ABB REL670 2.2 IEC Applications Manual page 339

1MRK 506 369-UEN B
Line distance protection REL670 2.2 IEC
Application manual
IEC05000215 V2 EN-US
Figure 169: Solidly earthed network
The earth-fault current is as high or even higher than the short-circuit current. The
series impedances determine the magnitude of the fault current. The shunt
admittance has very limited influence on the earth-fault current. The shunt
admittance may, however, have some marginal influence on the earth-fault current
in networks with long transmission lines.
The earth-fault current at single phase-to-earth in phase L1 can be calculated as
equation 286:
×
3 U
=
3I L1
0
+ + +
Z Z Z 3Z
1 2 0 f
EQUATION1267 V3 EN-US
Where:
U is the phase-to-earth voltage (kV) in the faulty phase before fault
L1
Z is the positive sequence impedance (Ω/phase)
1
Z is the negative sequence impedance (Ω/phase)
2
Z is the zero sequence impedance (Ω/phase)
0
Z is the fault impedance (Ω), often resistive
f
Z is the earth-return impedance defined as (Z
N
The high zero-sequence current in solidly earthed networks makes it possible to use
impedance measuring techniques to detect earth faults. However, distance
protection has limited possibilities to detect high resistance faults and should
therefore always be complemented with other protection function(s) that can carry
out the fault clearance in those cases.
Effectively earthed networks
A network is defined as effectively earthed if the earth-fault factor f
1.4. The earth-fault factor is defined according to equation 287.
U
f
max
=
e
U
pn
EQUATION1268 V4 EN-US
U
=
L1
+ +
Z Z Z
1 N f
-Z
0 1
Section 8
Impedance protection
)/3
GUID-39CAF169-315E-4E3E-9EE6-28CBF624B90E v5
is less than
e
(Equation 286)
(Equation 287)
333