Page 1 User’s manual FLIR B6xx series FLIR P6xx series FLIR SC6xx series Publ. No. 1558550 Revision a557 Language English (EN) Issue date October 7, 2011...
Page 3: Table Of Contents
Warnings & Cautions Notice to user Customer help Documentation updates Important note about this manual Parts lists Quick Start Guide A note about ergonomics Camera parts Screen elements Connecting external devices Pairing Bluetooth devices Handling the camera Working with views and images Working with fusion...
Page 5 Recording video clips Changing settings Cleaning the camera Technical data Finding the IP address for a camera connected using a FireWire cable Dimensional drawings Application examples Introduction to building thermography Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations About FLIR Systems...
Page 7 Glossary Thermographic measurement techniques History of infrared technology Theory of thermography The measurement formula Emissivity tables...
Page 9 User’s manual Publ. No. 1558550 Rev. a557 – ENGLISH (EN) – October 7, 2011...
Page 10 FLIR Systems or this warranty will not apply. FLIR Systems will, at its option, repair or replace any such defective product free of charge if, upon inspection, it proves to be defective in material or workmanship and provided that it is returned to FLIR Systems within the said one-year period.
Page 11 NOT FAULT TOLERANT. THE SOFTWARE IS NOT FAULT TOLERANT. FLIR Systems AB HAS INDEPENDENTLY DETERMINED ■ HOW TO USE THE SOFTWARE IN THE DEVICE, AND MS HAS RELIED UPON FLIR Systems AB TO CONDUCT SUFFICIENT TESTING TO DETERMINE THAT THE SOFTWARE IS SUITABLE FOR SUCH USE.
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Page 13 Table of contents Warnings & Cautions ........................Notice to user ..........................Customer help ..........................Documentation updates ......................... Important note about this manual ....................Parts lists ............................Contents of the transport case ..................... List of accessories ........................ Quick Start Guide ........................... Detecting a temperature .......................
Page 14 13.4 Installing and removing the remote control battery ............. 13.4.1 Installing the remote control battery ..............13.4.2 Removing the remote control battery ..............13.5 Turning on the camera ......................13.6 Turning off the camera ......................13.7 Setting power save mode ..................... 13.8 Adjusting the viewfinder eyepiece ..................
Page 15 18.1 General alarms ........................18.2 Building alarms ........................19 Annotating images .......................... 19.1 Taking a digital photo ......................19.2 Creating a voice annotation ....................19.3 Creating a text annotation ....................19.4 Adding an image description ....................20 Programming the camera ......................21 Recording video clips ........................
Page 16: Application Examples
26.1.4 Camera dimensions, side view, incl. 24°/40 mm lens .......... 26.1.5 Camera dimensions, side view, incl. 12°/76 mm lens .......... 26.1.6 Camera dimensions, side view, incl. close-up lens (P/N: 1196683) mounted on a 40 mm lens ......................26.1.7 Camera dimensions, position of tripod mount, incl. 45°/19 mm lens ....26.1.8 Camera dimensions, position of tripod mount, incl.
Page 17: Introduction To Thermographic Inspections Of
28.3.6.1 General information ................28.3.6.2 Commented infrared images ............28.3.7 Air infiltration ......................28.3.7.1 General information ................28.3.7.2 Commented building structures ............28.3.7.3 Commented infrared images ............28.3.8 Insulation deficiencies ..................28.3.8.1 General information ................28.3.8.2 Commented building structures ............28.3.8.3 Commented infrared images ............
Page 18: About Flir Systems
Rain showers ......................29.7.3 Emissivity ......................29.7.4 Reflected apparent temperature ................29.7.5 Object too far away ....................30 About FLIR Systems ........................30.1 More than just an infrared camera ..................30.2 Sharing our knowledge ......................30.3 Supporting our customers ....................
Page 19: Warnings & Cautions
Warnings & Cautions (Applies only to Class A digital devices.) This equipment generates, uses, and WARNING ■ can radiate radio frequency energy and if not installed and used in accordance with the instruction manual, may cause interference to radio communications. It has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A computing device pursuant to Subpart J of Part 15 of FCC Rules, which are designed to provide reasonable protection against such interference when operated in a commercial...
Page 20 Do not attach the batteries directly to a car’s cigarette lighter socket, unless a ■ specific adapter for connecting the batteries to a cigarette lighter socket is provided by FLIR Systems. Do not connect the positive terminal and the negative terminal of the battery ■...
Page 21 1 – Warnings & Cautions The temperature range through which you can charge the battery is ±0°C to ■ +45°C (+32°F to +113°F), unless specified otherwise in the user documenta- tion. If you charge the battery at temperatures out of this range, it can cause the battery to become hot or to break.
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Page 23: Notice To User
As with most electronic products, this equipment must be disposed of in an environ- mentally friendly way, and in accordance with existing regulations for electronic waste. Please contact your FLIR Systems representative for more details. Training To read about infrared training, visit: http://www.infraredtraining.com...
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Page 25: Customer Help
Customer help General For customer help, visit: http://support.flir.com Submitting a To submit a question to the customer help team, you must be a registered user. It question only takes a few minutes to register online. If you only want to search the knowledge- base for existing questions and answers, you do not need to be a registered user.
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Page 27: Documentation Updates
To access the latest manuals and notifications, go to the Download tab at: http://support.flir.com It only takes a few minutes to register online. In the download area you will also find the latest releases of manuals for our other products, as well as manuals for our historical and obsolete products.
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Page 29: Important Note About This Manual
Important note about this manual General FLIR Systems issues generic manuals that cover several cameras within a model line. This means that this manual may contain descriptions and explanations that do not apply to your particular camera model. NOTE FLIR Systems reserves the right to discontinue models, software, parts or accessories, and other items, or to change specifications and/or functionality at any time without prior notice.
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Page 31: Parts Lists
Wi-Fi USB micro adapter (depending on CE and FCC regulations regarding wireless ■ equipment for your country) FLIR Systems reserves the right to discontinue models, parts or accessories, and other items, or to ■ change specifications at any time without prior notice.
Page 32 1910489; Headset, 3.5 mm plug ■ 1910490; Cigarette lighter adapter kit, 12 VDC, 1.2 m/3.9 ft. ■ DSW-10000; FLIR IR Camera Player ■ ITC-ADV-3006; ITC Advanced training - group of max. 6 pers, additional day 3 for ■ on-site training, ITC-ADV-3021;...
Page 33 T197038; ThermoVision™ System Developers Kit Ver. 2.6 ■ T197039; ThermoVision™ LabVIEW® Digital Toolkit Ver. 3.3 ■ T197187; IR lens, f = 38 mm, 24°, incl. case for FLIR 600 series ■ T197188; IR lens, f = 76 mm, 12°, incl. case for FLIR 600 series ■...
Page 34 T951387; Wi-Fi USB micro adapter ■ NOTE: FLIR Systems reserves the right to discontinue models, parts or accessories, and other items, or to change specifications at any time without prior notice. Publ. No. 1558550 Rev. a557 – ENGLISH (EN) – October 7, 2011...
Page 35: Quick Start Guide
Quick Start Guide Detecting a temperature Procedure Follow this procedure to get started right away: Charge the battery for four hours before starting the camera for the first time, or until the green battery condition LED glows continuously. Install the battery. Insert an SD Memory Card into the card slot marked ‘I’...
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Page 37: A Note About Ergonomics
A note about ergonomics General To prevent overstrain injuries, it is important that you hold the camera ergonomically correct. This section gives advice and examples on how to hold the camera. NOTE Please note the following: Always tilt the viewfinder to fit your work position. ■...
Page 38 8 – A note about ergonomics 10754303;a1 10754403;a1 Section 13.9 – Adjusting the viewing angle of the viewfinder on page 56 Related topics ■ Section 13.11 – Adjusting the camera grip on page 58 ■ Section 13.13 – Adjusting the viewing angle of the display on page 60 ■...
Page 39: Camera Parts
Camera parts View from the left Figure 10727903;a1 Explanation This table gives an explanation to the figure above: Infrared lens For more information, see the following: Section 13.14 – Installing an infrared lens on page 61 ■ Section 13.15 – Removing an infrared lens on page 62 ■...
Page 40 9 – Camera parts User-defined button #1 The User-defined button #1 can be configured to have one of the following functions: Switch between color and grayscale ■ Next image palette ■ Invert palette ■ Adjust image ■ Adjust image manually ■...
Page 41: View From The Right
9 – Camera parts View from the right Figure 10728003;a1 Explanation This table gives an explanation to the figure above: Preview/Save button The Preview/Save button has the following functions: To preview an image, push and release the button. ■ To save an image, push and hold the button for more than one second. ■...
Page 42 9 – Camera parts Auto/Manual button The Auto/Manual button has the following functions: When an image is in live mode: To switch between auto-adjust mode and manual mode, push the button. ■ In manual mode you can then use the joystick to perform a variety of actions.
Page 43: View From The Rear
9 – Camera parts View from the rear Figure 10728103;a1 Explanation This table gives an explanation to the figure above: Viewfinder For more information, see section 13.9 – Adjusting the viewing angle of the viewfinder on page 56. Adjustment knob for the viewfinder’s dioptric correction For more information, see section 13.8 –...
Page 44 9 – Camera parts Battery condition LED indicator. For more information, see section 9.4 – Battery condition LED indicator on page 27. Battery For more information, see section 13.3 – Installing and removing the camera battery on page 48. Release button for battery (partly shown) For more information, see section 13.3 –...
Page 45: Battery Condition Led Indicator
9 – Camera parts Battery condition LED indicator Figure 10728203;a2 Explanation This table gives an explanation to the battery condition LED indicator: Type of signal Explanation The green LED flashes two times per The battery is being charged. second. The green LED glows continuously The battery is fully charged.
Page 46: Power Led Indicator
9 – Camera parts Power LED indicator Figure 10728303;a1 Explanation This table gives an explanation to the power LED indicator: Type of signal Explanation The LED is off. The camera is off. The LED is orange. The camera is in stand-by mode. The LED is green.
Page 47: Laser Pointer
9 – Camera parts Laser pointer General The camera has a laser pointer. When the laser pointer is on, you can see a laser dot approximately 80 mm (3.15 in.) above the target. Figure This figure shows the difference in position between the laser pointer and the optical center of the infrared lens: 10728403;a1 WARNING...
Page 48 9 – Camera parts Laser warning A laser warning label with the following information is attached to the camera: label 10743603;a2 Laser rules and Wavelength: 635 nm. Max. output power: 1 mW. regulations This product complies with 21 CFR 1040.10 and 1040.11 except for deviations pur- suant to Laser Notice No.
Page 49: Screen Elements
Screen elements 10.1 Mode selector NOTE To go to the mode selector, push the button to the right of the joystick. Figure 10732603;a3 Explanation This table gives an explanation to the figure above: Camera mode: Analyze & save IR images. Archive mode: View saved images &...
Page 50: Result Table And Measurement Tools
10 – Screen elements 10.2 Result table and measurement tools NOTE To access the measurement tools, push the button. Figure 10738803;a3 Explanation This table gives an explanation to the figure above: Result table Line (measurement tool) Box (measurement tool) Circle (measurement tool) Status bar Temperature scale Isotherm (measurement tool)
Page 51: Toolbox, Indicators And Other Objects
10 – Screen elements 10.3 Toolbox, indicators and other objects Figure 10738903;a2 Explanation This table gives an explanation to the figure above: Mode indicator Image mode indicator Toolbox tabs Toolbox General information field SD Memory Card indicator (‘I’ or ‘II’). The indicator also shows the amount of free space on the SD Memory Card.
Page 52: Screen Elements In Infrared Images
10 – Screen elements 10.4 Screen elements in infrared images Explanation This table explains the screen elements in infrared images (in Archive mode only): Image description Text annotation Fusion Voice annotation Panorama Image link (indicating associated panorama images) Publ. No. 1558550 Rev. a557 – ENGLISH (EN) – October 7, 2011...
Page 53: Connecting External Devices
Connecting external devices General You can connect the following external devices to the camera: A power supply. ■ A video monitor. ■ A computer for recording infrared sequences at high speed. ■ A computer to move images and other files to and from the camera. ■...
Page 54: Connecting Devices To The Rear Connectors
11 – Connecting external devices 11.1 Connecting devices to the rear connectors Figure 10728503;a1 Explanation This table gives an explanation to the figure above: To connect an external USB device to the camera, use a USB-A cable and this connector. You can also plug in a USB memory stick in this connector, or a USB-Bluetooth micro adapter.
Page 55 11 – Connecting external devices Figure 10728603;a1 Explanation This table gives an explanation to the figure above: To connect the power supply to the camera, use the power supply cable and this connector. The power connector is protected by a rubber cover. Related topics For information about pin configuration, see section 24 –...
Page 56: Connecting Devices To The Front Connector
11 – Connecting external devices 11.2 Connecting devices to the front connector Figure 10728703;a1 Explanation This table gives an explanation to the figure above: To connect a headset to the camera, use the headset cable and this con- nector. Related topics For information about pin configuration, see section 24 –...
Page 57: Inserting Sd Memory Cards
11 – Connecting external devices 11.3 Inserting SD Memory Cards Figure 10728803;a1 Explanation This table gives an explanation to the figure above: To insert an SD Memory Card (identified with Roman numeral ‘I’ in the camera program), use this card slot. To insert an SD Memory Card (identified with Roman numeral ‘II’...
Page 58 11 – Connecting external devices Click Start. When you use one SD Memory Card only, always use the card slot marked “I”. NOTE ■ This card slot has a higher file transfer rate than the card slot marked “II”. SDHC Memory Cards that are 4 GB or larger can only be formatted to the FAT32 ■...
Page 59: Pairing Bluetooth Devices
Pairing Bluetooth devices General Before you can use a Bluetooth device with the camera, you need to pair the devices. Procedure Follow this procedure: Insert a Bluetooth USB micro adapter into the USB connector. Turn on the camera. To go to the mode selector, push the button to the right of the joystick.
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Page 61: Handling The Camera
Handling the camera 13.1 Charging the camera battery 13.1.1 Charging the battery using the power supply cable You must charge the battery for four hours before starting the camera the first NOTE ■ time. After that, you must charge the battery whenever a warning message for low battery power is displayed on the screen.
Page 62: Charging The Battery Using The Stand-Alone Battery Charger
13 – Handling the camera 13.1.2 Charging the battery using the stand-alone battery charger You must charge the battery for four hours before starting the camera the first NOTE ■ time. After that, you must charge the battery whenever a warning message for low battery power is displayed on the screen.
Page 63: Charging The Remote Control Battery
13 – Handling the camera 13.2 Charging the remote control battery NOTE You must charge the battery for four hours before you start using the remote control for the first time. General You must charge the battery when a low battery voltage warning is displayed on the screen.
Page 64: Using The Combined Power Supply And Battery Charger To Charge The Battery When It Is Inside The Remote Control
13 – Handling the camera 13.2.1 Using the combined power supply and battery charger to charge the battery when it is inside the remote control NOTE For brevity, the ‘combined power supply and battery charger’ is called the ‘power supply’ below. Procedure Follow this procedure to use the power supply to charge the battery when it is inside the remote control:...
Page 65: Using The Combined Power Supply And Battery Charger To Charge The Battery When It Is Outside The Remote Control
13 – Handling the camera 13.2.2 Using the combined power supply and battery charger to charge the battery when it is outside the remote control NOTE For brevity, the ‘combined power supply and battery charger’ is called the ‘power supply’ below. Procedure Follow this procedure to use the power supply to charge the battery when it is outside the remote control:...
Page 66: Installing And Removing The Camera Battery
13 – Handling the camera 13.3 Installing and removing the camera battery 13.3.1 Installing the battery NOTE Use a clean and dry cloth to remove any water or moisture on the battery before you install it. Procedure Follow this procedure to install the battery: Align the battery with the battery slot.
Page 67: Removing The Battery
13 – Handling the camera 13.3.2 Removing the battery Procedure Follow this procedure to remove the battery: Turn the camera grip counter-clockwise to access the release button for the battery locking mechanism. 10729303;a1 Push the release button for the battery locking mechanism up. 10729103;a1 Pull out the battery from the battery holder.
Page 68: Installing And Removing The Remote Control Battery
13 – Handling the camera 13.4 Installing and removing the remote control battery 13.4.1 Installing the remote control battery NOTE Use a clean, dry cloth to remove any water or moisture on the battery before you insert Procedure Follow this procedure to install the battery: Push the release button on the battery compartment cover to unlock it.
Page 69 13 – Handling the camera Close the cover to the battery compartment. 10759903;a1 Publ. No. 1558550 Rev. a557 – ENGLISH (EN) – October 7, 2011...
Page 70: Removing The Remote Control Battery
13 – Handling the camera 13.4.2 Removing the remote control battery Procedure Follow this procedure to remove the battery: Push the release button on the battery compartment cover to unlock it. 10759603;a1 Open the cover to the battery compartment. 10763903;a1 Push the red release button in the direction of the arrow to unlock the bat- tery.
Page 71 13 – Handling the camera Pull out the battery from the battery compartment. 10760103;a1 Publ. No. 1558550 Rev. a557 – ENGLISH (EN) – October 7, 2011...
Page 72: Turning On The Camera
13 – Handling the camera 13.5 Turning on the camera Procedure To turn on the camera, push and release the button. Related topics For locations of camera buttons, see section 9 – Camera parts on page 21. 13.6 Turning off the camera Procedure To turn off the camera, push and hold the button for more than two seconds.
Page 73: Adjusting The Viewfinder Eyepiece
13 – Handling the camera 13.8 Adjusting the viewfinder eyepiece General You can adjust the viewfinder eyepiece for your left or right eye. Procedure Follow this procedure to adjust the viewfinder eyepiece: Pull the rubber eyepiece. 10739203;a1 Rotate the rubber eyepiece 180°. 10739303;a1 Push the rubber eyepiece back into position.
Page 74: Adjusting The Viewing Angle Of The Viewfinder
13 – Handling the camera 13.9 Adjusting the viewing angle of the viewfinder General To make your working position as comfortable as possible, you can adjust the viewing angle of the viewfinder. Figure 10729403;a1 Procedure To adjust the viewfinder, tilt the viewfinder up or down. Publ.
Page 75: Adjusting The Viewfinder's Dioptric Correction
13 – Handling the camera 13.10 Adjusting the viewfinder’s dioptric correction General The viewfinder’s dioptric correction can be adjusted for your eyesight. Figure 10729503;a1 Procedure To adjust the viewfinder’s dioptric correction, look at the displayed text or graphics on the screen and rotate the adjustment knob clockwise or counter-clockwise for best sharpness.
Page 76: Adjusting The Camera Grip
13 – Handling the camera 13.11 Adjusting the camera grip General To make your working position as comfortable as possible, you can adjust the angle of the camera grip. Figure 10729603;a1 Procedure To adjust the camera grip, rotate the camera grip clockwise or counter-clockwise. Publ.
Page 77: Opening The Display
13 – Handling the camera 13.12 Opening the display Procedure Follow this procedure to open the display: Push the display release button up. 10729703;a1 Open the display. 10729803;a2 NOTE The viewfinder will automatically turn off when you open the display. You can change this behavior by modifying the display settings.
Page 78: Adjusting The Viewing Angle Of The Display
13 – Handling the camera 13.13 Adjusting the viewing angle of the display General To make your working position as comfortable as possible, you can adjust the viewing angle of the display. Figure 10729903;a1 Procedure To adjust the viewing angle of the display, rotate the display clockwise or counter- clockwise.
Page 79: Installing An Infrared Lens
13 – Handling the camera 13.14 Installing an infrared lens Do not touch the lens surface when you install an infrared lens. If this happens, NOTE ■ clean the lens according to the instructions in section 23.2 – Infrared lens on page 152.
Page 80: Removing An Infrared Lens
13 – Handling the camera 13.15 Removing an infrared lens Do not touch the lens surface when you remove an infrared lens. If this happens, NOTE ■ clean the lens according to the instructions in section 23.2 – Infrared lens on page 152.
Page 81: Adjusting The Infrared Camera Focus Manually
13 – Handling the camera 13.16 Adjusting the infrared camera focus manually NOTE Do not touch the lens surface when you adjust the infrared camera focus manually. If this happens, clean the lens according to the instructions in section 23.2 – Infrared lens on page 152.
Page 82: Adjusting The Infrared Camera Focus
13 – Handling the camera 13.17 Adjusting the infrared camera focus Procedure Follow this procedure to adjust the infrared camera focus: Make sure that the image is in live mode. To adjust the camera focus, push the button left/right. Related topics For locations of camera buttons, see section 9 –...
Page 83: Autofocusing The Infrared Camera
13 – Handling the camera 13.18 Autofocusing the infrared camera Procedure Follow this procedure to autofocus the infrared camera: Make sure that the image is in live mode. To autofocus the camera, push the center of the button. For locations of camera buttons, see section 9 – Camera parts on page 21. Related topics ■...
Page 84: Autofocusing The Digital Camera
13 – Handling the camera 13.19 Autofocusing the digital camera General You automatically autofocus the digital camera when you autofocus the infrared image. To autofocus the digital camera when you are in visual mode, push the center of the Procedure button.
Page 85: Operating The Laser Pointer
13 – Handling the camera 13.20 Operating the laser pointer Figure 10730303;a1 Procedure Follow this procedure to operate the laser pointer: To turn on the laser pointer, push and hold the laser button. To turn off the laser pointer, release the laser button. The laser pointer may not be enabled in all markets.
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Page 87: Working With Views And Images
Working with views and images 14.1 Previewing an image General You can preview an infrared image or digital photo before you save it to an SD Memory Card. This enables you to see if the image or photo contains the information you want before you save it.
Page 88: Saving An Image
14 – Working with views and images 14.2 Saving an image General You can save one image or many images to an SD Memory Card. Naming You can specify the naming convention you want to use for the image you save. For convention more information, see section 22.2.2 –...
Page 89: Opening An Image
14 – Working with views and images 14.3 Opening an image General When you save an image, you store the image on an SD Memory Card. To display the image again, you can open it from the SD Memory Card. Procedure Follow this procedure to open an image: To go to the mode selector, push the...
Page 90: Using The Zoom Function
NOTE ■ image, push the Preview/Save button. You can zoom out on images that you have saved by using PC software from ■ FLIR Systems. To cancel the zoom function, push the button. ■ Related topics For locations of camera buttons, see section 9 – Camera parts on page 21.
Page 91: Using The Panorama Function
The images are stored in the camera using a special mode. The actual stitching takes place in FLIR Systems PC software for post-processing, for example FLIR Reporter. When you enter this mode, all graphics are removed from the screen.
Page 92 14 – Working with views and images To save an image, push the Preview/Save button. The saved image will now be displayed in the corresponding area in the tools pane. You can also see that the left-most area on the screen shows the image you just saved (indicated here in red): T630357;a1 Using the joystick, you can now decide in which area you want to save the...
Page 93: Using The Pan Function
14 – Working with views and images 14.6 Using the pan function General When you have zoomed into an image, you can pan over the image. This enables you to specify the area of interest before you save the image again. Procedure Follow this procedure to use the pan function: When the image is in preview mode or archive mode, select Zoom/Pan in...
Page 94: Adjusting An Image
14 – Working with views and images 14.7 Adjusting an image General An image can be adjusted automatically or manually. These two modes are indicated in the top right corner of the screen by the words Auto and Manual. You use the Auto/Manual button to switch between these two modes Example 1 This figure shows two infrared images of cable connection points.
Page 95 14 – Working with views and images Example 2 This figure shows two infrared images of an isolator in a power line. In the image to the left the cold sky and the power line structure are recorded at a minimum temperature of –26.0°C (–14.8°F).
Page 96 14 – Working with views and images Changing Follow this procedure to change the temperature scale level: temperature scale level To go to the mode selector, push the button to the right of the joystick. In the mode selector, select Camera and push the joystick.
Page 97: Changing Maximum And Minimum Scale Values
14 – Working with views and images 14.8 Changing maximum and minimum scale values General You can change the maximum and minimum scale values on the temperature scale. Typical examples A typical application when you want to change the maximum scale value: You are inspecting an object that is located in front of a background that has a a considerably higher temperature—e.g.
Page 98: Hiding Overlay Graphics
14 – Working with views and images 14.9 Hiding overlay graphics General Overlay graphics provide information about an image. You can choose to hide all overlay graphics. Procedure To go to the mode selector, push the button to the right of the joystick. In the mode selector, select Camera and push the joystick.
Page 99: Changing The Palette
14 – Working with views and images 14.10 Changing the palette General You can change the color palette that the camera uses to display different tempera- tures. A different palette can make it easier to analyze an image. Procedure Follow this procedure to change the palette: To go to the mode selector, push the button to the right of the joystick.
Page 100: Associating Images
In some situations, you may want to manually associate one image with another im- age. Why associate Associating images simplifies post-processing and reporting in, for example, FLIR images? Reporter. Procedure...
Page 101: Setting & Switching Reference Images
14 – Working with views and images 14.12 Setting & switching reference images General A reference image is an image that you want to compare with another image. The two images can be images of the same object, but taken at different times and dates. By comparing the two images, you can see if the object in question has reached a critical condition.
Page 102 14 – Working with views and images Setting reference Follow this procedure to set an image as a reference image: image: Method 3 To go to the mode selector, push the button to the right of the joystick. In the mode selector, select Camera and push the joystick.
Page 103: A Note About The Folder Structure
14 – Working with views and images 14.13 A note about the folder structure General You can organize your images in different work folders. Figure 10739003;a1 Explanation The figure above describes a typical folder structure in a camera with two image folders, as seen from Windows®...
Page 104: Specifying Work Folder
14 – Working with views and images 14.14 Specifying work folder General You can specify the work folder that the camera will use when you save an image, or when you want to view a saved image. Procedure Follow this procedure to specify the work folder that the camera will use: To go to the mode selector, push the button to the right of the joystick.
Page 105: Creating A New Work Folder
14 – Working with views and images 14.15 Creating a new work folder General You can create new work folders in addition to the preconfigured default work folder. For example, you may want to create one work folder for each customer, or create one work folder for each day of an infrared inspection.
Page 106: Deleting A Work Folder
14 – Working with views and images 14.16 Deleting a work folder General You can delete a work folder that you no longer use, or have created by mistake. Procedure Follow this procedure to delete a work folder: To go to the mode selector, push the button to the right of the joystick.
Page 107: Deleting An Image
14 – Working with views and images 14.17 Deleting an image General You can delete one or several images in a folder. Procedure Follow this procedure to delete an image: To go to the mode selector, push the button to the right of the joystick. In the Mode selector, select Archive and push the joystick.
Page 108: Deleting All Images
14 – Working with views and images 14.18 Deleting all images General You can delete all images in a folder. Procedure Follow this procedure to delete all images: To go to the mode selector, push the button to the right of the joystick. In the Mode selector, select Archive and push the joystick.
Page 109: Working With Fusion
Working with fusion What is fusion? Fusion is a function that lets you display part of a digital photo as an infrared image. For example, you can set the camera to display all areas of an image that have a certain temperature in infrared, with all other areas displayed as a digital photo.
Page 110 15 – Working with fusion Image examples This table explains the four different types of fusion: Fusion type Image Above Below Interval Picture in Picture Publ. No. 1558550 Rev. a557 – ENGLISH (EN) – October 7, 2011...
Page 111 When using fusion, you can also change temperature levels, and the size and position of the infrared image frame, after you have saved the image. You can also do this in FLIR Reporter. Publ. No. 1558550 Rev. a557 – ENGLISH (EN) – October 7, 2011...
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Page 113: Working With Measurement Tools
Working with measurement tools 16.1 Creating & setting up a spotmeter General To measure the temperature of a single pixel, you use the spotmeter measurement function. The area inside the spotmeter must be covered by the object of interest to display a correct temperature.
Page 114 16 – Working with measurement tools For in-depth information about parameters, and how to correctly set emissivity ■ and the reflected apparent temperature, see section 32 – Thermographic measure- ment techniques on page 263. For locations of camera buttons, see section 9 – Camera parts on page 21. ■...
Page 115: Creating & Setting Up A Box Or Circle
16 – Working with measurement tools 16.2 Creating & setting up a box or circle General To measure the temperature of a larger area, use the box or circle measurement function. Procedure Follow this procedure to create and set up a box or a circle: To go to the mode selector, push the button to the right of the joystick.
Page 116 16 – Working with measurement tools To set local parameters for this box or circle only, do the following: 1 Select Use local parameters. 2 Push the joystick. 3 Select Edit local parameters. 4 Push the joystick 5 To set values for emissivity, object distance and reflected apparent tem- perature, use the joystick.
Page 117: Creating & Setting Up An Isotherm
16 – Working with measurement tools 16.3 Creating & setting up an isotherm General The isotherm command applies a contrasting color to all pixels with a temperature above, below or between one or more set temperature levels. Using isotherms is a good method to easily discover anomalies in an infrared image. Procedure Follow this procedure to create and set up an isotherm: To go to the mode selector, push the...
Page 118 16 – Working with measurement tools For in-depth information about parameters, and how to correctly set emissivity ■ and the reflected apparent temperature, see section 32 – Thermographic measure- ment techniques on page 263. For locations of camera buttons, see section 9 – Camera parts on page 21. ■...
Page 119: Creating & Setting Up A Line
16 – Working with measurement tools 16.4 Creating & setting up a line General A line is a function that returns temperature values along a single line in an infrared image. Procedure Follow this procedure to create and set up a line: To go to the mode selector, push the button to the right of the joystick.
Page 120 16 – Working with measurement tools To set local parameters for this line only, do the following: 1 Select Use local parameters. 2 Push the joystick. 3 Select Edit local parameters. 4 Push the joystick 5 To set values for emissivity, object distance and reflected apparent tem- perature, use the joystick.
Page 121: Creating & Setting Up A Difference Calculation
16 – Working with measurement tools 16.5 Creating & setting up a difference calculation General A difference calculation returns the difference between the values of two known measurement results, or between the value of a measurement result and the reference temperature.
Page 122: Changing Object Parameters
16 – Working with measurement tools 16.6 Changing object parameters General For accurate measurements, you must set the object parameters. You can do this locally or globally. This procedure describes how to change the object parameters globally. Types of The camera can use these object parameters: parameters Emissivity, i.e., how much radiation an object emits, compared to the radiation ■...
Page 123 16 – Working with measurement tools Procedure Follow this procedure to change the object parameters globally: To go to the mode selector, push the button to the right of the joystick. In the mode selector, select Camera and push the joystick. To change the object parameters, do the following: 1 In the toolbox, select Object parameters.
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Page 125: Fetching Data From External Extech Meters
Technical support support@extech.com for Extech meters This support is for Extech meters only. For technical support for infrared cameras, go to http://support.flir.com. This procedure assumes that you have paired the Bluetooth devices. NOTE ■ For more information about products from Extech Instruments, go to ■...
Page 126 17 – Fetching data from external Extech meters On the meter, enable Bluetooth mode. Refer to the user documentation for the meter for information on how to do this. On the meter, choose the quantity that you want to use (voltage, current, resistance, etc.).
Page 127: Typical Moisture Measurement And Documentation Procedure
17 – Fetching data from external Extech meters 17.1 Typical moisture measurement and documentation procedure General The following procedure can form the basis for other procedures using Extech meters and infrared cameras. Procedure Follow this procedure: Use the infrared camera to identify any potential damp areas behind walls and ceilings.
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Page 129: Working With Alarms
Working with alarms 18.1 General alarms General You can make the camera trigger an audible or visual alarm when certain measure- ment conditions are met. Types of alarm You can choose between the following alarm types: Above: Triggers an alarm when a temperature is above the preset alarm temper- ■...
Page 130 18 – Working with alarms Related topics For locations of camera buttons, see section 9 – Camera parts on page 21. Publ. No. 1558550 Rev. a557 – ENGLISH (EN) – October 7, 2011...
Page 131: Building Alarms
18 – Working with alarms 18.2 Building alarms General The camera features alarm types that are specific to the building trade. You can make the camera trigger the following types of alarms: Dewpoint alarm: Triggers when a measurement tool detects a cold surface where ■...
Page 132 18 – Working with alarms In the toolbox, select one of the following: Dewpoint ■ Relative humidity ■ Insulation ■ To activate the alarm, do the following: 1 Select Active 2 Push the joystick. 3 Move the joystick up/down and select On. 4 Push the joystick.
Page 133: Annotating Images
Annotating images General This section describes how to save additional information to an infrared image by using annotations. The reason for using annotations is to make reporting and post-processing more efficient by providing essential information about the image, such as conditions, photos, information about where an image is taken, and so on.
Page 134: Taking A Digital Photo
When you save an infrared image you can also take a digital photo of the object of interest. This digital photo will automatically be associated with the infrared image, which will simplify post-processing and reporting in, for example, FLIR Reporter. NOTE This procedure assumes that the camera is set up to automatically go to digital camera mode.
Page 135: Creating A Voice Annotation
The voice annotation is recorded using a headset connected to the camera. The recording can be played back in the camera, and in image analysis and reporting software from FLIR Systems. About guidance As a reminder to include important information about the infrared object in the voice files comment, you can display a checklist in an expanded voice comment dialog box.
Page 136 19 – Annotating images To set up the camera to save a voice annotation, see section 22.2.2 – Changing ■ settings for image saving on page 134. NOTE Some buttons have more than one function and the symbols on the buttons will change depending on context.
Page 137: Creating A Text Annotation
Differences Text annotations and image descriptions differ in several ways: between a text A text annotation is a proprietary annotation format from FLIR Systems and the ■ annotation and an information cannot be retrieved by other vendors’ software. An image description image description uses a standard tag in the JPG file format and can be retrieved by other software.
Page 138 19 – Annotating images ANSI encoding (supported in FLIR Reporter) ■ UTF-8 encoding (not supported in FLIR Reporter). This encoding must be used ■ for all languages outside the ISO 8859-1 (Latin-1) encoding. To create a *.tcf file, write your text in Notepad, save the file with ANSI or UTF-8 en- coding, and change the file extension to *.tcf.
Page 139 19 – Annotating images To save the text annotation, do one of the following: Select Save and push the joystick. ■ Push the Preview/Save button. ■ For locations of camera buttons, see section 9 – Camera parts on page 21. Related topics ■...
Page 140: Adding An Image Description
Differences Image descriptions and text annotations differ in several ways: between a text A text annotation is a proprietary annotation format from FLIR Systems and the ■ annotation and an information cannot be retrieved by other vendors’ software. An image description image description uses a standard tag in the JPG file format and can be retrieved by other software.
Page 141 19 – Annotating images To confirm and leave the dialog box, push the button. Related topics For locations of camera buttons, see section 9 – Camera parts on page 21. Publ. No. 1558550 Rev. a557 – ENGLISH (EN) – October 7, 2011...
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Page 143: Programming The Camera
Programming the camera General You can program the camera to save images periodically. Procedure Follow this procedure to make the camera save images periodically: In the mode selector, select Program and push the joystick. To select Setup, move the joystick up/down. To display the Setup dialog box, select Setup and push the joystick.
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Page 145: Recording Video Clips
Recording video clips 21.1 Recording non-radiometric video clips General You can record non-radiometric infrared or visual video clips. In this mode, the camera can be regarded as an ordinary digital video camera. The video clips can be played back in Windows® Media Player, but it will not be possible to retrieve radiometric information from the video clips.
Page 146 21 – Recording video clips You can play back the video clips in Windows® Media Player. However, to do so ■ you must also buy, download and install the 3ivx D4 Decoder, which is a MPEG- 4 toolkit that supports MPEG-4 Video, MPEG-4 Audio and the MP4 file format. You can download the 3ivx D4 Decoder from http://www.3ivx.com/.
Page 147: Recording Radiometric Infrared Sequence Files
General You can record radiometric infrared sequence files. These sequence files can then be moved to a PC and played back in FLIR Reporter or FLIR Researcher. In these programs, you can also conduct a variety of advanced post-processing tasks and analysis of the sequence files.
Page 148 21 – Recording video clips Always insert the memory card in Slot I when you work with radiometric infrared ■ sequence files. This gives better performance. Related topics For location of buttons, see section 9 – Camera parts on page 21. Publ.
Page 149: Changing Settings
Changing settings 22.1 Changing IR preferences 22.1.1 Changing temperature range General You can change the object temperature range of the camera. Depending on your camera model, the camera has one or several object temperature ranges. Procedure Follow this procedure to change the object temperature range of the camera: To go to the mode selector, push the button to the right of the joystick.
Page 150: Changing Image Enhancement Filters
22 – Changing settings 22.1.2 Changing image enhancement filters General Image enhancement filters have an effect on adjustment and enhancement of the infrared images. The most suitable filter for a certain application depends on many different factors, such as target temperature and emissivity, reflected apparent temperature, distance to target, etc.
Page 151: Changing Settings For Camera Behavior
22 – Changing settings 22.2 Changing settings for camera behavior 22.2.1 Changing the number of measurement tools General You can change the maximum number of measurement tools that you want to simul- taneously use on the screen. The reason for reducing the number of measurement tools is to make working with the preferred measurement tools more efficient.
Page 152: Changing Settings For Image Saving
22 – Changing settings 22.2.2 Changing settings for image saving General To make working with the camera more efficient you can change a variety of settings related to how, and under which circumstances, an image will be saved. If you use the camera frequently, is it recommended that you change these settings to suit your workflow.
Page 153: Programming User-Defined Buttons
22 – Changing settings 22.2.3 Programming user-defined buttons General You can specify which function the user-defined #1 and #2 buttons will have. Possible choices You can specify one of the following functions for each user-defined button: Switch between color and grayscale ■...
Page 154: Changing Settings For Hardware
Use this mode when you want to move images and files to and from the camera. This is a more advanced method for moving images, and it does require specific PC software from FLIR Systems to be installed on the computer.
Page 155: Connecting The Camera Using A Peer-To-Peer (Ad Hoc) Wlan Network
This procedure shall be used when connecting the camera to Apple iPhone and NOTE ■ iPad apps that are developed by FLIR Systems. The command Wi-Fi settings will only be available when a WLAN SD-Card, a ■ USB-WLAN micro adapter, or a USB Wi-Fi micro adapter is inserted into the camera.
Page 156: Connecting The Camera Using A Infrastructure Wlan Network
This procedure shall be used when connecting the camera to Android apps that NOTE ■ are developed by FLIR Systems. Android phones and tablets can also be set up as Wi-Fi hotspots, to which you ■ can connect the camera in the same way as you connect to a WLAN. Refer to the user documentation for your Android phone/tablet for more information.
Page 157: Changing Wi-Fi Settings
22 – Changing settings 22.3.4 Changing Wi-Fi settings General If you experience transmission or interference problems, you may need to change the Wi-Fi settings in the camera. Procedure Follow this procedure to change Wi-Fi settings: To go to the mode selector, push the button to the right of the joystick.
Page 158: Changing Settings For The Laser
22 – Changing settings 22.3.5 Changing settings for the laser Procedure Follow this procedure to change settings for the laser: To go to the mode selector, push the button to the right of the joystick. In the mode selector, select Setup and push the joystick.
Page 159: Enabling Or Disabling Gps
General The camera has an internal GPS module that stores GPS data in a tag inside the JPG image. In FLIR Reporter you can then read out the GPS data and display the position ® where the image was taken on, e.g. Google Maps.
Page 160: Changing Settings For Power Management
22 – Changing settings 22.3.7 Changing settings for power management General You can specify the time period after which the camera will automatically turn off. Selecting a short time period will increase battery operating time. Procedure Follow this procedure to specify the time period after which the camera will automat- ically turn off: To go to the mode selector, push the button to the right of the joystick.
Page 161: Changing Settings For The Lcd Display
22 – Changing settings 22.3.8 Changing settings for the LCD display General When you open the LCD display the following takes place: 1 The display is automatically turned on. 2 The viewfinder is automatically turned off. You can change this behavior by changing settings for the LCD display. In this dialog box you can also change settings for LCD display intensity, viewfinder intensity and video format.
Page 162: Changing Settings For Video Clips
22 – Changing settings 22.3.9 Changing settings for video clips General You can change the quality at which video clips are recorded. Procedure Follow this procedure to change the quality at which video clips are recorded: To go to the mode selector, push the button to the right of the joystick.
Page 163: Changing General Preferences
22 – Changing settings 22.4 Changing general preferences 22.4.1 Changing view settings General You can specify which information will be displayed on the status bar at the bottom of the screen. Procedure Follow this procedure to specify which information will be displayed on the status bar: To go to the mode selector, push the button to the right of the joystick.
Page 164: Changing Menu Settings
22 – Changing settings 22.4.2 Changing menu settings General You can change various settings related to how menus and help texts are displayed. Types of You can change the following parameters: parameters Tooltip, i.e., help texts that are displayed in the general information area. ■...
Page 165: Changing Regional Settings
22 – Changing settings 22.4.3 Changing regional settings General You can change the regional settings so that they conform to your local region. Types of regional You can change the following regional settings: settings Language ■ Date format ■ Time format ■...
Page 166: Changing Date, Time And Time Zone
22 – Changing settings 22.4.4 Changing date, time and time zone General You can change the date, time and time zone in the camera. The format is specified by regional settings. Procedure Follow this procedure to change the date, time and time zone: To go to the mode selector, push the button to the right of the joystick.
Page 167: Working With User Profiles
22 – Changing settings 22.4.5 Working with user profiles General Saving a user profile will save a snapshot of a number of current settings in the camera. Loading the user profile will restore these settings in the camera. A user profile can also be exported from a camera and imported into another camera. Settings that will The following settings will be saved as a user profile: be saved...
Page 168 22 – Changing settings NOTE When you move a user profile from and to a camera, make sure that you move the complete Profile XXXX folder. Do not touch the files inside the folder. Related topics For locations of camera buttons, see section 9 – Camera parts on page 21. Publ.
Page 169: Cleaning The Camera
Cleaning the camera 23.1 Camera housing, cables, and other items Liquids Use one of these liquids: Warm water ■ A weak detergent solution ■ Equipment A soft cloth Procedure Follow this procedure: Soak the cloth in the liquid. Twist the cloth to remove excess liquid. Clean the part with the cloth.
Page 170: Infrared Lens
23 – Cleaning the camera 23.2 Infrared lens Liquids Use one of these liquids: 96% isopropyl alcohol. ■ A commercial lens cleaning liquid with more than 30% isopropyl alcohol. ■ Equipment Cotton wool Procedure Follow this procedure: Soak the cotton wool in the liquid. Twist the cotton wool to remove excess liquid.
Page 171: Infrared Detector
23 – Cleaning the camera 23.3 Infrared detector General Even small amounts of dust on the infrared detector can result in major blemishes in the image. To remove any dust from the detector, follow the procedure below. This section only applies to cameras where removing the lens exposes the infrared NOTE ■...
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Page 173: Technical Data
Technical data For technical data, refer to the datasheets on the user documentation CD-ROM that comes with the camera. Technical data is also available at http://support.flir.com. Publ. No. 1558550 Rev. a557 – ENGLISH (EN) – October 7, 2011...
Page 174: Additional Data
24 – Technical data 24.1 Additional data Pin configuration 10730903;a2 for power connector Signal name +12V Pin configuration 10731003;a1 for headset connector Signal name MICROPHONE– MICROPHONE+ EARPHONE+ EARPHONE– Field of view & Publ. No. 1558550 Rev. a557 – ENGLISH (EN) – October 7, 2011...
Page 175 24 – Technical data distance, 45°/19 10732003;a1 mm lens Figure 24.1 Relationship between field of view and distance. 1: Distance to target; 2: VFOV = vertical field of view; 3: HFOV = horizontal field of view, 4: IFOV = instan- taneous field of view (size of one detector element).
Page 176 24 – Technical data 10733503;a2 Field of view & 10732003;a1 distance, 12°/76 mm lens Figure 24.3 Relationship between field of view and distance. 1: Distance to target; 2: VFOV = vertical field of view; 3: HFOV = horizontal field of view, 4: IFOV = instan- taneous field of view (size of one detector element).
Page 177: Finding The Ip Address For A Camera Connected Using A Firewire Cable
Finding the IP address for a camera connected using a FireWire cable General To view streaming non-radiometric video clips using the camera and Windows® Media Player you need the IP address for the camera. You can use one of the following two methods to find the IP address: Method 1: Finding the IP address using the camera serial number.
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Page 179: Dimensional Drawings
Dimensional drawings 26.1 Camera 26.1.1 Camera dimensions, front view, excl. lens Figure 10733603;a2 Publ. No. 1558550 Rev. a557 – ENGLISH (EN) – October 7, 2011...
Page 180: Camera Dimensions, Side View, Excl. Lens
26 – Dimensional drawings 26.1.2 Camera dimensions, side view, excl. lens Figure 10731103;a1 Publ. No. 1558550 Rev. a557 – ENGLISH (EN) – October 7, 2011...
Page 181: Camera Dimensions, Side View, Incl. 45°/19 Mm Lens
26 – Dimensional drawings 26.1.3 Camera dimensions, side view, incl. 45°/19 mm lens Figure 10731303;a1 Publ. No. 1558550 Rev. a557 – ENGLISH (EN) – October 7, 2011...
Page 182: Camera Dimensions, Side View, Incl. 24°/40 Mm Lens
26 – Dimensional drawings 26.1.4 Camera dimensions, side view, incl. 24°/40 mm lens Figure 10731203;a1 Publ. No. 1558550 Rev. a557 – ENGLISH (EN) – October 7, 2011...
Page 183: Camera Dimensions, Side View, Incl. 12°/76 Mm Lens
26 – Dimensional drawings 26.1.5 Camera dimensions, side view, incl. 12°/76 mm lens Figure 10755403;a1 Publ. No. 1558550 Rev. a557 – ENGLISH (EN) – October 7, 2011...
Page 184: Camera Dimensions, Side View, Incl. Close-Up Lens (P/N: 1196683) Mounted On A 40 Mm Lens
26 – Dimensional drawings 26.1.6 Camera dimensions, side view, incl. close-up lens (P/N: 1196683) mounted on a 40 mm lens Figure 10755603;a1 Publ. No. 1558550 Rev. a557 – ENGLISH (EN) – October 7, 2011...
Page 185: Camera Dimensions, Position Of Tripod Mount, Incl. 45°/19 Mm Lens
26 – Dimensional drawings 26.1.7 Camera dimensions, position of tripod mount, incl. 45°/19 mm lens Figure 10731603;a2 NOTE The tripod mount thread is 1/4"-20. Publ. No. 1558550 Rev. a557 – ENGLISH (EN) – October 7, 2011...
Page 186: Camera Dimensions, Position Of Tripod Mount, Incl. 24°/40 Mm Lens
26 – Dimensional drawings 26.1.8 Camera dimensions, position of tripod mount, incl. 24°/40 mm lens Figure 10731503;a2 NOTE The tripod mount thread is 1/4"-20. Publ. No. 1558550 Rev. a557 – ENGLISH (EN) – October 7, 2011...
Page 187: Camera Dimensions, Position Of Tripod Mount, Incl. 12°/76 Mm Lens
26 – Dimensional drawings 26.1.9 Camera dimensions, position of tripod mount, incl. 12°/76 mm lens Figure 10755503;a1 NOTE The tripod mount thread is 1/4"-20. Publ. No. 1558550 Rev. a557 – ENGLISH (EN) – October 7, 2011...
Page 188: Camera Dimensions, Position Of Tripod Mount, Incl. Close-Up Lens (P/N: 1196683) Mounted On A 24°/40 Mm Lens
26 – Dimensional drawings 26.1.10 Camera dimensions, position of tripod mount, incl. close-up lens (P/N: 1196683) mounted on a 24°/40 mm lens Figure 10755703;a1 NOTE The tripod mount thread is 1/4"-20. Publ. No. 1558550 Rev. a557 – ENGLISH (EN) – October 7, 2011...
Page 189: Camera Dimensions, Distance From Tripod Mount To Optical Center
26 – Dimensional drawings 26.1.11 Camera dimensions, distance from tripod mount to optical center Figure 10740903;a1 NOTE The tripod mount thread is 1/4"-20. Publ. No. 1558550 Rev. a557 – ENGLISH (EN) – October 7, 2011...
Page 190: Camera Battery
26 – Dimensional drawings 26.2 Camera battery Figure 10731703;a2 NOTE Use a clean, dry cloth to remove any water or moisture on the battery before you install Publ. No. 1558550 Rev. a557 – ENGLISH (EN) – October 7, 2011...
Page 191: Stand-Alone Charger For Camera Battery
26 – Dimensional drawings 26.3 Stand-alone charger for camera battery 26.3.1 Stand-alone battery charger, excl. battery Figure 10731803;a1 NOTE Use a clean, dry cloth to remove any water or moisture on the battery before you install Publ. No. 1558550 Rev. a557 – ENGLISH (EN) – October 7, 2011...
Page 192 26 – Dimensional drawings Publ. No. 1558550 Rev. a557 – ENGLISH (EN) – October 7, 2011...
Page 193: Stand-Alone Battery Charger, Incl. Battery
26 – Dimensional drawings 26.3.2 Stand-alone battery charger, incl. battery Figure 10731903;a2 NOTE Use a clean, dry cloth to remove any water or moisture on the battery before you install Publ. No. 1558550 Rev. a557 – ENGLISH (EN) – October 7, 2011...
Page 194: Remote Control
26 – Dimensional drawings 26.4 Remote control 26.4.1 Remote control dimensions, front view Figure T630241;a1 Publ. No. 1558550 Rev. a557 – ENGLISH (EN) – October 7, 2011...
Page 195: Remote Control Dimensions, Side View
26 – Dimensional drawings 26.4.2 Remote control dimensions, side view Figure T630242;a1 Publ. No. 1558550 Rev. a557 – ENGLISH (EN) – October 7, 2011...
Page 196: Remote Control Dimensions, Top View
26 – Dimensional drawings 26.4.3 Remote control dimensions, top view Figure T630243;a1 Publ. No. 1558550 Rev. a557 – ENGLISH (EN) – October 7, 2011...
Page 197: Remote Control Battery
26 – Dimensional drawings 26.5 Remote control battery Figure 10602103;a2 NOTE Use a clean, dry cloth to remove any water or moisture on the battery before you install Publ. No. 1558550 Rev. a557 – ENGLISH (EN) – October 7, 2011...
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Page 199: Application Examples
Application examples 27.1 Moisture & water damage General It is often possible to detect moisture and water damage in a house by using an in- frared camera. This is partly because the damaged area has a different heat conduc- tion property and partly because it has a different thermal capacity to store heat than the surrounding material.
Page 200: Faulty Contact In Socket
27 – Application examples 27.2 Faulty contact in socket General Depending on the type of connection a socket has, an improperly connected wire can result in local temperature increase. This temperature increase is caused by the reduced contact area between the connection point of the incoming wire and the socket , and can result in an electrical fire.
Page 201: Oxidized Socket
27 – Application examples 27.3 Oxidized socket General Depending on the type of socket and the environment in which the socket is installed, oxides may occur on the socket's contact surfaces. These oxides can lead to locally increased resistance when the socket is loaded, which can be seen in an infrared image as local temperature increase.
Page 202: Insulation Deficiencies
27 – Application examples 27.4 Insulation deficiencies General Insulation deficiencies may result from insulation losing volume over the course of time and thereby not entirely filling the cavity in a frame wall. An infrared camera allows you to see these insulation deficiencies because they either have a different heat conduction property than sections with correctly installed insu- lation, and/or show the area where air is penetrating the frame of the building.
Page 203: Draft
27 – Application examples 27.5 Draft General Draft can be found under baseboards, around door and window casings, and above ceiling trim. This type of draft is often possible to see with an infrared camera, as a cooler airstream cools down the surrounding surface. NOTE When you are investigating draft in a house, there should be sub-atmospheric pressure in the house.
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Page 205: Introduction To Building Thermography
Introduction to building thermography 28.1 Disclaimer 28.1.1 Copyright notice Some sections and/or images appearing in this chapter are copyrighted to the follow- ing organizations and companies: FORMAS—The Swedish Research Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences ■ and Spatial Planning, Stockholm, Sweden ITC—Infrared Training Center, Boston, MA, United States ■...
Page 206: Typical Field Investigations
28 – Introduction to building thermography 28.3 Typical field investigations 28.3.1 Guidelines As will be noted in subsequent sections there are a number of general guidelines the user should take heed of when carrying out building thermography inspection. This section gives a summary of these guidelines. 28.3.1.1 General guidelines The emissivity of the majority of building materials fall between 0.85 and 0.95.
Page 207: Guidelines For Detection Of Air Infiltration & Insulation Deficiencies
28 – Introduction to building thermography Infrared inspection does not directly detect the presence of mold, rather it may be ■ used to find moisture where mold may develop or has already developed. Mold requires temperatures between +4°C to +38°C (+40°F to +100°F), nutrients and moisture to grow.
Page 208: About Moisture Detection
28 – Introduction to building thermography 28.3.2 About moisture detection Moisture in a building structure can originate from several different sources, e.g.: External leaks, such as floods, leaking fire hydrants etc. ■ Internal leaks, such as freshwater piping, waste water piping etc. ■...
Page 209: Safety Precautions
28 – Introduction to building thermography Cause Poor workmanship 47.6 Roof traffic Poor design 16.7 Trapped moisture Materials Age & weathering Potential leak locations include the following: Flashing ■ Drains ■ Penetrations ■ Seams ■ Blisters ■ 28.3.3.2 Safety precautions Recommend a minimum of two people on a roof, preferably three or more.
Page 210: Commented Building Structures
28 – Introduction to building thermography 28.3.3.3 Commented building structures This section includes a few typical examples of moisture problems on low-slope commercial roofs. Structural drawing Comment 10553603;a2 Inadequate sealing of roof membrane around conduit and ventilation ducts leading to local leakage around the conduit or duct.
Page 211: Commented Infrared Images
28 – Introduction to building thermography Structural drawing Comment 10553803;a2 Drainage channels located too high and with too low an inclination. Some water will remain in the drainage channel after rain, which may lead to local leakage around the channel. 10553903;a2 Inadequate sealing between roof membrane and roof outlet leading to local leakage around the roof...
Page 212 28 – Introduction to building thermography Infrared inspections of roofs with nonabsorbent insulations, common in many single- ply systems, are more difficult to diagnose because patterns are more diffuse. This section includes a few typical infrared images of moisture problems on low-slope commercial roofs: Infrared image Comment...
Page 213: Moisture Detection (2): Commercial & Residential Façades
28 – Introduction to building thermography 28.3.4 Moisture detection (2): Commercial & residential façades 28.3.4.1 General information Thermography has proven to be invaluable in the assessment of moisture infiltration into commercial and residential façades. Being able to provide a physical illustration of the moisture migration paths is more conclusive than extrapolating moisture meter probe locations and more cost-effective than large intrusive test cuts.
Page 214 28 – Introduction to building thermography Structural drawing Comment 10554503;a2 Rain hits the façade at an angle and penetrates the plaster through cracks. The water then follows the inside of the plaster and leads to frost erosion. 10554603;a2 Rain splashes on the façade and penetrates the plaster and masonry by absorption, which eventu- ally leads to frost erosion.
Page 215: Commented Infrared Images
28 – Introduction to building thermography 28.3.4.3 Commented infrared images This section includes a few typical infrared images of moisture problems on commercial & residential façades. Infrared image Comment 10554703;a1 Improperly terminated and sealed stone veneer to window frame and missing flashings has resulted in moisture infiltration into the wall cavity and inte- rior living space.
Page 216: Commented Building Structures
28 – Introduction to building thermography 28.3.5.2 Commented building structures This section includes a few typical examples of moisture problems on decks and balconies. Structural drawing Comment 10555203;a2 Improper sealing of paving and membrane to roof outlet, leading to leakage during rain. 10555103;a2 No flashing at deck-to-wall connection, leading to rain penetrating the concrete and insulation.
Page 217 28 – Introduction to building thermography Structural drawing Comment 10555003;a2 Water has penetrated the concrete due to inade- quately sized drop apron and has led to concrete disintegration and corrosion of reinforcement. SECURITY RISK! 10554903;a2 Water has penetrated the plaster and underlying masonry at the point where the handrail is fastened to the wall.
Page 218: Commented Infrared Images
28 – Introduction to building thermography 28.3.5.3 Commented infrared images This section includes a few typical infrared images of moisture problems on decks and balconies. Infrared image Comment 10555303;a1 Improper flashing at balcony-to-wall connections and missing perimeter drainage system resulted in moisture intrusion into the wood framing support structure of the exterior walkway balcony of a loft complex.
Page 219: Commented Infrared Images
28 – Introduction to building thermography 28.3.6.2 Commented infrared images This section includes a few typical infrared images of plumbing breaks & leaks. Infrared image Comment 10555503;a1 Moisture migration tracking along steel joist chan- nels inside ceiling of a single family home where a plumbing line had ruptured.
Page 220 28 – Introduction to building thermography Infrared image Comment 10555703;a1 The infrared image of this vinyl-sided 3-floor apartment house clearly shows the path of a seri- ous leak from a washing machine on the third floor, which is completely hidden within the wall. 10555803;a1 Water leak due to improper sealing between floor drain and tiles.
Page 221: Air Infiltration
28 – Introduction to building thermography 28.3.7 Air infiltration 28.3.7.1 General information Due to the wind pressure on a building, temperature differences between the inside and the outside of the building, and the fact that most buildings use exhaust air terminal devices to extract used air from the building, a negative pressure of 2–5 Pa can be expected.
Page 222 28 – Introduction to building thermography Structural drawing Comment 10552303;a2 Insulation deficiencies in an intermediate flow due to improperly installed fiberglass insulation batts. The air infiltration enters the room from behind the cornice. 10552603;a2 Air infiltration in a concrete floor-over-crawl-space due to cracks in the brick wall façade.
Page 223: Commented Infrared Images
28 – Introduction to building thermography 28.3.7.3 Commented infrared images This section includes a few typical infrared images of details of building structures where air infiltration has occurred. Infrared image Comment 10552703;a1 Air infiltration from behind a skirting strip. Note the typical ray pattern.
Page 224: Insulation Deficiencies
28 – Introduction to building thermography 28.3.8 Insulation deficiencies 28.3.8.1 General information Insulation deficiencies do not necessarily lead to air infiltration. If fiberglass insulation batts are improperly installed air pockets will form in the building structure. Since these air pockets have a different thermal conductivity than areas where the insulation batts are properly installed, the air pockets can be detected during a building ther- mography inspection.
Page 225 28 – Introduction to building thermography Structural drawing Comment 10553103;a2 Insulation deficiencies due to improper installation of insulation batts around an attic floor beam. Cool air infiltrates the structure and cools down the in- side of the ceiling. This kind of insulation deficiency will show up as dark areas on an infrared image.
Page 226: Commented Infrared Images
28 – Introduction to building thermography 28.3.8.3 Commented infrared images This section includes a few typical infrared images of insulation deficiencies. Infrared image Comment 10553303;a1 Insulation deficiencies in an intermediate floor structure. The deficiency may be due to either missing insulation batts or improperly installed in- sulations batts (air pockets).
Page 227 28 – Introduction to building thermography Infrared image Comment 10553503;a1 Insulation deficiencies in an intermediate floor structure. The deficiency may be due to either missing insulation batts or improperly installed in- sulations batts (air pockets). Publ. No. 1558550 Rev. a557 – ENGLISH (EN) – October 7, 2011...
Page 228: Theory Of Building Science
28 – Introduction to building thermography 28.4 Theory of building science 28.4.1 General information The demand for energy-efficient constructions has increased significantly in recent times. Developments in the field of energy, together with the demand for pleasant indoor environments, have resulted in ever-greater significance having to be attached to both the function of a building’s thermal insulation and airtightness and the efficiency of its heating and ventilation systems.
Page 229: The Effects Of Testing And Checking
28 – Introduction to building thermography the results of measurements, there are special requirements in terms of the skills and experience of those taking the measurements, e.g. by means of authorization by a national or regional standardization body. 28.4.2 The effects of testing and checking It can be difficult to anticipate how well the thermal insulation and airtightness of a completed building will work.
Page 230: Sources Of Disruption In Thermography
28 – Introduction to building thermography For the user the important thing is that the finished product fulfills the promised ■ requirements in terms of the building’s thermal insulation and airtightness. For the individual, buying a house involves a considerable financial commitment, and the purchaser therefore wants to know that any defects in the construction will not in- volve serious financial consequences or hygiene problems.
Page 231 28 – Introduction to building thermography The temperature changes associated with variations in the U value are generally gradual and symmetrically distributed across the surface. Variations of this kind do of course occur at the angles formed by roofs and floors and at the corners of walls. Temperature changes associated with air leaks or insulation defects are in most cases more evident with characteristically shaped sharp contours.
Page 232: Surface Temperature And Air Leaks
28 – Introduction to building thermography Any wet surfaces, e.g. as a result of surface condensation, have a definite effect on heat transfer at the surface and the surface temperature. Where there is moisture on a surface, there is usually some evaporation which draws off heat, thus lowering the temperature of the surface by several degrees.
Page 233 28 – Introduction to building thermography In a steady wind flow, Bernoulli’s Law applies: where: ρ Air density in kg/m Wind velocity in m/s Static pressure in Pa and where: denotes the dynamic pressure and p the static pressure. The total of these pressures gives the total pressure.
Page 234 28 – Introduction to building thermography 10551803;a1 Figure 28.3 Distribution of resultant pressures on a building’s enclosing surfaces depending on wind effects, ventilation and internal/external temperature difference. 1: Wind direction; T : Thermodynamic air temper- ature outdoors in K; T : Thermodynamic air temperature indoors in K.
Page 235 28 – Introduction to building thermography 10551903;a1 Figure 28.4 Stress concentration factor (C) distributions for various wind directions and wind velocities (v) relative to a building. Wind conditions can vary substantially over time and between relatively closely situ- ated locations. In thermography, such variations can have a clear effect on the mea- surement results.
Page 236 28 – Introduction to building thermography part. At a certain height there is a neutral zone where the pressures on the inside and outside are the same, see the figure on page 219. This differential pressure may be described by the relationship: Air pressure differential within the structure in Pa Δp 9.81 m/s...
Page 237 28 – Introduction to building thermography 10552003;a1 Figure 28.5 Distribution of pressures on a building with two openings and where the external temperature is lower than the internal temperature. 1: Neutral zone; 2: Positive pressure; 3: Negative pressure; h: Distance from the neutral zone in meters. The position of the neutral zone may vary, depending on any leaks in the building.
Page 238: Measuring Conditions & Measuring Season
28 – Introduction to building thermography 28.4.5 Measuring conditions & measuring season The foregoing may be summarized as follows as to the requirements with regard to measuring conditions when carrying out thermographic imaging of buildings. Thermographic imaging is done in such a way that the disruptive influence from ex- ternal climatic factors is as slight as possible.
Page 239 28 – Introduction to building thermography In practice the method involves the following: Laboratory or field tests are used to produce an expected temperature distribution in the form of typical or comparative infrared images for common wall structures, com- prising both defect-free structures and structures with in-built defects. Examples of typical infrared images are shown in section 28.3 –...
Page 240: Humidity & Dew Point
28 – Introduction to building thermography Deviations and irregularities in the appearance of the infrared image often indicate insulation defects. There may obviously be considerable variations in the appearance of infrared images of structures with insulation defects. Certain types of insulation defects have a characteristic shape on the infrared image.
Page 241: Introduction
28 – Introduction to building thermography Fax: +44 (0)1604 231489 28.4.8.2 Introduction Over the last few years the equipment, applications, software, and understanding connected with thermography have all developed at an astonishing rate. As the technology has gradually become integrated into mainstream practises, a correspond- ing demand for application guides, standards and thermography training has arisen.
Page 242: Quantitative Appraisal Of Thermal Anomalies
28 – Introduction to building thermography Thermal anomalies. ■ Differentiate between real thermal anomalies, where temperature differences are ■ caused by deficiencies in thermal insulation, and those that occur through con- founding factors such as localised differences in air movement, reflection and emissivity.
Page 243 28 – Introduction to building thermography 28.4.8.4.2 Alternative method using only surface temperatures There are strong arguments for basing thermographic surveys on surface temperatures alone, with no need to measure air temperature. Stratification inside the building makes reference to air internal temperatures very ■...
Page 244 28 – Introduction to building thermography Example for lightweight built-up cladding with defective Good area Failing area insulation Outside surface temperature in ℃ Surface factor from IP17/01 0.95 0.75 Critical external surface temperature factor, after IP17/01 0.92 Insulation thickness to give this level of performance, mm Local U value W/m 0.35 1.92...
Page 245: Conditions And Equipment
28 – Introduction to building thermography 28.4.8.4.4 Measuring surface temperature Measurement of surface temperature is the function of the infrared imaging system. The trained thermographer will recognise, account for and report on the variation of emissivity and reflectivity of the surfaces under consideration. 28.4.8.4.5 Measuring area of the defects Measurement of defect area can be performed by pixel counting in the thermal anal-...
Page 246: Survey And Analysis
28 – Introduction to building thermography Wind speed to be less than 10 metres / second (19.5 kn.). ■ As well as temperature, there are other environmental conditions that should also be taken into account when planning a thermographic building survey. External inspec- tions, for example, may be influenced by radiation emissions and reflections from adjacent buildings or a cold clear sky, and even more significantly the heating effect that the sun may have on surface.
Page 247: Reporting
28 – Introduction to building thermography Produce an image of each anomaly or cluster of anomalies. Use a software analysis tool to enclose the anomalous area within the image, taking ■ care not to include construction details that are to be excluded. Calculate the area below the threshold temperature for internal surveys or above ■...
Page 248 28 – Introduction to building thermography Access to the surface. Buildings where both the internal and the external surfaces ■ are obscured, e.g., by false ceilings racking or materials stacked against walls may not be amenable to this type of survey. Location of the thermal insulation.
Page 249: Introduction To Thermographic Inspections Of Electrical Installations
Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 29.1 Important note All camera functions and features that are described in this section may not be sup- ported by your particular camera configuration. Electrical regulations differ from country to country. For that reason, the electrical procedures described in this section may not be the standard of procedure in your particular country.
Page 250: General Equipment Data
29 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations and for the climatic zones. The measurement periods may also differ depending on the type of plant to be inspected, whether they are hydroelectric, nuclear, coal-based or oil-based plants. In the industry the inspections are—at least in Nordic countries with clear seasonal differences—carried out during spring or autumn or before longer stops in the oper- ation.
Page 251: Inspection
29 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations The more the IR camera operator knows about the equipment that he or she is about to inspect, the higher the quality of the inspection. But it is virtually impossible for an IR thermographer to have detailed knowledge about all the different types of equipment that can be controlled.
Page 252: Priority
29 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations The classification of the defects gives a more detailed meaning that not only takes into account the situation at the time of inspection (which is certainly of great impor- tance), but also the possibility to normalize the over-temperature to standard load and ambient temperature conditions.
Page 253: Control
29 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations However, the most common result of the identification and classification of the detected faults is a recommendation to repair immediately or as soon as it is practically possible. It is important that the repair crew is aware of the physical principles for the identifica- tion of defects.
Page 254: Measurement Technique For Thermographic Inspection Of Electrical Installations
29 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 29.3 Measurement technique for thermographic inspection of electrical installations 29.3.1 How to correctly set the equipment A thermal image may show high temperature variations: 10712803;a4 Figure 29.2 Temperature variations in a fusebox In the images above, the fuse to the right has a maximum temperature of +61°C (+142°F), whereas the one to the left is maximum +32°C (+90°F) and the one in the middle somewhere in between.
Page 255 29 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations to be in for the moment. It might be so that you measure heat, which has been con- ducted over some distance, whereas the ‘real’ hot spot is hidden from you. An example is shown in the image below.
Page 256: Comparative Measurement
29 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 29.3.3 Comparative measurement For thermographic inspections of electrical installations a special method is used, which is based on comparison of different objects, so-called measurement with a reference. This simply means that you compare the three phases with each other. This method needs systematic scanning of the three phases in parallel in order to assess whether a point differs from the normal temperature pattern.
Page 257: Normal Operating Temperature
29 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 10713303;a4 Figure 29.7 A profile (line) in an infrared image and a graph displaying the increasing temperature 29.3.4 Normal operating temperature Temperature measurement with thermography usually gives the absolute temperature of the object. In order to correctly assess whether the component is too hot, it is necessary to know its operating temperature, that is, its normal temperature if we consider the load and the temperature of its environment.
Page 258: Classification Of Faults
29 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations The two left phases are considered as normal, whereas the right phase shows a very clear excess temperature. Actually, the operating temperature of the left phase is +68°C (+154°F), that is, quite a substantial temperature, whereas the faulty phase to the right shows a temperature of +86°C (+187°F).
Page 259 29 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations Excess temperatures measured directly on the faulty part are usually divided into three categories relating to 100% of the maximum load. < 5°C (9°F) The start of the overheat condi- tion. This must be carefully monitored.
Page 260: Reporting
The program, which has been used for creating the report page shown below, is called FLIR Reporter. It is adapted to several types of infrared cameras from FLIR Systems. A professional report is often divided into two sections: Front pages, with facts about the inspection, such as: ■...
Page 261 29 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 10713603;a3 Figure 29.10 A report example Publ. No. 1558550 Rev. a557 – ENGLISH (EN) – October 7, 2011...
Page 262: Different Types Of Hot Spots In Electrical Installations
29 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 29.5 Different types of hot spots in electrical installations 29.5.1 Reflections The thermographic camera sees any radiation that enters the lens, not only originating from the object that you are looking at, but also radiation that comes from other sources and has been reflected by the target.
Page 263: Inductive Heating
29 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 10713803;a3 Figure 29.12 An infrared image of a circuit breaker 29.5.3 Inductive heating 10713903;a3 Figure 29.13 An infrared image of hot stabilizing weights Eddy currents can cause a hot spot in the current path. In cases of very high currents and close proximity of other metals, this has in some cases caused serious fires.
Page 264: Varying Cooling Conditions
29 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 10714003;a3 Figure 29.14 Examples of infrared images of load variations The image to the left shows three cables next to each other. They are so far apart that they can be regarded as thermally insulated from each other. The one in the middle is colder than the others.
Page 265: Resistance Variations
29 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 29.5.6 Resistance variations Overheating can have many origins. Some common reasons are described below. Low contact pressure can occur when mounting a joint, or through wear of the mate- rial, for example, decreasing spring tension, worn threads in nuts and bolts, even too much force applied at mounting.
Page 266 29 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 10714303;a3 Figure 29.17 Overheating in a circuit breaker The overheating of this circuit breaker is most probably caused by bad contact in the near finger of the contactor. Thus, the far finger carries more current and gets hotter. The component in the infrared image and in the photo is not the same, however, it is similar).
Page 267: Disturbance Factors At Thermographic Inspection Of Electrical Installations
29 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 29.6 Disturbance factors at thermographic inspection of electrical installations During thermographic inspections of different types of electrical installations, distur- bance factors such as wind, distance to object, rain or snow often influence the measurement result.
Page 268: Distance To Object
29 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations snow or rain and reliable measurement is no longer possible. This is mainly because a heavy snowfall as well as heavy rain is impenetrable to infrared radiation and it is rather the temperature of the snowflakes or raindrops that will be measured. 29.6.3 Distance to object This image is taken from a helicopter 20 meters (66 ft.) away from this faulty connec-...
Page 269: Object Size
The reason for this effect is that there is a smallest object size, which gives correct temperature measurement. This smallest size is indicated to the user in all FLIR Sys- tems cameras. The image below shows what you see in the viewfinder of camera model 695.
Page 270 29 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations as well, strongly lowering the reading. In the above case, where we have a point- shaped object, which is much hotter than the surroundings, the temperature reading will be too low. 10714703;a3 Figure 29.21 Image from the viewfinder of a ThermaCAM 695 This effect is due to imperfections in the optics and to the size of the detector elements.
Page 271: Practical Advice For The Thermographer
29 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 29.7 Practical advice for the thermographer Working in a practical way with a camera, you will discover small things that make your job easier. Here are five of them to start with. 29.7.1 From cold to hot You have been out with the camera at +5°C (+41°F).
Page 272: Reflected Apparent Temperature
29 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 29.7.4 Reflected apparent temperature You are in a measurement situation where there are several hot sources that influence your measurement. You need to have the right value for the reflected apparent tem- perature to input into the camera and thus get the best possible correction.
Page 273: About Flir Systems
About FLIR Systems FLIR Systems was established in 1978 to pioneer the development of high-performance infrared imaging systems, and is the world leader in the design, manufacture, and marketing of thermal imaging systems for a wide variety of commercial, industrial, and government applications.
Page 274: More Than Just An Infrared Camera
10 L (2.6 US gallon) jar with liquid nitrogen. To the left of the oscilloscope the Polaroid attachment (6 kg/13 lb.) can be seen. RIGHT: FLIR i7 from 2009. Weight: 0.34 kg (0.75 lb.), including the battery.
Page 275: Sharing Our Knowledge
30.3 Supporting our customers FLIR Systems operates a worldwide service network to keep your camera running at all times. If you discover a problem with your camera, local service centers have all the equipment and expertise to solve it within the shortest possible time. Therefore, there is no need to send your camera to the other side of the world or to talk to someone who does not speak your language.
Page 276 30 – About FLIR Systems 10401403;a1 Figure 30.4 LEFT: Diamond turning machine; RIGHT: Lens polishing 10401503;a1 Figure 30.5 LEFT: Testing of infrared cameras in the climatic chamber; RIGHT: Robot used for camera testing and calibration Publ. No. 1558550 Rev. a557 – ENGLISH (EN) – October 7, 2011...
Page 277: Glossary
Glossary Term or expression Explanation absorption (absorption factor) The amount of radiation absorbed by an object relative to the received radiation. A number between 0 and 1. atmosphere The gases between the object being measured and the camera, normally air. autoadjust A function making a camera perform an internal image correc- tion.
Page 278 31 – Glossary Term or expression Explanation external optics Extra lenses, filters, heat shields etc. that can be put between the camera and the object being measured. filter A material transparent only to some of the infrared wavelengths. Field of view: The horizontal angle that can be viewed through an IR lens.
Page 279 31 – Glossary Term or expression Explanation palette The set of colors used to display an IR image. pixel Stands for picture element. One single spot in an image. radiance Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time, area and angle (W/m /sr) radiant power...
Page 280 31 – Glossary Term or expression Explanation transmission (or transmittance) factor Gases and materials can be more or less transparent. Transmis- sion is the amount of IR radiation passing through them. A number between 0 and 1. transparent isotherm An isotherm showing a linear spread of colors, instead of cover- ing the highlighted parts of the image.
Page 281: Thermographic Measurement Techniques
Thermographic measurement techniques 32.1 Introduction An infrared camera measures and images the emitted infrared radiation from an object. The fact that radiation is a function of object surface temperature makes it possible for the camera to calculate and display this temperature. However, the radiation measured by the camera does not only depend on the tem- perature of the object but is also a function of the emissivity.
Page 282: Finding The Emissivity Of A Sample
32 – Thermographic measurement techniques 32.2.1 Finding the emissivity of a sample 32.2.1.1 Step 1: Determining reflected apparent temperature Use one of the following two methods to determine reflected apparent temperature: 32.2.1.1.1 Method 1: Direct method Look for possible reflection sources, considering that the incident angle = reflection angle (a = b).
Page 283 32 – Thermographic measurement techniques Measure the radiation intensity (= apparent temperature) from the reflecting source using the following settings: Emissivity: 1.0 ■ ■ You can measure the radiation intensity using one of the following two methods: 10589003;a2 Figure 32.3 1 = Reflection source Note: Using a thermocouple to measure reflected apparent temperature is not recom- mended for two important reasons: A thermocouple does not measure radiation intensity...
Page 284: Step 2: Determining The Emissivity
32 – Thermographic measurement techniques Measure the apparent temperature of the aluminum foil and write it down. 10727003;a2 Figure 32.4 Measuring the apparent temperature of the aluminum foil 32.2.1.2 Step 2: Determining the emissivity Select a place to put the sample. Determine and set reflected apparent temperature according to the previous procedure.
Page 285: Reflected Apparent Temperature
50%. 32.6 Other parameters In addition, some cameras and analysis programs from FLIR Systems allow you to compensate for the following parameters: Atmospheric temperature – i.e. the temperature of the atmosphere between the ■...
Page 286 32 – Thermographic measurement techniques INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK Publ. No. 1558550 Rev. a557 – ENGLISH (EN) – October 7, 2011...
Page 287: History Of Infrared Technology
History of infrared technology Before the year 1800, the existence of the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum wasn't even suspected. The original significance of the infrared spectrum, or simply ‘the infrared’ as it is often called, as a form of heat radiation is perhaps less obvious today than it was at the time of its discovery by Herschel in 1800.
Page 288 33 – History of infrared technology however, who was the first to recognize that there must be a point where the heating effect reaches a maximum, and that measurements confined to the visible portion of the spectrum failed to locate this point. 10398903;a1 Figure 33.2 Marsilio Landriani (1746–1815) Moving the thermometer into the dark region beyond the red end of the spectrum,...
Page 289 33 – History of infrared technology 10399103;a1 Figure 33.3 Macedonio Melloni (1798–1854) Thermometers, as radiation detectors, remained unchallenged until 1829, the year Nobili invented the thermocouple. (Herschel’s own thermometer could be read to 0.2 °C (0.036 °F), and later models were able to be read to 0.05 °C (0.09 °F)). Then a breakthrough occurred;...
Page 290 33 – History of infrared technology The improvement of infrared-detector sensitivity progressed slowly. Another major breakthrough, made by Langley in 1880, was the invention of the bolometer. This consisted of a thin blackened strip of platinum connected in one arm of a Wheatstone bridge circuit upon which the infrared radiation was focused and to which a sensitive galvanometer responded.
Page 291: Theory Of Thermography
Theory of thermography 34.1 Introduction The subjects of infrared radiation and the related technique of thermography are still new to many who will use an infrared camera. In this section the theory behind ther- mography will be given. 34.2 The electromagnetic spectrum The electromagnetic spectrum is divided arbitrarily into a number of wavelength re- gions, called bands, distinguished by the methods used to produce and detect the radiation.
Page 292: Blackbody Radiation
Such cavity radiators are commonly used as sources of radiation in temperature reference standards in the laboratory for calibrating thermo- graphic instruments, such as a FLIR Systems camera for example. Publ. No. 1558550 Rev. a557 – ENGLISH (EN) – October 7, 2011...
Page 293: Planck's Law
34 – Theory of thermography If the temperature of blackbody radiation increases to more than 525°C (977°F), the source begins to be visible so that it appears to the eye no longer black. This is the incipient red heat temperature of the radiator, which then becomes orange or yellow as the temperature increases further.
Page 294: Wien's Displacement Law
34 – Theory of thermography ➲ The factor 10 is used since spectral emittance in the curves is expressed in Watt/m , μm. Planck’s formula, when plotted graphically for various temperatures, produces a family of curves. Following any particular Planck curve, the spectral emittance is zero at λ...
Page 295 34 – Theory of thermography μm. Thus, a very hot star such as Sirius (11 000 K), emitting bluish-white light, radiates with the peak of spectral radiant emittance occurring within the invisible ultraviolet spectrum, at wavelength 0.27 μm. 10399403;a1 Figure 34.5 Wilhelm Wien (1864–1928) The sun (approx.
Page 296: Stefan-Boltzmann's Law
34 – Theory of thermography 10327203;a4 Figure 34.6 Planckian curves plotted on semi-log scales from 100 K to 1000 K. The dotted line represents the locus of maximum radiant emittance at each temperature as described by Wien's displacement law. 1: Spectral radiant emittance (W/cm (μm));...
Page 297: Non-Blackbody Emitters
34 – Theory of thermography 10399303;a1 Figure 34.7 Josef Stefan (1835–1893), and Ludwig Boltzmann (1844–1906) Using the Stefan-Boltzmann formula to calculate the power radiated by the human body, at a temperature of 300 K and an external surface area of approx. 2 m , we obtain 1 kW.
Page 298 34 – Theory of thermography For opaque materials τ = 0 and the relation simplifies to: λ Another factor, called the emissivity, is required to describe the fraction ε of the radiant emittance of a blackbody produced by an object at a specific temperature. Thus, we have the definition: The spectral emissivity ε...
Page 299: Infrared Semi-Transparent Materials
34 – Theory of thermography 10401203;a2 Figure 34.8 Spectral radiant emittance of three types of radiators. 1: Spectral radiant emittance; 2: Wavelength; 3: Blackbody; 4: Selective radiator; 5: Graybody. 10327303;a4 Figure 34.9 Spectral emissivity of three types of radiators. 1: Spectral emissivity; 2: Wavelength; 3: Blackbody;...
Page 300 34 – Theory of thermography some of it arrives at the other surface, through which most of it escapes; part of it is reflected back again. Although the progressive reflections become weaker and weaker they must all be added up when the total emittance of the plate is sought. When the resulting geometrical series is summed, the effective emissivity of a semi- transparent plate is obtained as: When the plate becomes opaque this formula is reduced to the single formula:...
Page 301: The Measurement Formula
The measurement formula As already mentioned, when viewing an object, the camera receives radiation not only from the object itself. It also collects radiation from the surroundings reflected via the object surface. Both these radiation contributions become attenuated to some extent by the atmosphere in the measurement path.
Page 302 35 – The measurement formula or, with simplified notation: where C is a constant. Should the source be a graybody with emittance ε, the received radiation would consequently be εW source We are now ready to write the three collected radiation power terms: 1 –...
Page 303 35 – The measurement formula This is the general measurement formula used in all the FLIR Systems thermographic equipment. The voltages of the formula are: Figure 35.2 Voltages Calculated camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature i.e. a voltage that can be directly converted into true requested object temperature.
Page 304 5 volts, the resulting curve would have been very much the same as our real curve extrapolated beyond 4.1 volts, pro- vided the calibration algorithm is based on radiation physics, like the FLIR Systems algorithm. Of course there must be a limit to such extrapolations.
Page 305 35 – The measurement formula 10400603;a2 Figure 35.3 Relative magnitudes of radiation sources under varying measurement conditions (SW camera). 1: Object temperature; 2: Emittance; Obj: Object radiation; Refl: Reflected radiation; Atm: atmosphere radiation. Fixed parameters: τ = 0.88; T = 20°C (+68°F); T = 20°C (+68°F).
Page 306 35 – The measurement formula 10400703;a2 Figure 35.4 Relative magnitudes of radiation sources under varying measurement conditions (LW camera). 1: Object temperature; 2: Emittance; Obj: Object radiation; Refl: Reflected radiation; Atm: atmosphere radiation. Fixed parameters: τ = 0.88; T = 20°C (+68°F); T = 20°C (+68°F).
Page 307: Emissivity Tables
Emissivity tables This section presents a compilation of emissivity data from the infrared literature and measurements made by FLIR Systems. 36.1 References Mikaél A. Bramson: Infrared Radiation, A Handbook for Applications, Plenum press, N.Y. William L. Wolfe, George J. Zissis: The Infrared Handbook, Office of Naval Research, Department of Navy, Washington, D.C.
Page 308: Tables
36 – Emissivity tables 36.3 Tables Figure 36.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3: Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6: Reference 3M type 35 Vinyl electrical < 80 Ca.
Page 309 36 – Emissivity tables Aluminum roughened 3 µm 0.28 Aluminum roughened 10 µm 0.18 Aluminum rough surface 20–50 0.06–0.07 Aluminum sheet, 4 samples 0.03–0.06 differently scratched Aluminum sheet, 4 samples 0.05–0.08 differently scratched Aluminum vacuum deposited 0.04 Aluminum weathered, heavily 0.83–0.94 Aluminum bronze 0.60...
Page 310 36 – Emissivity tables Brass rubbed with 80- 0.20 grit emery Brass sheet, rolled 0.06 Brass sheet, worked with emery Brick alumina 0.68 Brick common 0.86–0.81 Brick Dinas silica, 1100 0.85 glazed, rough Brick Dinas silica, refrac- 1000 0.66 tory Brick Dinas silica, 1000...
Page 311 36 – Emissivity tables Brick waterproof 0.87 Bronze phosphor bronze 0.06 Bronze phosphor bronze 0.08 Bronze polished Bronze porous, rough 50–150 0.55 Bronze powder 0.76–0.80 Carbon candle soot 0.95 Carbon charcoal powder 0.96 Carbon graphite, filed sur- 0.98 face Carbon graphite powder 0.97 Carbon...
Page 312 36 – Emissivity tables Copper oxidized, heavily 0.78 Copper oxidized to black- 0.88 ness Copper polished 50–100 0.02 Copper polished 0.03 Copper polished, commer- 0.03 cial Copper polished, mechan- 0.015 ical Copper pure, carefully 0.008 prepared surface Copper scraped 0.07 Copper dioxide powder 0.84...
Page 313 36 – Emissivity tables Granite rough, 4 different 0.95–0.97 samples Gypsum 0.8–0.9 Ice: See Water Iron, cast casting 0.81 Iron, cast ingots 1000 0.95 Iron, cast liquid 1300 0.28 Iron, cast machined 800–1000 0.60–0.70 Iron, cast oxidized 0.63 Iron, cast oxidized 0.64 Iron, cast...
Page 314 36 – Emissivity tables Iron and steel hot rolled 0.77 Iron and steel hot rolled 0.60 Iron and steel oxidized 0.74 Iron and steel oxidized 0.74 Iron and steel oxidized 125–525 0.78–0.82 Iron and steel oxidized 0.79 Iron and steel oxidized 1227 0.89...
Page 315 36 – Emissivity tables Iron tinned sheet 0.064 Krylon Ultra-flat Flat black Room temperature Ca. 0.96 black 1602 up to 175 Krylon Ultra-flat Flat black Room temperature Ca. 0.97 black 1602 up to 175 Lacquer 3 colors sprayed 0.92–0.94 on Aluminum Lacquer 3 colors sprayed 0.50–0.53...
Page 316 36 – Emissivity tables Magnesium 0.18 Magnesium polished 0.07 Magnesium pow- 0.86 Molybdenum 600–1000 0.08–0.13 Molybdenum 1500–2200 0.19–0.26 Molybdenum filament 700–2500 0.1–0.3 Mortar 0.87 Mortar 0.94 Nextel Velvet 811- Flat black –60–150 > 0.97 10 and 21 Black Nichrome rolled 0.25 Nichrome sandblasted...
Page 317 36 – Emissivity tables Nickel electroplated on 0.11 iron, unpolished Nickel oxidized 0.37 Nickel oxidized 0.37 Nickel oxidized 1227 0.85 Nickel oxidized at 600°C 200–600 0.37–0.48 Nickel polished 0.045 Nickel wire 200–1000 0.1–0.2 Nickel oxide 500–650 0.52–0.59 Nickel oxide 1000–1250 0.75–0.86 Oil, lubricating 0.025 mm film...
Page 318 36 – Emissivity tables Paint oil based, average 0.94 of 16 colors Paint plastic, black 0.95 Paint plastic, white 0.84 Paper 4 different colors 0.92–0.94 Paper 4 different colors 0.68–0.74 Paper black 0.90 Paper black, dull 0.94 Paper black, dull 0.89 Paper black, dull...
Page 319 36 – Emissivity tables Plastic polyurethane isola- 0.55 tion board Plastic polyurethane isola- 0.29 tion board Plastic PVC, plastic floor, 0.93 dull, structured Plastic PVC, plastic floor, 0.94 dull, structured Platinum 0.016 Platinum 0.03 Platinum 0.05 Platinum 0.06 Platinum 0.10 Platinum 1000–1500 0.14–0.18...
Page 320 36 – Emissivity tables Skin human 0.98 Slag boiler 0–100 0.97–0.93 Slag boiler 200–500 0.89–0.78 Slag boiler 600–1200 0.76–0.70 Slag boiler 1400–1800 0.69–0.67 Snow: See Water Soil 0.92 Soil saturated with wa- 0.95 Stainless steel alloy, 8% Ni, 18% 0.35 Stainless steel rolled 0.45...
Page 321 36 – Emissivity tables Titanium oxidized at 540°C 0.40 Titanium oxidized at 540°C 0.50 Titanium oxidized at 540°C 1000 0.60 Titanium polished 0.15 Titanium polished 0.20 Titanium polished 1000 0.36 Tungsten 0.05 Tungsten 600–1000 0.1–0.16 Tungsten 1500–2200 0.24–0.31 Tungsten filament 3300 0.39 Varnish...
Page 322 36 – Emissivity tables Wood pine, 4 different 0.81–0.89 samples Wood pine, 4 different 0.67–0.75 samples Wood planed 0.8–0.9 Wood planed oak 0.90 Wood planed oak 0.88 Wood planed oak 0.77 Wood plywood, smooth, 0.82 Wood plywood, untreat- 0.83 Wood white, damp 0.7–0.8 Zinc...
Page 323 36 – Emissivity tables INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK Publ. No. 1558550 Rev. a557 – ENGLISH (EN) – October 7, 2011...
Page 324 A note on the technical production of this publication This publication was produced using XML—the eXtensible Markup Language. For more information about XML, please visit http://www.w3.org/XML/ A note on the typeface used in this publication This publication was typeset using Swiss 721, which is Bitstream’s pan-European version of the Helvetica™ typeface. Helvetica™ was designed by Max Miedinger (1910–1980).
Page 326 Corporate Headquarters FLIR Systems, Inc. 27700 SW Parkway Avenue Wilsonville, OR 97070 Telephone: +1-800-727-3547 Website: http://www.flir.com...

This manual is also suitable for:

P6xx series Sc6xx series B6 series P6 series Sc6 series

FLIR B6xx series User Manual

Table of Contents

Intentionally Left Blank

1 Warnings & Cautions

2 Notice to User

3 Customer Help

4 Documentation Updates

5 Important Note about this Manual

6 Parts Lists

7 Quick Start Guide

8 A Note about Ergonomics

9 Camera Parts

10 Screen Elements

11 Connecting External Devices

12 Pairing Bluetooth Devices

13 Handling the Camera

14 Working with Views and Images

15 Working with Fusion

16 Working with Measurement Tools

17 Fetching Data from External Extech Meters

18 Working with Alarms

19 Annotating Images

20 Programming the Camera

21 Recording Video Clips

22 Changing Settings

23 Cleaning the Camera

24 Technical Data

25 Finding the IP Address for a Camera Connected Using a Firewire Cable

26 Dimensional Drawings

27 Application Examples

28 Introduction to Building Thermography

29 Introduction to Thermographic Inspections of Electrical Installations

30 About FLIR Systems

31 Glossary

32 Thermographic Measurement Techniques

33 History of Infrared Technology

34 Theory of Thermography

35 The Measurement Formula

36 Emissivity Tables

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Summary of Contents for FLIR B6xx series