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HP 64782 Series Manual

Mc6833x emulator/analyzer
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Installation/Service/Terminal Interface Guide
HP 64782
MC6833x Emulator/Analyzer

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  • Page 1 Installation/Service/Terminal Interface Guide HP 64782 MC6833x Emulator/Analyzer...
  • Page 2 Hewlett-Packard Company. The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice. HP is a trademark of Hewlett-Packard Company. UNIX is a registered trademark of UNIX System Laboratories Inc. in the U.S.A. Hewlett-Packard Company P.O.
  • Page 3 Printing History New editions are complete revisions of the manual. Many product updates and fixes do not require manual changes, and manual corrections may be done without accompanying product changes. Therefore, do not expect a one-to-one correspondence between product updates and manual revisions. Edition 1 64782-97000, August 1994 Edition 2...
  • Page 5 The emulator plugs into the modular HP 64700 instrumentation card cage and offers 64 channels of processor bus analysis with the HP 64794A or HP 64704A emulation-bus analyzer. Up to eight megabytes of emulation memory may be installed on the probe. High performance download is achieved through the use of an optional LAN or RS-422 interface.
  • Page 6 Ada language support is provided on HP 9000 workstations by third-party vendors such as Alsys and Verdix. An Ada application developer can use the HP emulator and any compiler that generates HP/MRI IEEE-695 to do exhaustive, real-time debugging in-circuit or out-of-circuit.
  • Page 7 Emulation memory • Up to 8 Mbytes of emulation memory • All emulation memory is dual-ported • Mapping resolution is 256 bytes • The wait states required for emulation memory depend on processor speed and the access speeds of the SIMMs installed on the emulation probe, as shown below: SIMM Access Speed Runs with no Wait...
  • Page 8 HP 64700 Card Cage Installation/Service Guide, tells you more about installation and configuration of the HP 64700 Card Cage. If you have a problem with the emulator and don’t understand how to fix it, a listing of HP Sales and Service offices is in the Support Services Guide in the back of this binder.

  • Page 9: Table Of Contents

    Analyzer) Observe antistatic precautions Step 2. Connect the Emulator Probe Cables Step 3. Install Boards into the HP 64700 Card Cage Step 4. Install emulation memory modules on emulator probe Step 5. Connect the power cord 2 Connecting to a Host Computer...
  • Page 10 Contents 4 Connecting the Emulator to a Target System Plugging The Emulator Into A Target System Understanding an emulator Target system design Buffering and AC specifications DC specifications Clocks Target power Equivalent circuits Connecting the emulator to the target system Verifying Operation Of The Emulator In Your Target System Additional equipment Probing...
  • Page 11 When to update the firmware Updating the firmware using a workstation Updating the firmware using a PC Step 1. Connect the HP 64700 to a PC host computer Step 2: Install the firmware update utility Step 3: Run "progflash" to update emulator firmware...
  • Page 12 To get detailed information about the Terminal Interface Graphical Interfaces Why use a graphical interface? 9 Specifications and Characteristics Processor Compatibility Electrical HP 64782 Maximum Ratings HP 64782 Electrical Specifications HP 64782 AC Timing Specifications Physical Environmental BNC, labeled TRIGGER IN/OUT Communications Declaration of Conformity Glossary Index...
  • Page 13 Part 1 Installation Guide...

  • Page 15: Preparing The Emulator

    Preparing the Emulator How to connect the emulator probe and power cord.
  • Page 16 The installation tasks are described in the following steps: 1 Install optional memory modules on the deep analyzer card, if desired. 2 Connect the HP 64782 emulator probe to the HP 64748C emulator control card. 3 Install cards into the HP 64700 card cage.

  • Page 17: What You Need

    Torx T-10 screwdriver (if installing the optional LAN card for the HP 64700A). The illustrations in this manual show the HP 64700B Card Cage. The locations of some components may be slightly different if you are using an HP 64700A Card...

  • Page 18: Antistatic Precautions

    In this event, you must purchase a Flash EPROM board to update the firmware. Instructions for installing this board and programming it from a PC or HP 9000 are provided in the HP 64700 Card Cage Installation/Service manual. Instructions for installing and updating emulator firmware are covered in Chapter 5, "Installing/Updating Emulator...

  • Page 19: Step 1. Install Optional Memory Modules On Deep Analyzer Card (If Using The Deep Analyzer)

    256-Kbyte (HP 64172A), and 1-Mbyte (HP 64172B). Either module type may be installed in the banks on the analyzer card. Do not use HP 64171A/B or HP 64173A memory modules; they are too slow. If you install no memory modules, the deep analyzer will have 8K maximum memory depth.
  • Page 20 Chapter 1: Preparing the Emulator Step 1. Install optional memory modules on Deep Analyzer card (if using the Deep 2 To ensure correct installation of optional memory modules on the deep analyzer card, there is a cutout at one end of the memory modules so they can only be installed the correct way. To install a memory module: Align the groove in the memory module with the alignment rib in the connector.

  • Page 21: Step 2. Connect The Emulator Probe Cables

    Step 2. Connect the Emulator Probe Cables Three ribbon cables connect the HP 64748C emulation control card to the HP 64782 emulator probe. The shortest cable connects from J1 of the emulation control card to J3 of the emulator probe. The medium length cable connects from J2 of the emulation control card to J2 of the emulator probe.
  • Page 22 Chapter 1: Preparing the Emulator Step 2. Connect the Emulator Probe Cables 2 When inserting cable connectors into the sockets, press inward on the connector clips so that they hook into the sockets as shown. The order of connecting cables was given in step 1. 3 Connect the other ends of the cables to the emulator probe.

  • Page 23: Step 3. Install Boards Into The Hp 64700 Card Cage

    1 Use a ground strap when removing or installing boards into the HP 64700 Card Cage to reduce the risk of damage to the circuit cards from static discharge. A jack on the rear panel of the HP 64700 Card Cage...
  • Page 24 Chapter 1: Preparing the Emulator Step 3. Install Boards into the HP 64700 Card Cage 2 Turn the thumb screw and remove the top cover by sliding the cover toward the rear and up.
  • Page 25 Chapter 1: Preparing the Emulator Step 3. Install Boards into the HP 64700 Card Cage 3 Remove the side cover by unsnapping the two latches and lifting off. 4 Remove the card supports.
  • Page 26 Chapter 1: Preparing the Emulator Step 3. Install Boards into the HP 64700 Card Cage 5 First, completely loosen the four egress thumb screws. To remove emulator cards, insert a flat blade screwdriver in the access hole and eject the emulator cards...
  • Page 27 6 Insert a screw driver into the third slot of the right side of the front bezel, push to release catch, and pull the right side of the bezel about one-half inch away from the front of the HP 64700. Then, do the same thing on the left side of the bezel.
  • Page 28 Chapter 1: Preparing the Emulator Step 3. Install Boards into the HP 64700 Card Cage 7 Lift the bezel panel to remove. Be careful not to put stress on the power switch extender. 8 If you’re removing an existing analyzer card that provides external analysis, remove the right-angle...
  • Page 29 9 To remove the analyzer card, insert a flat blade screwdriver in the access hole and eject the analyzer card by rotating the screwdriver. Do not remove the system control board. This board is used in all HP 64700 emulation and analysis systems.
  • Page 30 Chapter 1: Preparing the Emulator Step 3. Install Boards into the HP 64700 Card Cage 10 Install the analyzer and emulation control cards. The analyzer is installed in the slot next to the system control card. The emulation control card is installed in the second slot from the bottom of the card cage.
  • Page 31 Chapter 1: Preparing the Emulator Step 3. Install Boards into the HP 64700 Card Cage 11 Connect the +5 V power cable to the connector in the HP 64700 front panel.
  • Page 32 Chapter 1: Preparing the Emulator Step 3. Install Boards into the HP 64700 Card Cage 12 To reinstall the front bezel, be sure that the bottom rear groove of the front bezel is aligned with the lip as shown below.
  • Page 33 Torx T-10 screws. 14 This step applies only to the HP 64700A. If you wish to install the flash card (used for updating firmware, see chapter 5), refer to the diagram above. Install the flash card in any available slot between the 80-channel analyzer card and the HP 64748C control card in the cardcage.
  • Page 34 Chapter 1: Preparing the Emulator Step 3. Install Boards into the HP 64700 Card Cage 15 Install the card supports. 16 To install the side cover, insert the side cover into the tab slots and fasten the two latches.
  • Page 35 Chapter 1: Preparing the Emulator Step 3. Install Boards into the HP 64700 Card Cage 17 Install the top cover in reverse order of its removal, but make sure that the side panels of the top cover are attached to the side clips on the frame.

  • Page 36: Step 4. Install Emulation Memory Modules On Emulator Probe

    Chapter 1: Preparing the Emulator Step 4. Install emulation memory modules on emulator probe Step 4. Install emulation memory modules on emulator probe (Observe antistatic precautions) 1 Remove plastic rivets that secure the plastic cover on the top of the emulator probe, and remove the cover.
  • Page 37 2 Determine the placement of the emulation memory modules. Three types of modules may be installed: 256 Kbyte (HP 64171A/64172A), 1 Mbyte (HP 64171B/64172B), and 4 Mbyte (HP 64173A). Any of the emulation memory modules can be installed in either memory slot on the probe.
  • Page 38 Chapter 1: Preparing the Emulator Step 4. Install emulation memory modules on emulator probe 3 Install emulation memory modules on the emulator probe. There is a cutout at one end of the memory modules so they can only be installed the correct way. To install a memory module: 1 Align the groove in the memory module with the alignment rib in the connector.
  • Page 39 Chapter 1: Preparing the Emulator Step 4. Install emulation memory modules on emulator probe 4 Replace the plastic cover, and insert new plastic rivets (supplied with the emulator) to secure the cover.

  • Page 40: Step 5. Connect The Power Cord

    The HP 64700B automatically selects the 115 Vac or 220 Vac range. In the 115 Vac range, the HP 64700B will draw a maximum of 345 W and 520 VA. In the 220 Vac range, the HP 64700B will draw a maximum of 335 W and 600 VA.
  • Page 41 The line switch is a pushbutton located at the lower, left-hand corner of the front panel. To turn ON power to the HP 64700, push the line switch button in to the ON (1) position. The power lamp at the...

  • Page 43: Connecting To A Host Computer

    Connecting to a Host Computer How to connect the emulator to a workstation, PC or terminal.

  • Page 44: Step 1: Choose A System Configuration

    The card cage can communicate with computers on an IEEE 802.3 or Ethernet Local Area Network. (If you have a 64700A card cage, you need the HP 64701A LAN card to connect to a LAN.) You can use either of two LAN connectors: •...

  • Page 45: Step 3: Install Host Software

    1 If you have not already done so, install the LAN software on your host computer. 2 If you are using a UNIX-based workstation, install the interface software now. HP supplies the ipconfig700 command as part of the HP B1471 64700 Operating Environment software. This command will greatly simplify the task of configuring...

  • Page 46: Step 4: Configure The Lan Parameters

    "To configure LAN parameters using BOOTP" in the 64700 Card Cage Installation/Service Guide. • If you are using the HP Real-Time C interface on a PC, see the instructions in your Real-Time C interface manual. • Otherwise, see "To configure LAN parameters using the terminal interface" in this...

  • Page 47: To Configure Lan Parameters Using "Ipconfig700

    To configure LAN parameters using "ipconfig700" Step 4: Configure LAN parameters If you are using an HP 9000 Series 300/400/700 computer or Sun SPARCsystem computer and you have installed the HP B1471 64700 Operating Environment software, you can configure the LAN parameters with the ipconfig700 command.
  • Page 48 Chapter 2: Connecting to a Host Computer To configure LAN parameters using "ipconfig700" Switch 16 must be set to one (1) indicating that a LAN connection is being made. Switch 15 should be zero (0) if you are connecting up to the BNC connector or set to one (1) if a 15 pin AUI connection is made.
  • Page 49 Chapter 2: Connecting to a Host Computer To configure LAN parameters using "ipconfig700" partitioned into a subnet portion and a host portion.) If the network is subnetted, a subnet mask is required in order for the emulator to work correctly. The subnet mask should be set to all "1"s in the bits which correspond to the network and subnet portions of the Internet address and all "0"s for the host portion.

  • Page 50: To Configure Lan Parameters Using The Terminal Interface

    2 Connect an ASCII terminal to the serial port with a 25-pin RS-232 cable. You can also connect to a computer’s RS-232 port and use a terminal emulation program on the computer. Refer to the "Connecting the HP 64700 Using RS-232/RS-422" chapter in the 64700 Card Cage Installation/Service Guide.
  • Page 51 -s <subnet> The Subnet Mask (in integer dot notation) is optional and only available when using the HP 64700A. It defaults to 0.0.0.0. The default is valid only on networks that are not subnetted. (A network is subnetted if the host portion of the Internet address is further partitioned into a subnet portion and a host portion.)
  • Page 52 Chapter 2: Connecting to a Host Computer To configure LAN parameters using the terminal interface 7 Set the rear panel dip switches to indicate the type of connection that is to be made: Switch 16 must be set to one (1) indicating that a LAN connection is being made. Switch 15 should be zero (0) if you are connecting up to the BNC connector or set to one (1) if a 15 pin AUI connection is made.

  • Page 53: If "Telnet" Does Not Access The Emulator

    Chapter 2: Connecting to a Host Computer If "telnet" does not access the emulator If "telnet" does not access the emulator You must use the telnet command on the host computer to access the emulator’s built-in terminal interface. After powering up the emulator, it takes a minute before the it can be recognized on the network.

  • Page 55: Connecting To The Demo Board

    Connecting to the Demo Board How to connect the emulator to the demonstration target system.

  • Page 56: Installation

    Installation This chapter shows you how to connect the emulator to the demo target system which is shipped with the emulator. It also shows you how to verify installation by starting the emulator/analyzer interface for the first time.

  • Page 57: Step 1. Connect The Emulator Probe To The Demo Target System

    1 With HP 64700 power OFF, connect the emulator probe to the demo target system. When you install the probe into the demo board, be careful not to bend any of the pins. Do not insert the probe of the MC6833x emulator into the demo board socket incorrectly.
  • Page 58 3 If you have not already done so, connect the +5 V power cable to the connector in the HP 64700 front panel. See page 19.

  • Page 59: Step 2. Apply Power To The Hp 64700

    The line switch is a push button located at the lower, left-hand corner of the front panel. To turn ON power to the HP 64700, push the line switch button in to the ON (1) position. The power lamp at the...

  • Page 60: Step 3. Verify The Performance Of The Emulator

    If you are using a LAN, you can use the telnet capability with the built-in Terminal Interface: 1 From your host computer enter the command: telnet <emulator_name>. 2 Now enter the command: pv 1 Note: the HP 64700 telnet capability is not supported by Hewlett-Packard. Performance verification is discussed in detail in Chapter 8.

  • Page 61: Connecting The Emulator To A Target System

    Connecting the Emulator to a Target System Things you need to know to successfully connect the emulator to a target system and overcome problems you may encounter.

  • Page 62: Plugging The Emulator Into A Target System

    Plugging The Emulator Into A Target System The following paragraphs help you understand the emulator. Equivalent circuits are shown, followed by a list of devices that you may need to use to overcome mechanical and electrical constraints in your target system. Understanding an emulator An emulator is a tool intended for debugging software, and the interactions between software and hardware.

  • Page 63: Buffering And Ac Specifications

    Chapter 4: Connecting the Emulator to a Target System Plugging The Emulator Into A Target System specifications in mind while you design your target system, you can save hours of debugging time when you plug the emulator into your target system. Buffering and AC specifications Most signals going to and from the emulator are not intercepted.

  • Page 64: Target Power

    Chapter 4: Connecting the Emulator to a Target System Plugging The Emulator Into A Target System Target power The emulator uses power from the target system to operate the emulation processor and some pullup resistors. Target power is sensed to make sure the emulator does not drive the target system until the target is powered up.

  • Page 65: Equivalent Circuits

    Chapter 4: Connecting the Emulator to a Target System Plugging The Emulator Into A Target System Equivalent circuits The equivalent circuits shown on this page and the next will help you understand connection requirements between the emulator probe and your target system.
  • Page 66 Chapter 4: Connecting the Emulator to a Target System Plugging The Emulator Into A Target System...
  • Page 67 Chapter 4: Connecting the Emulator to a Target System Plugging The Emulator Into A Target System...

  • Page 68: Connecting The Emulator To The Target System

    – HP E5336A Elastomeric Probe Adapter – HP E5338A Flexible Adapter – HP E3416A Transition board for 68332 – HP E5360A Transition board for 68338 HP Elastomeric Probing System for 68336, HP Part Number 64782-63217. • 160-pin transition board •...
  • Page 69 Chapter 4: Connecting the Emulator to a Target System Plugging The Emulator Into A Target System Use the following steps to connect the emulator to the target system: 1 Select the orientation (shown on the next pages) that best suits your target system. Flexible adapters can be installed in one of four orientations as shown in the following illustrations.
  • Page 70 Chapter 4: Connecting the Emulator to a Target System Plugging The Emulator Into A Target System Probing a 68331/2/4 microprocessor 132-pin QFP...
  • Page 71 Chapter 4: Connecting the Emulator to a Target System Plugging The Emulator Into A Target System Probing a 68332 microprocessor 144-pin TQFP...
  • Page 72 Chapter 4: Connecting the Emulator to a Target System Plugging The Emulator Into A Target System Probing a 68336 microprocessor 160-pin PQFP...
  • Page 73 Chapter 4: Connecting the Emulator to a Target System Plugging The Emulator Into A Target System Probing a 68338 microprocessor 144-pin TQFP...

  • Page 74: Verifying Operation Of The Emulator In Your Target System

    If there are no trigger inputs to the timing analyzer, you can probably use a timing channel. The BNC trigger output of the HP 64700 emulation card cage provides a rising edge TTL signal. Probing When making measurements, remember that signals need to be probed at the right place for the measurement being made.

  • Page 75: Selecting A Clock Source

    Chapter 4: Connecting the Emulator to a Target System Plugging The Emulator Into A Target System Selecting a clock source The emulator is designed to support the two clock modes of MC6833x processors. If your target system provides a system frequency oscillator, select external clock in the emulator configuration.
  • Page 76 Chapter 4: Connecting the Emulator to a Target System Plugging The Emulator Into A Target System If your target system can run a program without the emulator, follow this procedure. Otherwise, go to the next section. 1 Turn on power to the emulator. 2 Check the emulator prompt by pressing <RETURN>.

  • Page 77: To Verify Operation Of The Target System

    Chapter 4: Connecting the Emulator to a Target System Plugging The Emulator Into A Target System If the target system appears to work correctly, go to the paragraph titled, "Installing the Monitor", later in this chapter. Otherwise, verify operation of the target system as described next.
  • Page 78 Chapter 4: Connecting the Emulator to a Target System Plugging The Emulator Into A Target System If the "p>" prompt remains after target powerup, check: • mechanical installation of the probe. • blown fuses. • target system power supply voltage. If the prompt is "c>", mechanical installation may be causing the problem, but the most likely cause is a problem with the clock.
  • Page 79 Chapter 4: Connecting the Emulator to a Target System Plugging The Emulator Into A Target System signal meets its required assertion time after power up and clock stabilization. - Check signal quality on the reset signal, especially the signal transitions. If some cycles were captured in the trace list, but no cycles are occurring now, check for setup and hold violations on the processor signals.
  • Page 80 Chapter 4: Connecting the Emulator to a Target System Plugging The Emulator Into A Target System If there are no cycles in the trace list, then the processor stopped during the first bus cycle. In this case, set up the trace using AS as the trigger because the cycle of interest is the first cycle.

  • Page 81: Interpreting The Trace List

    Chapter 4: Connecting the Emulator to a Target System Plugging The Emulator Into A Target System processor does not grant the bus until it is idle so bus ownership changes as soon as the BG signal is asserted. The alternate master asserts BGACK to claim the bus before deasserting BR.
  • Page 82 Chapter 4: Connecting the Emulator to a Target System Plugging The Emulator Into A Target System immediately double bus fault. Verify that the data captured by the analyzer is what is expected. If the data for the vectors is wrong, a trace should be set up to check for access problems during the fetch of the initial vectors.
  • Page 83 Chapter 4: Connecting the Emulator to a Target System Plugging The Emulator Into A Target System A double bus fault occurs when the processor encounters an exception that prevents processing of a previous exception. An example of a double bus fault is shown above.

  • Page 84: Fixing Timing Problems

    Chapter 4: Connecting the Emulator to a Target System Plugging The Emulator Into A Target System Fixing timing problems When a timing problem is identified, you must decide how to fix it. First, examine the signal to make sure that signal quality is not affecting the timing. Look for AC or DC drive problems or reflections caused by transmission line problems.
  • Page 85 Chapter 4: Connecting the Emulator to a Target System Plugging The Emulator Into A Target System cf clk=int cf rstcfg=int,auto 4 Map memory with the following command: map 0..0fff eram This maps a block of emulation memory starting at address 0 so that the reset vectors will be accessed from this block.
  • Page 86 Also, because these cycles are from internal emulation memory, the data on the target system will not be the same as the data seen by the processor.

  • Page 87: Installing Emulator Features

    Chapter 4: Connecting the Emulator to a Target System Installing Emulator Features Installing Emulator Features Once the emulator is transparently running in the target system, it is time to start adding other emulator features. Dividing the installation of features into two tasks is the easiest way to debug problems.
  • Page 88 Chapter 4: Connecting the Emulator to a Target System Installing Emulator Features 2 Reset the emulation processor and run your target program using these emulator commands: Reset the target system using whatever facility is available. r rst 3 Verify correct operation of the target system. An example of a target system that requires an additional reset circuit is one that normally has RAM starting at address 0, but for the first two bus cycles after reset, maps ROM to this area instead to provide the initial vectors.

  • Page 89: Installing The Background Monitor

    Chapter 4: Connecting the Emulator to a Target System Installing Emulator Features Installing the background monitor The emulator allows you to choose between use of a background and foreground monitor. The background monitor is normally used unless interrupts need to be serviced while in the monitor.

  • Page 90: Testing Memory Accesses With The Background Monitor

    Chapter 4: Connecting the Emulator to a Target System Installing Emulator Features 4 Execute the command: rst -m. This tells the emulator to release reset, but enter the monitor. 5 Verify that the emulator is in the monitor. The prompt should be "M>", indicating that operation is in the monitor. There is not much that can go wrong up to this point because everything required has already been verified.

  • Page 91: Running A Program From The Background Monitor

    Chapter 4: Connecting the Emulator to a Target System Installing Emulator Features Running a program from the background monitor Once you are satisfied that the monitor is working and memory in your target system can be accessed correctly, you can use the monitor to run your target program.

  • Page 92: Breaking Into The Background Monitor

    Chapter 4: Connecting the Emulator to a Target System Installing Emulator Features Breaking into the background monitor The next thing to try with the background monitor is to see if you can break into it from your target program. The emulator uses the BKPT signal to break into the monitor.

  • Page 93: Software Breakpoint Entry Into The Background Monitor

    Chapter 4: Connecting the Emulator to a Target System Installing Emulator Features Software breakpoint entry into the background monitor The background monitor can also be entered via a software breakpoint. The emulator will respond to any BGND instruction in the code, regardless of whether breakpoints are enabled, or whether or not the BGND instruction was inserted by the emulator.

  • Page 94: Installing The Foreground Monitor

    Chapter 4: Connecting the Emulator to a Target System Installing Emulator Features A typical trace of a single step is shown below: Line addr,H 6833x Mnemonic ----- ------ ------------------------------------------ 00010c MOVE.L D2,-A7 00010e 000110 MOVEQ #$00000000,D2 0001f4 $0000 data word wr (ds16) One way to watch what the emulator is doing during a step, is to set up the analyzer to trace only foreground cycles and to store everything.

  • Page 95: Resetting Into The Foreground Monitor

    Chapter 4: Connecting the Emulator to a Target System Installing Emulator Features If there is not a suitable address range in which to put the monitor, the system protection schemes may need to be modified to create a place for the monitor. This may be as simple as modifying the 6833x SIM programming, or it may require modifying a hardware protection scheme to allow placement of the monitor.

  • Page 96: Dealing With Keep-Alive Circuitry By Using The Custom Foreground Monitor

    Chapter 4: Connecting the Emulator to a Target System Installing Emulator Features 3 Set up a trace to capture all MC6833x cycles. You must trace background cycles in order to see foreground monitor operation. tg any tsto any tck -ub 4 Execute the command: rst -m This tells the emulator to release reset, but enter the monitor.

  • Page 97: Testing Memory Access With The Foreground Monitor

    Chapter 4: Connecting the Emulator to a Target System Installing Emulator Features Keep-alive circuits that require a certain address to be accessed probably will fail when you are using the foreground monitor. The keep-alive problem will most likely show up immediately when using the foreground monitor. If the monitor is interlocked, it will be affected immediately if a keep-alive circuit causes a bus error.

  • Page 98: Running A Program From The Foreground Monitor

    Chapter 4: Connecting the Emulator to a Target System Installing Emulator Features Running a program from the foreground monitor Once you are satisfied that the monitor is working and that memory in your target system can be accessed correctly, you can use the monitor to run your target program.

  • Page 99: Breaking Into The Foreground Monitor

    Chapter 4: Connecting the Emulator to a Target System Installing Emulator Features Breaking into the foreground monitor The next thing to try with the foreground monitor is to see if you can break into it from your target program. The emulator uses the BKPT signal to break into the monitor.

  • Page 100: Software Breakpoint Entry Into The Foreground Monitor

    Chapter 4: Connecting the Emulator to a Target System Installing Emulator Features Software breakpoint entry into the foreground monitor Software breakpoints are handled the same as for the background monitor. Test them by using the same procedure as for the background monitor. Stepping with the foreground monitor Stepping for the foreground monitor is handled in the same way as the background monitor.

  • Page 101: Part 2 Service

    Part 2 Service...

  • Page 103: Installing/Updating Emulator Firmware

    Installing/Updating Emulator Firmware How to update the emulator firmware using a workstation or PC.

  • Page 104: When To Update The Firmware

    • you ordered the HP 64782 and the HP 64748C separately, • you are using an HP 64748C that has been previously used with a different emulator probe, • you are upgrading to a newer version of the MC6833x processor, or •...

  • Page 105: Updating The Firmware Using A Pc

    64700 SW UTIL The steps to install or update the emulator firmware are: 1 Connect the HP 64700 card cage to the RS-232 port on your PC. 2 Install the firmware update utility and the emulator firmware. 3 Run "progflash" to update emulator firmware.

  • Page 106: Step 1. Connect The Hp 64700 To A Pc Host Computer

    Note that switch settings are read during the power up routine of the HP 64700 card cage. Any changes made to the switches after power-up will not be read until you turn the HP 64700 off and back on again.
  • Page 107 25-pin male) which are equivalent to a MODEM cable. To connect cable to the HP 64700, align the 25-pin male connector with port A and insert it until it is firmly seated. Tighten the holding screws on each side of the cable connector with a small, flat blade screwdriver.

  • Page 108: Step 2: Install The Firmware Update Utility

    Updating the firmware using a PC Step 2: Install the firmware update utility Your HP Vectra PC or IBM PC AT compatible computer must have MS-DOS 3.1 or greater and a fixed disk drive. The firmware update utility and the 64782 firmware require about 360 Kbytes of disk space.
  • Page 109 Chapter 5: Installing/Updating Emulator Firmware Updating the firmware using a PC FILES=20 allows 20 files to be accessed concurrently. This number must be at LEAST 20 to allow the firmware update utility to operate properly. 5 Edit the AUTOEXEC.BAT file to add: C:\HP64700\BIN (to the end of the PATH variable) SET HPTABLES=C:\HP64700\TABLES (as a new line) SET HPBIN=C:\HP64700\BIN (as a new line)

  • Page 110: Step 3: Run "Progflash" To Update Emulator Firmware

    PROGFLASH The PROGFLASH command downloads code from files on the PC host computer into Flash EPROM memory in the HP 64700. The full syntax is: PROGFLASH [-V] [EMUL_NAME] [PRODUCT] The -V option means "verbose". It causes progress status messages to be displayed during operation.
  • Page 111 2 EMUL_COM2 m68000 Number of Emulator to Update? (intr (usually cntl C or DEL) to abort) To update firmware in the HP 64700 that is connected to the COM1 port, enter "1". Product 1 64782 Number of Product to Update? (intr (usually cntl C or DEL) to abort) To update the HP 64782 MC6833x emulator firmware, enter "1".
  • Page 112 Chapter 5: Installing/Updating Emulator Firmware Updating the firmware using a PC Reading configuration from ’/hp64700/update\64782.CFG’ System firmware revision required = A.03.00 ROM identifier address = 2FFFF0H Required hardware identifier = 1FFFH, 12FFH, 1201H, 1202H, 1203H, 1204H, 1205H, 1206H, 1207H Control ROM start address = 280000H Control ROM size = 40000H Control ROM width = 16 Programming voltage control address = 2FFFFEH...

  • Page 113: Solving Problems

    Solving Problems What to do when the emulator does not behave as expected..
  • Page 114 Chapter 6: Solving Problems Sometime during your use of the emulator, you will encounter a problem that is not adequately explained by an error message or obvious target system symptoms. This chapter explains how to solve some of these problems.

  • Page 115: To Verify The Performance Of The Emulator

    2 Turn off power to the HP 64700 Card Cage. 3 Plug the emulator probe into the Demo Board. (See Chapter 3.) 4 Connect Demo Board power cable from the Demo Board to the HP 64700 Card Cage front panel. (See page 19.) 5 Turn on power to the HP 64700 Card Cage.
  • Page 116 1 From your host computer enter the command: telnet <emulator_name>. 2 Now enter the command: pv 1 Note: the HP 64700 telnet capability is not supported by Hewlett-Packard. After about a minute, the emulator should display a list of tests which were performed, and whether they were passed or failed.

  • Page 117: What Is Pv Doing To The Emulator

    What is pv doing to the Emulator? The performance verification procedures (PV) provide a thorough check of the functionality of all of the products installed in the HP 64700 Card Cage. The PV procedures change the emulator configuration, content of the processor internal registers, and the processor internal memory (including TPU internal memory).

  • Page 118: To Ensure Software Compatibility

    There are various sets of firmware resident in the assemblies contained in the HP 64700 Card Cage. It is important to ensure that all the versions are compatible among the products you have installed. You can determine which versions of firmware you have by entering the terminal interface ver command.

  • Page 119: To Display The Emulator Status

    The latest versions of firmware for the host controller card, analyzer card, and LAN card, along with a program called progflash, are part of the B1471 software for the HP 9000 workstation and Sun SPARCsystems and the HP 64700 M6833x Real-Time C Debugger software for PCs.

  • Page 120: To Check The Version Of The Terminal Interface Software

    Run the Performance Verification procedure as described in the first paragraph of this chapter. If either the emulator or analyzer fail the performance verification, check the installation of those modules. If the installation is correct, contact your local HP Sales and Service office for assistance.

  • Page 121: If You're Having Problems With Dma

    If you’re having problems with TPU Motorola makes several versions of TPU microcode for certain 6833x microprocessors. HP uses one of the versions in its 6833x emulators. If you are using the default TPU functionality supplied by Motorola in the 6833x processor...

  • Page 122: If The Analyzer Won't Trigger

    Chapter 6: Solving Problems If the analyzer won’t trigger If the analyzer won’t trigger Instruction fetches from internal 6833x resources normally aren’t visible to the analyzer. You can force them to be visible by enabling show cycles. The SIM register MCR allows you to set show cycles. To obtain the show cycles feature of the processor, set the two least-significant bits in the third byte of register SIM_MCR to "11".

  • Page 123: If Trace Disassembly Appears To Be Partially Incorrect

    Chapter 6: Solving Problems If trace disassembly appears to be partially incorrect If trace disassembly appears to be partially incorrect Check to see if the analyzer began disassembly of the trace on a long-word boundary but the instruction started on the low word within the long word. This will make disassembly incorrect.

  • Page 124: If You See Exclamation Marks "!" In Count Columns Of The Trace Lists

    Chapter 6: Solving Problems If you see exclamation marks "!" in count columns of the trace lists show cycles feature by setting the two least-significant bits in the third byte of register SIM_MCR to "11". If you see exclamation marks "!" in count columns of the trace lists This is a normal condition.

  • Page 125: If You Do Not See The Counter Overflow Indication "!" Where You Expected To See It In A Trace List

    If the Performance Verification reports massive pv failures Check to make sure mapper chip U84 on Emulation Control Card Subassembly HP 64748C is installed properly in its socket.

  • Page 127: Parts List

    Parts List...

  • Page 128: What Is An Exchange Part

    Chapter 7: Parts List Parts List What is an Exchange Part? Exchange parts are shown on the parts list. A defective part can be returned to HP for repair in exchange for a rebuilt part. Probe (exchange) To replace the Probe on the exchange program, you must remove certain parts, and return only that part considered an exchange part.
  • Page 129 Exchange HP 64782 Probe and Demo Board 64782-17006 6833x Firmware Floppy 64700 SW UTIL 64700-17534 MC68331 Probe Board Assy for HP 64782B 64782-62101 64782-69111 64782-62102 64782-69112 MC68332 Probe Board Assy for HP 64782C MC68334 Probe Board Assy for HP 64782E...
  • Page 130 HP 64172B 1-Mbyte, 20-nS SRAM Module 64172B 64172-69502 HP 64173A 4-Mbyte, 25-nS SRAM Module 64173A 64173-69501 HP 64794A Emulation-Bus Analyzer (deep) card 64794-66502 64794-69502 34-pin ribbon cable 64708-61601 Analyzer Card HP 64740 with 1K memory depth 64740-66526 64740-69526 34-pin ribbon cable 64708-61601...
  • Page 131 160-pin for 68336 1200-1823 QFP Probe Adapter Assembly 132-pin QFP to PGA flexible adapter for E3407A 68331/2/4 HP Elastomeric Probing System for 68332 and 68338 144-pin TQFP Elastomeric Probe Adapter E5336A Flexible Adapter E5338A Transition board for 68332 (144-pin) E3416A...

  • Page 133: Part 3 Terminal Interface Reference

    Part 3 Terminal Interface Reference...

  • Page 135: Using The Terminal Interface

    Using the Terminal Interface An introduction to the emulator’s built-in terminal interface.

  • Page 136: When To Use The Terminal Interface

    Chapter 8: Using the Terminal Interface The emulator has a built-in, host-independent Terminal Interface. The Terminal Interface provides all the commands you need to make emulation and analysis measurements. The interface includes tools for emulator initialization, command entry and recall, and command help. When to Use the Terminal Interface Hewlett-Packard suggests that you control the emulator with a graphical interface on a host computer, either a PC or a workstation (page 129).

  • Page 137: Learning About The Terminal Interface

    Chapter 8: Using the Terminal Interface To start the Terminal Interface Learning About the Terminal Interface You should be able to find most of what you need to know about the Terminal Interface commands from the on-line help. To start the Terminal Interface •...

  • Page 138: To View A List Of Available Commands

    Chapter 8: Using the Terminal Interface To view a list of available commands Trying... Connected to 15.35.226.210 Escape character is ’^]’ After you connect to the emulator, you should see a prompt similar to: R> To view a list of available commands 1 Display the main help menu by typing: help The main help menu lists groups of commands.

  • Page 139: To View Help On Individual Commands

    Chapter 8: Using the Terminal Interface To view help on individual commands The emulator will list the emulation commands: emul - emulation commands ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- b..break to monitor cp..copy memory mo..modes bc..break condition dump...dump memory r..run user code bp..breakpoints es..emulation status reg..registers cf..configuration info...config info...

  • Page 140: To View Help On Command Syntax

    • Type: help gram To get detailed information about the Terminal Interface • Refer to a Terminal Interface manual for another HP emulator, such as the MC68040/EC040/LC040 Emulator Analyzer (HP 64783A/B) User’s Guide for the Terminal Interface. If you use the Terminal Interface as your main interface to the emulator, you can find more information in any of HP’s older Terminal Interface manuals.

  • Page 141: Graphical Interfaces

    A graphical emulator/analyzer interface for HP and Sun workstations. • A graphical debugger for HP and Sun workstations. HP also provides other instruments and software tools for developing, debugging, and optimizing embedded systems. Note Ask your HP sales representative for more information about these interfaces.

  • Page 143: Specifications And Characteristics

    Specifications and Characteristics...

  • Page 144: Processor Compatibility

    At the time this manual was printed: • The MC68331, MC68332, and MC68334 emulators had been tested at 20 MHz. • The MC68336 and MC68338 emulators had been tested at 16.78 MHz. Contact your HP 64000 Field Engineer for current supported processor speeds.

  • Page 145: Hp 64782 Maximum Ratings

    Chapter 9: Specifications and Characteristics HP 64782 Maximum Ratings HP 64782 Maximum Ratings Characteristic Symbol Value Unit Supply Voltage –0.3 to +5.5 Input Voltage –0.5 to +5.5 Maximum Operating Ambient Temperature Minimum Operating Ambient Temperature Storage Temperature Range –40 to +70...

  • Page 146: Hp 64782 Electrical Specifications

    Chapter 9: Specifications and Characteristics HP 64782 Electrical Specifications HP 64782 Electrical Specifications HP 64782 — DC ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATIONS = 5.0 Vdc ±10%, V and V = 0 Vdc) V DD DDSYN Characteristic Signal Symbol Unit Input High Voltage 0.7*V +0.3...
  • Page 147 Chapter 9: Specifications and Characteristics HP 64782 Electrical Specifications HP 64782 — DC ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATIONS = 5.0 Vdc ±10%, V and V = 0 Vdc) V DD DDSYN Characteristic Signal Symbol Unit Input Capacitance CSBOOT, CS10-0, — D15-0 A18-0, DSACK[1:0], —...

  • Page 148: Hp 64782 Ac Timing Specifications

    HP 64782 AC Timing Specifications HP 64782 AC Timing Specifications All specifications are the same as listed in the Motorola M6833x User’s Manual, except for the following. HP 64782 — AC TIMING SPECIFICATIONS = 5.0 Vdc ±10%, V and V = 0 Vdc)
  • Page 149 Chapter 9: Specifications and Characteristics HP 64782 AC Timing Specifications HP 64782 — AC TIMING SPECIFICATIONS = 5.0 Vdc ±10%, V and V = 0 Vdc) V DD DDSYN 16.78 MHz 20.97 MHz Characteristic Unit Clock High to Address, FC, SIZE, —...
  • Page 150 Chapter 9: Specifications and Characteristics HP 64782 AC Timing Specifications HP 64782 — AC TIMING SPECIFICATIONS = 5.0 Vdc ±10%, V and V = 0 Vdc) V DD DDSYN 16.78 MHz 20.97 MHz Characteristic Unit R/W Asserted to AS, CS Asserted —...
  • Page 151 Chapter 9: Specifications and Characteristics HP 64782 AC Timing Specifications HP 64782 — AC TIMING SPECIFICATIONS = 5.0 Vdc ±10%, V and V = 0 Vdc) V DD DDSYN 16.78 MHz 20.97 MHz Characteristic Unit DSACK[1:0] Asserted to Data In Valid —...
  • Page 152 Chapter 9: Specifications and Characteristics HP 64782 AC Timing Specifications HP 64782 — AC TIMING SPECIFICATIONS = 5.0 Vdc ±10%, V and V = 0 Vdc) V DD DDSYN 16.78 MHz 20.97 MHz Characteristic Unit RESET Pulse Width (Reset Instruction) —...

  • Page 153: Physical

    Chapter 9: Specifications and Characteristics Physical Physical Emulator Dimensions 173 mm height x 325 mm width x 389 mm depth (6.8 in. x 12.8 in. x 15.3 in.) Emulator Weight Probe alone: 0.3 kg (10 oz). Cable Length Emulation Control Card to Probe, approximately 914 mm (36 inches). Probe dimensions...

  • Page 154: Environmental

    Chapter 9: Specifications and Characteristics Environmental Environmental Temperature Operating, 0° to +40° C (+32° to +104° F). Nonoperating, -40° C to +60° C (-40° F to +140° F). Altitude Operating/nonoperating 4600 m (15 000 ft). Relative Humidity 15% to 95%. BNC, labeled TRIGGER IN/OUT Output Drive Logic high level with 50-ohm load >= 2.0 V.

  • Page 155: Communications

    Chapter 9: Specifications and Characteristics Communications Communications Host Port 25-pin female type “D” subminiature connector. RS-232-C DCE or DTE to 38.4 kbaud. RS-422 DCE only to 460.8 kbaud. Auxiliary Port (64700A Only) 25-pin female type “D” subminiature connector. RS-232-C DCE only to 19.2 kbaud. CMB Port 9-pin female type “D”...
  • Page 157 Glossary Absolute Count Glossary Absolute Count A count in the trace list count column that indicates the total count accumulated between the displayed state and the trigger state. Absolute File A file consisting of machine-readable instructions in which absolute addresses are used to store instructions, data, or both. These files are generated by the compiler/assembler/linker and are loaded into the emulator.
  • Page 158 A connector that provides a means for the emulator to drive/receive a trigger signal to/from an external device (such as a logic analyzer, oscilloscope, or HP 64000-UX system). Breakpoint A point at which emulator execution breaks from the target program and begins executing in the monitor.
  • Page 159 Glossary Command File Command File A file containing a sequence of commands to be executed. Compatible Mode The compatible mode of the deep analyzer configures the analyzer to provide the same memory depth as the 1K analyzer: 1024 states deep when the analyzer is not configured to make a count of states or time during a measurement, and 512 states deep when the analyzer is configured to make a count of states or time during a measurement.
  • Page 160 Cross Trigger The situation in which the trigger condition of one analyzer is used to trigger another analyzer. Two signals internal to the HP 64700 can be connected through the BNC on the instrumentation card cage to allow cross-triggering between the emulation-bus analyzer and other analyzers.
  • Page 161 Embedded Microprocessor System The microprocessor system which the emulator plugs into. Emulation Bus Analyzer A system component built into the HP 64700 that captures the emulation processor’s address, data, and status information. Emulation Memory High-speed memory (RAM) in the emulator that can be used in place of target system memory.
  • Page 162 Host Computer A computer to which an HP 64700 Series emulator can be connected. A host computer may run interface programs which control the...
  • Page 163 Glossary Inverse Assembler emulator. Host computers may also be used to develop programs to be downloaded into the emulator. Inverse Assembler A program that translates absolute code into assembly language mnemonics. Label A set of one or more analyzer channels. Example, the label "addr" is used to identify the analyzer channels connected to the address bus of the emulation processor.
  • Page 164 Also referred to as a directory (for example \users\projects). Pass Through Mode See Transparent Mode. PC Interface A program that runs on the HP Vectra and IMB PC/AT compatible computers. This is a friendly interface used to operate an HP 64700 Series emulator.
  • Page 165 A plastic quad flat pack is a type of integrated circuit. An abbreviation for "part of." Used in illustrations to show that a part is shipped with other parts under a certain HP part number. Prefetch The ability of a microprocessor to fetch additional opcodes and operands before the current instruction is finished executing.
  • Page 166 Remote Configuration The configuration in which an HP 64700 Series emulator is directly connected to a host computer via a single port. Commands are entered (typically from an interface program running on the host computer) and...
  • Page 167 An analyzer that measures execution of software modules, interaction between software modules, and usage of data points and I/O ports. Standalone Configuration The configuration in which a data terminal is used to control the HP 64700 Series emulator, and the emulator is not connected to a host computer.
  • Page 168 An abbreviation for “standard input.” Standard input is typically defined as your computer keyboard. stdout An abbreviation for “standard output.” Standard output can be directed to various output devices connected to the HP 64700 ports. Step See Single-step. Store Qualifier A specification that must be met by a state before it can be saved in the analyzer trace memory.
  • Page 169 A collection of states captured synchronously by the analyzer. Transparent Configuration The configuration in which the HP 64700 Series emulator is connected between a data terminal and a host computer. When the emulator is in the transparent (pass through) mode, the data terminal acts like a normal terminal connected to the computer.
  • Page 170 Glossary Uploading its monitor program when it receives trig1 from the analyzer. Several states may be executed in the emulator between the time the analyzer recognizes its trigger condition, generates trig1, delivers trig1 to the emulator, and the emulator responds to trig1 by breaking to its monitor program.
  • Page 171 Glossary 1K Analyzer 1K Analyzer The term "1K analyzer" refers to the HP 64704 Emulation-Bus Analyzer with 1K trace memory. When shown in the trace list count column of the terminal interface or the PC interface, the exclamation mark "!" indicates counter overflow.
  • Page 173 68336 probing 160-pin PQFP, E5335A, 57 68338 probing 144-pin TQFP, 60 AC specifications, 51 access size (target memory), 145 accessories HP Elastomeric probing system, 56 QFP probe adapter assembly, 56 stacking PGA pin protectors, 56 addresses LAN, 35 altitude specifications, 142...
  • Page 174 18 removing from card cage, 14 cautions antistatic precautions, 6 electrostatic discharge on LAN, 33 equipment damage, 57 rear panel, do not stand HP 64700 on, 11 clock source, 62 clocks specifications, 132 CMB (Coordinated Measurement Bus) specifications, 143...
  • Page 175 Index commands help, 126 terminal interface, 126 See also the name of the individual command communications ports, 94 CONFIG.SYS file, 96-97 configuration, system, 32 connecting probe to demo target system, 45 connecting probe to target system, 56 connection requirements, 53 connections host computer, connecting to, 31-41 target system, connecting to, 56...
  • Page 176 Index emulator configured like the processor, 62 displaying status information, 107 features, 74-87 performance verification, 103 physical characteristics, 141 power, 52 understanding, 50 emulator firmware floppy disks, 93 emulator performance verification, 103-105 emulator probe connecting the cables, 9-10 connecting to demo target system, 45 connecting to target system, 56 dimensions, 141 installing memory modules, 24-27...
  • Page 177 84 gateway address, 35-38 glossary, 145-159 ground strap plug on rear panel, 11-23 hardware accessories, 56 HP 9000 minimums overview, 5 help on-line help command, 126 host computer, connecting to, 31-41 HP 9000 minimum system requirements overview, 5...
  • Page 178 Index interfaces graphical, 129 terminal, 123-129 internet address, 36-38, 41 interpreting the trace list, 68 IP address See Internet Address ipconfig700, 35-37 keep-alive circuitry, 83 connecting to, 31-41 installing LAN card in HP64700A, 21 parameters, 35, 38-40 link level address, 36-38 list of replaceable parts, 116 MAU, 32 memory accesses, testing, 77...
  • Page 179 Index power cables connecting to the HP 64700 card cage, 28 demo board to front panel, 19 probe connecting the cables, 9-10 connecting to demo target system, 45 connecting to target system, 56 dimensions, 141 installing memory modules, 24-27 probing, 61...
  • Page 180 HP 9000 overview, 5 target system connect using PGA pin protectors, 56 connecting the emulator probe, 56 connecting using HP Elastomeric probe, 56 connecting using QFP probe adapter, 56 design, 50 without known good software, 71 TCP service ports, 39...
  • Page 181 Index ThickLAN, 32 ThinLAN, 32 time negative times shown in count column, 112 timing problems, 71 timing specifications, 136-140 differences between emulator and target TPU, 109 problems with TPU operation, 109 trace list, interpreting, 68 trigger in/out specifications, 142 troubleshooting, 105 upgrading, 6 user program, 150 ver (display software version numbers) command, 108...
  • Page 183 Manufacturer’s Address: Colorado Springs Division 1900 Garden of the Gods Road Colorado Springs, CO 80907 USA declares, that the product Product Name: Microprocessor Emulator (HP 64700 Series) Model Number(s): HP 64782B/C/D/E/F/G/H/J Product Option(s): conforms to the following Product Specifications: Safety:...
  • Page 184 Product Regulations Safety IEC 1010-1:1990+A1 / EN 61010-1:1993 UL 3111 CSA-C22.2 No. 1010.1:1993 This Product meets the requirement of the European Communities (EC) EMC Directive 89/336/EEC. Emissions EN55011/CISPR 11 (ISM, Group 1, Class A equipment) Immunity EN50082-1 Code Notes IEC 801-2 (ESD) 4kV CD, 8kV AD 1,2,3 IEC 801-3 (Rad.) 3 V/m IEC 801-4 (EFT) 0.5 kV, 1kV...
  • Page 185 This Hewlett-Packard system product is warranted against defects in materials and workmanship for a period of 90 days from date of installation. During the warranty period, HP will, at its option, either repair or replace products which prove to be defective.
  • Page 186 For products returned to HP for warranty service, Buyer shall prepay shipping charges to HP and HP shall pay shipping charges to return the product to Buyer. However, Buyer shall pay all shipping charges, duties, and taxes for products returned to HP from another country. HP warrants that its software and firmware designated by HP for use with an instrument will execute its programming instructions when properly installed on that instrument.
  • Page 187 Safety Summary of Safe Procedures The following general safety precautions must be observed during all phases of operation, service, and repair of this instrument. Failure to comply with these precautions or with specific warnings elsewhere in this manual violates safety standards of design, manufacture, and intended use of the instrument.
  • Page 188 Keep Away From Live Circuits Operating personnel must not remove instrument covers. Component replacement and internal adjustments must be made by qualified maintenance personnel. Do not replace components with the power cable connected. Under certain conditions, dangerous voltages may exist even with the power cable removed. To avoid injuries, always disconnect power and discharge circuits before touching them.
  • Page 189 Safety Symbols Used In Manuals The following is a list of general definitions of safety symbols used on equipment or in manuals: Instruction manual symbol: the product is marked with this symbol when it is necessary for the user to refer to the instruction manual in order to protect against damage to the instrument.
  • Page 190 CAUTION The Caution sign denotes a hazard. It calls your attention to an operating procedure, practice, condition, or similar situation, which, if not correctly performed or adhered to, could result in damage to or destruction of part or all of the product.

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