompY: Amplitude compensation to calibrate current measurements at Y% of Ir, where Y is equal to 5, 30 or 100. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 773 XHiHiLim: High-high limit. Set as % of YBase (Y is SBase for S,P,Q UBase for Voltage measurement and IBase for current measurement). Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 774 The first phase will be used as reference channel and compared with the curve for calculation of factors. The factors will then be used for all related channels. IEC05000652 V2 EN-US Figure 389: Calibration curves Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 775: Setting Examples

    “Setting of the phase reference channel”) using PCM600 for analog input channels Connect, in PCM600, measurement function to three-phase CT and VT inputs Set under General settings parameters for the Measurement function: Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 776 Cycl: Report interval (s), Db: In 2000 Set ±Δdb=40 MW that is, 2% 0.001% of range, Int Db: In (larger changes than 40 MW will 0.001%s be reported) Table continues on next page Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 777 30% of Ir IAngComp100 Angle pre-calibration for current 0.00 at 100% of Ir Measurement function application for a power transformer SEMOD54481-61 v9 Single line diagram for this application is given in figure 391. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 778 PCM600 for analog input channels Connect, in PCM600, measurement function to LV side CT & VT inputs Set the setting parameters for relevant Measurement function as shown in the following table 57: Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 779 Base setting for power in MVA 31.5 Set based on rated power Global base) Measurement function application for a generator SEMOD54481-110 v8 Single line diagram for this application is given in figure 392. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 780 PCM600 for analog input channels Connect, in PCM600, measurement function to the generator CT & VT inputs Set the setting parameters for relevant Measurement function as shown in the following table: Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 781: Gas Medium Supervision Ssimg

    Binary information based on the gas pressure in the circuit breaker is used as an input signal to the function. The function generates alarms based on the received information. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 782: Setting Guidelines

    This is used for the temperature lockout indication to reset after a set time delay in s. tResetTempAlm: This is used for the temperature alarm indication to reset after a set time delay in s. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 783: Liquid Medium Supervision Ssiml

    This is used to set the time delay for a level lockout indication, given in s. tTempAlarm: This is used to set the time delay for a temperature alarm indication, given in s. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 784: Breaker Monitoring Sscbr

    The breaker status is indicated by the binary outputs. These signals indicate whether the circuit breaker is in an open, closed or error state. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 785 10000/900 = 11 operations at the rated current. It is assumed that prior to tripping, the remaining life of a breaker is 10000 operations. Remaining life calculation for three different interrupted current conditions is explained below. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 786 Binary input available from the pressure sensor is based on the pressure levels inside the arc chamber. When the pressure becomes too low compared to the required value, the circuit breaker operation is blocked. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 787: Setting Guidelines

    CloseTimeCorr: Correction factor for circuit breaker closing travel time. tTrOpenAlm: Setting of alarm level for opening travel time. tTrCloseAlm: Setting of alarm level for closing travel time. OperAlmLevel: Alarm limit for number of mechanical operations. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 788: Event Function Event

    OperTimeDelay: Time delay between change of status of trip output and start of main contact separation. 18.5 Event function EVENT IP14590-1 v2 18.5.1 Identification SEMOD167950-2 v2 Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2 identification identification device number Event function EVENT S00946 V1 EN-US Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 789: Application

    0, that is, no cyclic communication. M12811-34 v1 It is important to set the time interval for cyclic events in an optimized way to minimize the load on the station bus. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 790: Disturbance Report Drprdre

    Thus, disturbance report is not dependent on the operation of protective functions, and it can record disturbances that were not discovered by protective functions for one reason or another. Disturbance report can be used as an advanced stand-alone disturbance recorder. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 791: Setting Guidelines

    (TVR) uses analog information from the analog input function blocks (AxRADR), which is used by Fault locator (FL) after estimation by Trip Value Recorder (TVR). Disturbance report function acquires information from both AxRADR and BxRBDR. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 792 Flashing light The IED is in test mode Red LED: Steady light Triggered on binary signal N with SetLEDx = Trip (or Start and Trip) Flashing The IED is in configuration mode Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 793: Recording Times

    Prefault recording time (PreFaultRecT) is the recording time before the starting point of the disturbance. The setting should be at least 0.1 s to ensure enough samples for the estimation of pre-fault values in the Trip value recorder (TVR) function. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 794: Binary Input Signals

    (1) or negative (0) slope. OperationN: Disturbance report may trig for binary input N (On) or not (Off). TrigLevelN: Trig on positive (Trig on 1) or negative (Trig on 0) slope for binary input N. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 795: Analog Input Signals

    HMI. If not set (Hide), status change will not be indicated. SetLEDN: Set red LED on local HMI in front of the IED if binary input N changes status. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 796: Consideration

    How long is the longest expected fault clearing time? • Is it necessary to include reclosure in the recording or should a persistent fault generate a second recording (PostRetrig)? Minimize the number of recordings: Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 797: Logical Signal Status Report Binstatrep

    When an input is set, the respective output is set for a user defined time. If the input signal remains set for a longer period, the output will remain set until the input signal resets. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 798: Setting Guidelines

    Beside this information the function must be informed about faulted phases for correct loop selection (phase selective outputs from differential protection, distance protection, directional OC protection, and so on). The following loops are used for different types of faults: Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 799: Setting Guidelines

    The list of parameters explains the meaning of the abbreviations. Figure also presents these system parameters graphically. Note, that all impedance values relate to their primary values and to the total length of the protected line. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 800: Connection Of Analog Currents

    If the actual values are not known, the values that correspond to the source impedance characteristic angle of 85° give satisfactory results. 18.8.3.1 Connection of analog currents M13769-16 v5 Connection diagram for analog currents included IN from parallel line shown in figure 397. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 801: Limit Counter L4Ufcnt

    ANSI/IEEE C37.2 identification identification device number Limit counter L4UFCNT 18.9.2 Application GUID-41B13135-5069-4A5A-86CE-B7DBE9CFEF38 v2 Limit counter (L4UFCNT) is intended for applications where positive and/or negative flanks on a binary signal need to be counted. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 802: Setting Guidelines

    18.10.3 Setting guidelines GUID-D3BED56A-BA80-486F-B2A8-E47F7AC63468 v1 The settings tAlarm and tWarning are user settable limits defined in hours. The achievable resolution of the settings is 0.1 hours (6 minutes). Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 803 > tWarning. The limit for the overflow supervision is fixed at 99999.9 hours. The setting tAddToTime is a user settable time parameter in hours. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 805: Pulse-Counter Logic Pcfcnt

    Parameters that can be set individually for each pulse counter from PCM600: • Operation: Off/On • tReporting: 0-3600s • EventMask: NoEvents/ReportEvents Configuration of inputs and outputs of PCFCNT is made via PCM600. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 806: Function For Energy Calculation And Demand Handling Etpmmtr

    (CVMMXN). This function has a site calibration possibility to further increase the total accuracy. The function is connected to the instantaneous outputs of (CVMMXN) as shown in figure 398. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 807: Setting Guidelines

    The following settings can be done for the energy calculation and demand handling function ETPMMTR: GlobalBaseSel: Selects the global base value group used by the function to define IBase, UBase and SBase as applicable. Operation: Off/On Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 808 For the advanced user there are a number of settings for direction, zero clamping, max limit, and so on. Normally, the default values are suitable for these parameters. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 809: Access Point

    ECT creates the access point in the SCL model. Unselecting the subnetwork removes the access point from the SCL model. This column is editable for IEC61850 Ed2 IEDs and not editable for Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 810: Redundant Communication

    GUID-B7AE0374-0336-42B8-90AF-3AE1C79A4116 v1 Function description IEC 61850 IEC 60617 ANSI/IEEE C37.2 identification identification device number IEC 62439-3 Parallel redundancy protocol IEC 62439-3 High-availability seamless redundancy Access point diagnostic for redundant RCHLCCH Ethernet ports Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 811: Application

    The redundant communication uses two Ethernet ports. Device 2 Device 1 PhyPortA PhyPortB PhyPortA PhyPortB Switch A Switch B PhyPortA PhyPortB PhyPortA PhyPortB Device 4 Device 3 IEC09000758-4-en.vsd IEC09000758 V4 EN-US Figure 399: Parallel Redundancy Protocol (PRP) Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 812: Setting Guidelines

    PRP-1 and HSR can be combined in a mixed network. If the access point is not taken into operation, the write option in Ethernet Configuration Tool can be used to activate the access point. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 813: Merging Unit

    (or subscribers) in the system. Some merging units are able to get data from classical measuring transformers, others from non- conventional measuring transducers and yet others can pick up data from both types. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 814: Setting Guidelines

    Operation for the route can be set to On/Off by checking and unchecking the check-box in the operation column. Gateway specifies the address of the gateway. Destination specifies the destination. Destination subnet mask specifies the subnetwork mask of the destination. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 815: Communication Protocols

    M13913-3 v6 Figure shows the topology of an IEC 61850–8–1 configuration. IEC 61850–8– 1 specifies only the interface to the substation LAN. The LAN itself is left to the system integrator. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 816 M16925-3 v4 Figure404 shows the GOOSE peer-to-peer communication. Station HSI MicroSCADA Gateway GOOSE Control Protection Control and protection Control Protection en05000734.vsd IEC05000734 V1 EN-US Figure 404: Example of a broadcasted GOOSE message Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 817: Setting Guidelines

    The settings available for Generic communication function for Measured Value (MVGAPC) function allows the user to choose a deadband and a zero deadband for the monitored signal. Values within the zero deadband are considered as zero. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 818: Receiving Data

    Input1 Ext_Res_OK_To_Operate DataValid Input2 Noput Input2 Noput CommValid Input3 Input3 Test Input4 Input4 IEC16000082=1=en.vsd IEC16000082 V1 EN-US Figure 405: GOOSESPRCV and AND function blocks - checking the validity of the received data Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 819: Iec/Uca 61850-9-2Le Communication Protocol

    The process bus physical layout can be arranged in several ways, described in Annex B of the standard, depending on what are the needs for sampled data in a substation. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 820 The electronic part of a non-conventional measuring transducer (like a Rogowski coil or a capacitive divider) can represent a MU by itself as long as it can send sampled data over process bus. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 821 1PPS Merging Unit Combi Sensor Conventional VT en08000069-3.vsd IEC08000069 V2 EN-US Figure 407: Example of a station configuration with the IED receiving analog values from both classical measuring transformers and merging units. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 822: Setting Guidelines

    IEC08000070 V2 EN-US Figure 408: Example of a station configuration with the IED receiving analogue values from merging units 21.3.2 Setting guidelines GUID-29B296B3-6185-459F-B06F-8E7F0C6C9460 v4 Merging Units (MUs) have several settings on local HMI under: Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 823: Specific Settings Related To The Iec/Uca 61850-9-2Le Communication

    Loss of communication when used with LDCM GUID-29EFBCB7-2B4F-4AA1-B593-8E89838722E0 v4 If IEC/UCA 61850-9-2LE communication is lost, see examples in figures 409, and 411, the protection functions in table are blocked as per graceful degradation. Case 1: Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 824 Figure 410: MU failed, mixed system Case 3: Failure of one MU (sample lost) blocks the sending and receiving of binary signals through LDCM. →DTT from the remote end is not working. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 825 Four step residual EF4PTOC Sudden change in SCCVPTOC overcurrent protection current variation Instantaneous residual EFPIOC Sensitive Directional SDEPSDE overcurrent protection residual over current and power protetcion Table continues on next page Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 826 Negative sequence LCNSPTOV Scheme ZCPSCH overvoltage protection communication logic for distance or overcurrent protection Three phase LCP3PTOC Current reversal and ZCRWPSCH overcurrent weak-end infeed logic for distance protection Table continues on next page Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 827 Four step phase OC4PTOC Power swing detection ZMRPSB overcurrent protection Overexcitation OEXPVPH Mho Impedance ZSMGAPC protection supervision logic Out-of-step protection OOSPPAM Transformer tank TPPIOC overcurrent protection Table continues on next page Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 828: Setting Examples For Iec/Uca 61850-9-2Le And Time Synchronization

    When using an external clock, it is possible to set the IED to be synchronized via PPS,IRIG-B or PTP. It is also possible to use an internal GPS receiver in the IED (if the external clock is using GPS). Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 829 SyncAccLevel: can be set to 1μs since this corresponds to a maximum phase angle error of 0.018 degrees at 50Hz Settings on the local HMI under Main menu/Configuration/Communication/ Ethernet configuration/Access point/AP_X: • Operation: On • PTP: On Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 830 Setting example when MU is the synchronizing source Settings on the local HMI under Main menu/Configuration/Time/ Synchronization/TIMESYNCHGEN:1/IEC61850-9-2: • HwSyncSrc: set to PPS as generated by the MU (ABB MU) • SyncLostMode : set to Block to block protection functions if time synchronization is lost •...
  • Page 831 HWSyncSrc , “full-time” has to be acquired from another source. If station clock is on the local area network (LAN) and has an sntp-server, this is one option. Two status monitoring signals can be: Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 832 • HwSyncSrc: set to Off • SyncLostMode: set to No block to indicate that protection functions are not blocked • SyncAccLevel: set to unspecified Two status monitoring signals with no time synchronization: Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 833: Iec 61850 Quality Expander Qualexp

    IED. The function outputs are updated once every second and, therefore, do not reflect the quality bits in real time. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 834: Lon Communication Protocol

    62.5/125 m 1 mm Max. cable length 1000 m 10 m Wavelength 820-900 nm 660 nm Transmitted power -13 dBm (HFBR-1414) -13 dBm (HFBR-1521) Receiver sensitivity -24 dBm (HFBR-2412) -20 dBm (HFBR-2521) Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 835: Multicmdrcv And Multicmdsnd

    The communication speed of the LON bus is set to the default of 1.25 Mbit/s. This can be changed by LNT. 21.4.2 MULTICMDRCV and MULTICMDSND SEMOD119881-1 v3 Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 836: Identification

    LAN (see Figure 418), and when using the rear optical Ethernet port, the only hardware required for a station monitoring system is: • Optical fibers from the IED to the utility substation LAN • PC connected to the utility office LAN Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 837: Setting Guidelines

    When the communication protocol is selected, the IED is automatically restarted, and the port then operates as a SPA port. The SPA communication setting parameters are set on the local HMI under Main menu/Configuration/Communication/Station communication/SPA/SPA:1. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 838 The IED does not adapt its speed to the actual communication conditions because the communication speed is set on the local HMI. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 839: Iec 60870-5-103 Communication Protocol

    The master must have software that can interpret the IEC 60870-5-103 communication messages. For detailed information about IEC 60870-5-103, refer to IEC 60870 standard part 5: Transmission Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 840: Design

    Function block with pre-defined functions in control direction, I103CMD. This block includes the FUNCTION TYPE parameter, and the INFORMATION NUMBER parameter is defined for each output signal. • Function commands in control direction Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 841 I103FLTPROT. This block includes the FUNCTION TYPE parameter, and the INFORMATION NUMBER parameter is defined for each input signal. This block is suitable for distance protection, line differential, transformer differential, over-current and earth-fault protection functions. • Autorecloser indications in monitor direction Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 842: Settings

    A1RADR to A4RADR. The eight first ones belong to the public range and the remaining ones to the private range. 21.6.2 Settings M17109-116 v1 Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 843: Settings For Rs485 And Optical Serial Communication

    The protocol to activate on a physical port is selected under: Main menu/Configuration/Communication/Station Communication/Port configuration/ • RS485 port • RS485PROT:1 (off, DNP, IEC103) • SLM optical serial port • PROTOCOL:1 (off, DNP, IEC103, SPA) Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 844: Settings From Pcm600

    ON_SET. In addition there is a setting on each event block for function type. Refer to description of the Main Function type set on the local HMI. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 845 IEC 60870-5-103 meaning Private range Private range Private range Private range Private range Private range Private range Private range Private range Private range Private range Private range Table continues on next page Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 846: Function And Information Types

    REC 242 Private range, use default RED 192 Compatible range RET 176 Compatible range REB 207 Private range REG 150 Private range REQ 245 Private range RER 152 Private range RES 118 Private range Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 847: Dnp3 Communication Protocol

    For more information, refer to IEC standard IEC 60870-5-103. 21.7 DNP3 Communication protocol 21.7.1 Application GUID-EF1F0C38-9FF6-4683-8B10-AAA372D42185 v1 For more information on the application and setting guidelines for the DNP3 communication protocol refer to the DNP3 Communication protocol manual. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 849: Binary Signal Transfer

    Figure 421, only IED-B has access to all currents and, therefore, this is the only place where the differential current is evaluated. If the evaluation results in a trip, the trip signal will be sent over the two communication links. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 850: Communication Hardware Solutions

    The LDCM (Line Data Communication Module) has an optical connection such that two IEDs can be connected over a direct fiber (multimode), as shown in figure 422. The protocol used is IEEE/ANSI C37.94. The distance with this solution is typical 110 km. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 851: Setting Guidelines

    IEDs in the system is out of service: it can either be done on the IED out of service by setting all local LDCMs to channel mode OutOfService or at the remote Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 852 Slot 305: main channel • Slot 306: redundant channel The same is applicable for slot 312-313 and slot 322-323. DiffSync defines the method of time synchronization for the line differential function: Echo or GPS. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 853 Multi-mode fiber Single-mode fiber Single-mode fiber glass 50/125 μm glass 62.5/125 glass 9/125 μm glass 9/125 μm μm Modem type 1MRK0002122- 1MRK0002122- 1MRK002311-AA 1MRK002311-BA Contact type FC/PC FC/PC Table continues on next page Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 854 80 km 120 km distance Attenuation in 6 dB 9 dB 25.6 dB 25.2 dB fibre-optic cables 2 contacts 2 dB 3 dB 0.6 dB 0.6 dB Table continues on next page Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 855 1½ breaker arrangement has two local currents, and the Current Transformer (CT) earthing for those can differ. CT-SUM transmits the sum of the two CT groups. CT- Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 856 LinkForwarded is used to configure the LDCM to merge the inter-trip and block signals from another LDCM-receiver. This is used when the analog signals for the LDCM-transmitter is connected to the receiver of another LDCM. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 857: Authority Status Athstat

    Apart from the built-in supervision of the various modules, events are also generated when the status changes for the: • built-in real time clock (in operation/out of order). • external time synchronization (in operation/out of order). Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 858: Change Lock Chnglck

    The binary input controlling the function is defined in ACT or SMT. The CHNGLCK function is configured using ACT. LOCK Binary input signal that will activate/deactivate the function, defined in ACT or SMT. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 859: Denial Of Service Schlcch/Rchlcch

    CHNGLCK input, that logic must be designed so that it cannot permanently issue a logical one to the CHNGLCK input. If such a situation would occur in spite of these precautions, then please contact the local ABB representative for remedial action. 23.4 Denial of service SCHLCCH/RCHLCCH 23.4.1...

  • Page 861: Ied Identifiers Terminalid

    ProductDef • FirmwareVer • SerialNo • OrderingNo • ProductionDate • IEDProdType Figure 424: IED summary This information is very helpful when interacting with ABB product support (for example during repair and maintenance). Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 862: Factory Defined Settings

    • IEDMainFunType • Main function type code according to IEC 60870-5-103. Example: 128 (meaning line protection). • SerialNo • OrderingNo • ProductionDate 24.3 Measured value expander block RANGE_XP SEMOD52451-1 v2 Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 863: Identification

    Six different groups of setting parameters are available in the IED. Any of them can be activated through the different programmable binary inputs by means of external or internal control signals. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 864: Setting Guidelines

    24.5.3 Setting guidelines M15292-3 v2 Set the system rated frequency. Refer to section "Signal matrix for analog inputs SMAI" for description on frequency tracking. 24.6 Summation block 3 phase 3PHSUM SEMOD55968-1 v2 Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 865: Application

    Global base values GBASVAL 24.7.2 Application GUID-D58ECA9A-9771-443D-BF84-8EF582A346BF v4 Global base values function (GBASVAL) is used to provide global values, common for all applicable functions within the IED. One set of global values Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 866: Setting Guidelines

    These names will define SMBI function in the Signal Matrix tool. The user defined name for the input or output signal will also appear on the respective output or input signal. 24.9 Signal matrix for binary outputs SMBO SEMOD55215-1 v2 Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 867: Application

    RMS value, harmonics, sequence components and so on. This information is then used by the respective functions connected to this SMAI block in ACT (for example protection, measurement or monitoring functions). Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 868: Frequency Values

    SMAI inputs, the positive sequence voltage will be zero and the frequency functions will not work properly. The outputs from the above configured SMAI block shall only be used for Overfrequency protection (SAPTOF), Underfrequency protection (SAPTUF) and Rate-of-change frequency protection Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 869: Setting Guidelines

    GlobalBaseSel: Selects the global base value group used by the function to define (IBase), (UBase) and (SBase). MinValFreqMeas: The minimum value of the voltage for which the frequency is calculated, expressed as percent of UBase (for each instance n). Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 870 When two or more preprocessing blocks are used to feed one protection function (e.g. over-power function GOPPDOP), it is of outmost importance that parameter setting DFTReference has the same set value for all of the preprocessing blocks involved Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 871 In other application the usual setting of the parameter DFTReference of SMAI is InternalDFTRef. Example 1 Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 872 SMAI1:13 – SMAI12:24: DFTReference = ExternalDFTRef to use DFTSPFC input of SMAI1:13 as reference (SMAI7:7) For task time group 3 this gives the following settings: SMAI1:25 – SMAI12:36: DFTReference = ExternalDFTRef to use DFTSPFC input as reference (SMAI7:7) Example 2 Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 873 (see Figure 428) SMAI2:14 – SMAI12:24: DFTReference = DFTRefGrp4 to use SMAI4:16 as reference. For task time group 3 this gives the following settings: SMAI1:25 – SMAI12:36: DFTReference = ExternalDFTRef to use DFTSPFC input as reference (SMAI4:16) Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 874: Test Mode Functionality Testmode

    The supported values of the function block TESTMODE are described in Communication protocol manual, IEC 61850 Edition 2. When the function block TESTMODE is in test mode the Start LED on the LHMI is turned on with steady light. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 875 The block status of a component is shown on the LHMI as the Blk output under the same path as for Beh:Main menu/Test/Function status/Function group/Function block descriptive name/LN name/Outputs. If the Blk output is not shown, the component cannot be blocked. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 876: Setting Guidelines

    IED and all connected merging units. The time synchronization from the clock to the IED can be PTP, optical PPS or IRIG-B. For IEDs using IEC/UCA 61850-9-2LE from one single MU as analog Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 877: Setting Guidelines

    All the parameters related to time are divided into two categories: System time and Synchronization. 24.13.2.1 System time M11348-119 v6 The time is set with years, month, day, hour, minute, second and millisecond. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 878: Synchronization

    The time synchronization fine tunes the clock (seconds and milliseconds). The parameter SyncMaster defines if the IED is a master, or not a master for time synchronization within a Substation Automation System, for IEDs connected in a Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 879 The PTP VLAN tag does not need to be the same on all access points in one IED. It is possible to mix as long as they are the same for all devices on each subnet. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 880: Process Bus Iec/Uca 61850-9-2Le Synchronization

    If the merging unit supports PTP, use PTP. If PTP is used in the IED and the merging unit is not PTP capable, then synchronize the merging unit from the IED Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 881: Application Manual

    If the PPS output from the GTM module is used to synchronize the merging unit and PTP is not used, the IED does not know how the merging unit is synchronized and the parameter LostSyncMode must be set to NoBlock. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 883: Section 25 Requirements

    ). As the present CT standards have no limitation of the level of remanent flux, these CTs are also classified as for example, class TPX, P and PX according to IEC. The IEC TR 61869-100, Edition Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 884 So far remanence factors of maximum 80% have been considered when CT requirements have been decided for ABB IEDs. Even in the future this level of remanent flux probably will be the maximum level that will be considered when decided the CT requirements.

  • Page 885: Conditions

    VHR type CTs (i.e. with new material) to be used together with ABB protection IEDs. However, this may result in unacceptably big CT cores, which can be difficult to manufacture and fit in available space.

  • Page 886: Fault Current

    Even in a case where the phase- to-earth fault current is smaller than the three-phase fault current the phase-to-earth fault can be dimensioning for the CT depending on the higher burden. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 887: General Current Transformer Requirements

    CT (TPZ) is not well defined as far as the phase angle error is concerned. If no explicit recommendation is given for a specific function we therefore recommend contacting ABB to confirm that the non remanence type can be used.

  • Page 888: Distance Protection

    E below: alreq æ ö × ³ × × k max sr ç ÷ alreq è ø (Equation 539) EQUATION1080 V2 EN-US Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 889 = 3 for primary time constant Tp > 100 and £ 400 ms k = 4 for primary time constant Tp £ 40 ms k = 5 for primary time constant Tp > 40 and £ 150 ms Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 890: Breaker Failure Protection

    The value of the E is approximately equal to the corresponding E . Therefore, the CTs according to class P and PR must have a secondary limiting e.m.f. E that fulfills the following: Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 891: Px, Pxr (And Old Iec 60044-6, Class Tps And Old British Standard, Class X)

    The CTs according to class C must have a calculated rated equivalent limiting secondary e.m.f. E that fulfils the following: alANSI > maximum of E alANSI alreq (Equation 545) EQUATION1384 V2 EN-US Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 892: Voltage Transformer Requirements

    SNTP server software. The SNTP server should be stable, that is, either synchronized from a stable source like GPS, or local without synchronization. Using a local SNTP server without synchronization as primary or secondary server in a redundant configuration is not recommended. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 893: Ptp Requirements

    Jitter and Wander according to ITU-T G.823 and G.825 • Buffer memory <250 μs, <100 μs asymmetric difference • Format.G 704 frame, structured etc.Format. • No CRC-check Synchronization in PDH systems connected to SDH systems Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 894: Iec/Uca 61850-9-2Le Merging Unit Requirements

    Thus, the accuracy of the current and voltage inputs to the merging unit and the inaccuracy added by the merging unit must be coordinated with the requirement for actual type of protection function. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 895 In principle the accuracy of the current and voltage transformers, together with the merging unit, shall have the same quality as direct input of currents and voltages. Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...

  • Page 897: Section 26 Glossary

    Binary signal transfer function, receiver blocks Binary signal transfer function, transmit blocks C37.94 IEEE/ANSI protocol used when sending binary signals between IEDs Controller Area Network. ISO standard (ISO 11898) for serial communication Circuit breaker Combined backplane module Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 898 DARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (The US developer of the TCP/IP protocol etc.) DBDL Dead bus dead line DBLL Dead bus live line Direct current Data flow control Discrete Fourier transform Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 899 Function type G.703 Electrical and functional description for digital lines used by local telephone companies. Can be transported over balanced and unbalanced lines Communication interface module with carrier of GPS receiver module Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 900 PCI specifications from the PCI SIG (Special Interest Group) for the electrical EMF (Electromotive force). IEEE 1686 Standard for Substation Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) Cyber Security Capabilities Intelligent electronic device Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 901 Liquid crystal display LDCM Line data communication module Local detection device Light-emitting diode LON network tool Local operating network Miniature circuit breaker Mezzanine carrier module Milli-ampere module Main processing module MVAL Value of measurement Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 902 Parallel redundancy protocol Power supply module Parameter setting tool within PCM600 Precision time protocol PT ratio Potential transformer or voltage transformer ratio PUTT Permissive underreach transfer trip RASC Synchrocheck relay, COMBIFLEX Relay characteristic angle Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 903 Strömberg Protection Acquisition (SPA), a serial master/ slave protocol for point-to-point and ring communication. Switch for CB ready condition Switch or push button to trip Starpoint Neutral point of transformer or generator Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 904 "leap seconds" to synchronize it with Universal Time 1 (UT1), thus allowing for the eccentricity of the Earth's orbit, the rotational axis tilt (23.5 degrees), but still showing the Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 905 Three times zero-sequence current.Often referred to as the residual or the earth-fault current Three times the zero sequence voltage. Often referred to as the residual voltage or the neutral point voltage Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC Application manual...
  • Page 908 — ABB AB Grid Automation Products 721 59 Västerås, Sweden Phone: +46 (0) 21 32 50 00 abb.com/protection-control © Copyright 2017 ABB. All rights reserved. Specifications subject to change without notice.

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