Page 1 ThermaCAM™ BX320 Benutzerhandbuch Manuel de l’utilisateur Manual do utilizador User’s manual – – – – Manuale dell’utente – – Felhas- Manual del usuario Betjenings- Benutzerhandbuch Manuel de l’utilisateur Manual do utilizador nual – – – – Manuale dell’utente – – Felhasználói kézikönyv – Käyttäjän opas – Manual del usuario Bruksanvisning Betjeningsvejledning...
Page 3 Warnings & cautions Important note about this manual Welcome! Packing list System overview Connecting system components Introduction to building thermography Tutorials Camera overview Camera program Electrical power system Maintenance & cleaning Troubleshooting Technical specifications & dimensional drawings Glossary...
Page 5 Thermographic measurement techniques History of infrared technology Theory of thermography Emissivity tables...
Page 7 ThermaCAM™ BX320 User’s manual Publ. No. 1558440 Rev. a156 – ENGLISH (EN) – February 28, 2006...
Page 8 FLIR Systems or this warranty will not apply. FLIR Systems will, at its option, repair or replace any such defective product free of charge if, upon inspection, it proves to be defective in material or workmanship and provided that it is returned to FLIR Systems within the said one-year period.
Page 9 Designation Status Reg. No. Germany Patent 60004227.8 Great Britain Design Patent 106017 Great Britain Design Patent 3006596 Great Britain Design Patent 3006597 Great Britain Patent 1188086 International Design Patent DM/057692 International Design Patent DM/061609 Japan Application 2000-620406 Japan Application 2002-588123 Japan Application 2002-588070...
Page 10 Designation Status Reg. No. U.S. Pending 29/233,400 Publ. No. 1558440 Rev. a156 – ENGLISH (EN) – February 28, 2006...
Page 11: Table Of Contents
Table of contents Warnings & cautions ........................Important note about this manual ....................Welcome! ............................About FLIR Systems ......................3.1.1 A few images from our facilities ................Comments & questions ......................Packing list ............................System overview ..........................Connecting system components ....................
Page 12 7.3.3 Sources of disruption in thermography ..............7.3.4 Surface temperature and air leaks ............... 7.3.4.1 Pressure conditions in a building ............. 7.3.5 Measuring conditions & measuring season ............7.3.6 Interpretation of infrared images ................7.3.7 Humidity & dew point ................... 7.3.7.1 Relative &...
Page 13 Laser LocatIR ........................LED indicator on keypad ...................... 10 Camera program ..........................10.1 Result table ........................... 10.2 System messages ........................ 10.2.1 Status messages ....................10.2.2 Warning messages ....................10.3 Selecting screen objects ...................... 10.3.1 Selecting screen objects ..................10.3.2 Examples of selected screen objects ..............10.4 Menu system ........................
Page 14 14.13 Battery – dimensional drawing ..................... 15 Glossary ............................16 Thermographic measurement techniques ................... 16.1 Introduction .......................... 16.2 Emissivity ..........................16.2.1 Finding the emissivity of a sample ............... 16.2.1.1 Step 1: Determining reflected apparent temperature ....... 16.2.1.2 Step 2: Determining the emissivity ........... 16.3 Reflected apparent temperature ..................
Page 15: Warnings & Cautions
Each camera from FLIR Systems is calibrated prior to shipping. It is advisable that ■ the camera is sent in for calibration once a year.
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Page 17: Important Note About This Manual
Important note about this manual As far as it is practically possible, FLIR Systems configures each manual to reflect each customer’s particular camera configuration. However, please note the following exceptions: The packing list is subject to specific customer configuration and may contain more ■...
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Page 19: Welcome
The images can be analyzed either in the field by using the real-time measurement functions built into the camera, or in a PC using FLIR Systems ThermaCAM Reporter software by downloading the images from the camera using ThermaCAM™ QuickView.
Page 20: About Flir Systems
Figure 3.2 Indigo Operations, Niceville, USA, and Indigo Operations, Santa Barbara, USA. Indigo Operations is a division of FLIR Systems. As pioneers in the IR industry, FLIR Systems has a long list of ‘firsts’ the world of in- frared thermography: 1965: 1st thermal imaging system for predictive maintenance (Model 650).
Page 21 10 L (2.6 US gallon) jar with liquid nitrogen. To the left of the oscilloscope the Polaroid attachment (6 kg/13 lb) can be seen. RIGHT: FLIR Systems ThermaCAM Model E2 from 2002 – weight: 0.7 kg (1.54 lb), including battery.
Page 22: A Few Images From Our Facilities
3 – Welcome! 3.1.1 A few images from our facilities 10401303;a1 Figure 3.4 LEFT: Development of system electronics; RIGHT: Testing of an FPA detector 10401403;a1 Figure 3.5 LEFT: Diamond turning machine; RIGHT: Lens polishing Publ. No. 1558440 Rev. a156 – ENGLISH (EN) – February 28, 2006...
Page 23 3 – Welcome! 10401503;a1 Figure 3.6 LEFT: Testing of IR cameras in the climatic chamber; RIGHT: Robot for camera testing and calibration Publ. No. 1558440 Rev. a156 – ENGLISH (EN) – February 28, 2006...
Page 24: Comments & Questions
3 – Welcome! Comments & questions FLIR Systems is committed to a policy of continuous development, and although we have tested and verified the information in this manual to the best of our ability, you may find that features and specifications have changed since the time of printing.
Page 25: Packing List
The ThermaCAM™ BX320 and its accessories are delivered in a hard transport case which typically contains the items below. On receipt of the transport case, inspect all items and check them against the delivery note. Any damaged items must be reported to the local FLIR Systems representative immediately. Description Part Number Qty.
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Page 27: System Overview
System overview This system overview shows all accessories that are possible to order for a Therma- CAM™ BX320. 10582303;a2 Figure 5.1 System overview Publ. No. 1558440 Rev. a156 – ENGLISH (EN) – February 28, 2006...
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Page 29: Connecting System Components
Connecting system components 10438203;a2 Figure 6.1 How to connect system components Figure 6.2 Explanations of callouts Callout Explanation Power supply cable (11–16 VDC) USB / RS-232 cable Video cable (CVBS, i.e. composite video) Publ. No. 1558440 Rev. a156 – ENGLISH (EN) – February 28, 2006...
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Page 31: Introduction To Building Thermography
Introduction to building thermography Important note All camera functions and features that are described in this section may not be sup- ported by your particular camera configuration. Typical field investigations 7.2.1 Guidelines As will be noted in subsequent sections there are a number of general guidelines the user should take heed of when carrying out building thermography inspection.
Page 32: Guidelines For Moisture Detection, Mold Detection & Detection Of Water Damages
7 – Introduction to building thermography 7.2.1.2 Guidelines for moisture detection, mold detection & detection of water damages Building defects related to moisture and water damages may only show up when ■ heat has been applied to the surface, e.g. from the sun. The presence of water changes the thermal conductivity and the thermal mass of ■...
Page 33: About Moisture Detection
7 – Introduction to building thermography A difference in temperature between the inside and the outside of 10–15°C (18–27°F) ■ is recommended. Inspections can be carried out at a lower temperature difference, but will make the analysis of the infrared images somewhat more difficult. Avoid direct sunlight on a part of a building structure—e.g.
Page 34: Safety Precautions
7 – Introduction to building thermography Although a basic understanding of the construction of low-slope commercial roofs is desirable when carrying out a roof thermography inspection, expert knowledge is not necessary. There is a large number of different design principles for low-slope com- mercial roofs—both when it comes to material and design—and it would be impossible for the infrared inspection person to know them all.
Page 35: Commented Building Structures
7 – Introduction to building thermography 7.2.3.3 Commented building structures This section includes a few typical examples of moisture problems on low-slope commercial roofs. Structural drawing Comment 10553603;a2 Inadequate sealing of roof membrane around conduit and ventilation ducts leading to local leakage around the conduit or duct.
Page 36: Commented Infrared Images
7 – Introduction to building thermography Structural drawing Comment 10553803;a2 Drainage channels located too high and with too low an inclination. Some water will remain in the drainage channel after rain, which may lead to local leakage around the channel. 10553903;a2 Inadequate sealing between roof membrane and roof outlet leading to local leakage around the roof...
Page 37 7 – Introduction to building thermography Infrared inspections of roofs with nonabsorbent insulations, common in many single- ply systems, are more difficult to diagnose because patterns are more diffuse. This section includes a few typical infrared images of moisture problems on low-slope commercial roofs: Infrared image Comment...
Page 38: Moisture Detection (2): Commercial & Residential Façades
7 – Introduction to building thermography 7.2.4 Moisture detection (2): Commercial & residential façades 7.2.4.1 General information Thermography has proven to be invaluable in the assessment of moisture infiltration into commercial and residential façades. Being able to provide a physical illustration of the moisture migration paths is more conclusive than extrapolating moisture meter probe locations and more cost-effective than large intrusive test cuts.
Page 39 7 – Introduction to building thermography Structural drawing Comment 10554503;a2 Rain hits the façade at an angle and penetrates the plaster through cracks. The water then follows the inside of the plaster and leads to frost erosion. 10554603;a2 Rain splashes on the façade and penetrates the plaster and masonry by absorption, which eventu- ally leads to frost erosion.
Page 40: Commented Infrared Images
7 – Introduction to building thermography 7.2.4.3 Commented infrared images This section includes a few typical infrared images of moisture problems on commercial & residential façades. Infrared image Comment 10554703;a1 Improperly terminated and sealed stone veneer to window frame and missing flashings has resulted in moisture infiltration into the wall cavity and inte- rior living space.
Page 41: Commented Building Structures
7 – Introduction to building thermography 7.2.5.2 Commented building structures This section includes a few typical examples of moisture problems on decks and balconies. Structural drawing Comment 10555203;a2 Improper sealing of paving and membrane to roof outlet, leading to leakage during rain. 10555103;a2 No flashing at deck-to-wall connection, leading to rain penetrating the concrete and insulation.
Page 42 7 – Introduction to building thermography Structural drawing Comment 10555003;a2 Water has penetrated the concrete due to inade- quately sized drop apron and has led to concrete disintegration and corrosion of reinforcement. SECURITY RISK! 10554903;a2 Water has penetrated the plaster and underlying masonry at the point where the handrail is fastened to the wall.
Page 43: Commented Infrared Images
7 – Introduction to building thermography 7.2.5.3 Commented infrared images This section includes a few typical infrared images of moisture problems on decks and balconies. Infrared image Comment 10555303;a1 Improper flashing at balcony-to-wall connections and missing perimeter drainage system resulted in moisture intrusion into the wood framing support structure of the exterior walkway balcony of a loft complex.
Page 44: Commented Infrared Images
7 – Introduction to building thermography 7.2.6.2 Commented infrared images This section includes a few typical infrared images of plumbing breaks & leaks. Infrared image Comment 10555503;a1 Moisture migration tracking along steel joist chan- nels inside ceiling of a single family home where a plumbing line had ruptured.
Page 45 7 – Introduction to building thermography Infrared image Comment 10555703;a1 The infrared image of this vinyl-sided 3-floor apartment house clearly shows the path of a seri- ous leak from a washing machine on the third floor, which is completely hidden within the wall. 10555803;a1 Water leak due to improper sealing between floor drain and tiles.
Page 46: Air Infiltration
7 – Introduction to building thermography 7.2.7 Air infiltration 7.2.7.1 General information Due to the wind pressure on a building, temperature differences between the inside and the outside of the building, and the fact that most buildings use exhaust air terminal devices to extract used air from the building, a negative pressure of 2–5 Pa can be expected.
Page 47 7 – Introduction to building thermography Structural drawing Comment 10552303;a2 Insulation deficiencies in an intermediate floow due to improperly installed fiberglass insulation batts. The air infiltration enters the room from behind the cornice. 10552603;a2 Air infiltration in a concrete floor-over-crawl-space due to cracks in the brick wall façade.
Page 48: Commented Infrared Images
7 – Introduction to building thermography 7.2.7.3 Commented infrared images This section includes a few typical infrared images of details of building structures where air infiltration has occurred. Infrared image Comment 10552703;a1 Air infiltration from behind a skirting strip. Note the typical ray pattern.
Page 49: Insulation Deficiencies
7 – Introduction to building thermography 7.2.8 Insulation deficiencies 7.2.8.1 General information Insulation deficiencies do not necessarily lead to air infiltration. If fiberglass insulation batts are improperly installed air pockets will form in the building structure. Since these air pockets have a different thermal conductivity than areas where the insulation batts are properly installed, the air pockets can be detected during a building ther- mography inspection.
Page 50 7 – Introduction to building thermography Structural drawing Comment 10553103;a2 Insulation deficiencies due to improper installation of insulation batts around an attic floor beam. Cool air infiltrates the structure and cools down the in- side of the ceiling. This kind of insulation deficiency will show up as dark areas on an infrared image.
Page 51: Commented Infrared Images
7 – Introduction to building thermography 7.2.8.3 Commented infrared images This section includes a few typical infrared images of insulation deficiencies. Infrared image Comment 10553303;a1 Insulation deficiencies in an intermediate floor structure. The deficiency may be due to either missing insulation batts or improperly installed in- sulations batts (air pockets).
Page 52 7 – Introduction to building thermography Infrared image Comment 10553503;a1 Insulation deficiencies in an intermediate floor structure. The deficiency may be due to either missing insulation batts or improperly installed in- sulations batts (air pockets). Publ. No. 1558440 Rev. a156 – ENGLISH (EN) – February 28, 2006...
Page 53: Theory Of Building Science
7 – Introduction to building thermography Theory of building science 7.3.1 General information The demand for energy-efficient constructions has increased significantly in recent times. Developments in the field of energy, together with the demand for pleasant indoor environments, have resulted in ever-greater significance having to be attached to both the function of a building’s thermal insulation and airtightness and the efficiency of its heating and ventilation systems.
Page 54: The Effects Of Testing And Checking
7 – Introduction to building thermography the results of measurements, there are special requirements in terms of the skills and experience of those taking the measurements, e.g. by means of authorization by a national or regional standardization body. 7.3.2 The effects of testing and checking It can be difficult to anticipate how well the thermal insulation and airtightness of a completed building will work.
Page 55: Sources Of Disruption In Thermography
7 – Introduction to building thermography For the user the important thing is that the finished product fulfills the promised ■ requirements in terms of the building’s thermal insulation and airtightness. For the individual, buying a house involves a considerable financial commitment, and the purchaser therefore wants to know that any defects in the construction will not in- volve serious financial consequences or hygiene problems.
Page 56 7 – Introduction to building thermography The temperature changes associated with variations in the U value are generally gradual and symmetrically distributed across the surface. Variations of this kind do of course occur at the angles formed by roofs and floors and at the corners of walls. Temperature changes associated with air leaks or insulation defects are in most cases more evident with characteristically shaped sharp contours.
Page 57: Surface Temperature And Air Leaks
7 – Introduction to building thermography Any wet surfaces, e.g. as a result of surface condensation, have a definite effect on heat transfer at the surface and the surface temperature. Where there is moisture on a surface, there is usually some evaporation which draws off heat, thus lowering the temperature of the surface by several degrees.
Page 58 7 – Introduction to building thermography In a steady wind flow, Bernoulli’s Law applies: where: ρ Air density in kg/m Wind velocity in m/s Static pressure in Pa and where: denotes the dynamic pressure and p the static pressure. The total of these pressures gives the total pressure.
Page 59 7 – Introduction to building thermography 10551803;a1 Figure 7.3 Distribution of resultant pressures on a building’s enclosing surfaces depending on wind effects, ventilation and internal/external temperature difference. 1: Wind direction; T : Thermodynamic air temper- ature outdoors in K; T : Thermodynamic air temperature indoors in K.
Page 60 7 – Introduction to building thermography 10551903;a1 Figure 7.4 Stress concentration factor (C) distributions for various wind directions and wind velocities (v) relative to a building. Wind conditions can vary substantially over time and between relatively closely situ- ated locations. In thermography, such variations can have a clear effect on the mea- surement results.
Page 61 7 – Introduction to building thermography part. At a certain height there is a neutral zone where the pressures on the inside and outside are the same, see the figure on page 48. This differential pressure may be described by the relationship: Air pressure differential within the structure in Pa Δp 9.81 m/s...
Page 62 7 – Introduction to building thermography 10552003;a1 Figure 7.5 Distribution of pressures on a building with two openings and where the external temperature is lower than the internal temperature. 1: Neutral zone; 2: Positive pressure; 3: Negative pressure; h: Distance from the neutral zone in meters. The position of the neutral zone may vary, depending on any leaks in the building.
Page 63: Measuring Conditions & Measuring Season
7 – Introduction to building thermography 7.3.5 Measuring conditions & measuring season The foregoing may be summarized as follows as to the requirements with regard to measuring conditions when carrying out thermographic imaging of buildings. Thermographic imaging is done in such a way that the disruptive influence from ex- ternal climatic factors is as slight as possible.
Page 64 7 – Introduction to building thermography In practice the method involves the following: Laboratory or field tests are used to produce an expected temperature distribution in the form of typical or comparative infrared images for common wall structures, com- prising both defect-free structures and structures with in-built defects. Examples of typical infrared images are shown in section 7.2 –...
Page 65: Humidity & Dew Point
7 – Introduction to building thermography Deviations and irregularities in the appearance of the infrared image often indicate insulation defects. There may obviously be considerable variations in the appearance of infrared images of structures with insulation defects. Certain types of insulation defects have a characteristic shape on the infrared image.
Page 66: Definition Of Dew Point
7 – Introduction to building thermography Figure 7.7 A: Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit; B: Maximum amount of water in gr/ft (at sea level) 86.0 13.30 68.0 7.58 50.0 4.12 32.0 2.12 84.2 12.60 66.2 7.14 48.2 3.86 30.2 1.96 82.4 11.93 64.4 6.73...
Page 67: Disclaimer
7 – Introduction to building thermography Disclaimer 7.4.1 Copyright notice Some sections and/or images appearing in this chapter are copyrighted to the follow- ing organizations and companies: FORMAS—The Swedish Research Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences ■ and Spatial Planning, Stockholm, Sweden ITC—Infrared Training Center, Boston, MA, United States ■...
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Page 69: Tutorials
Tutorials Switching on & switching off the camera 8.1.1 Switching on the camera Step Action Insert the battery into the battery compartment. Press PWR/NO to switch on the camera. 8.1.2 Switching off the camera Step Action To switch off the camera, press and hold down PWR/NO until the message Shutting down...
Page 70: Working With Images
8 – Tutorials Working with images 8.2.1 Acquiring an image Step Action Point the camera at a warm object, like a face or a hand. Adjust the focus by turning the focus ring at the front of the lens. ➲ Please note what is the locking ring and what is the focus ring in the figure on page 66.
Page 71: Deleting One Or Several Images
8 – Tutorials 8.2.4 Deleting one or several images Step Action Press MENU/YES to display the vertical menu bar. Point to File on the vertical menu bar and press the MENU/YES. Point to Delete image or Delete all images and press MENU/YES to delete one or several images.
Page 72: Working With Measurements
8 – Tutorials Working with measurements 8.3.1 Laying out a spot ➲ The camera requires a warm-up time of 5 minutes before accurate measurements can be expected. Step Action Press MENU/YES to display the vertical menu bar. Point to Meas. mode on the vertical menu bar and press MENU/YES. Select Spot in the Meas.
Page 73: Working With Alarms
Press the navigation pad left/right to select shutter period. Although the shutter period works independently of other functions described in this document, FLIR Systems recommends that Short is selected when using the camera for detection of face temperature. ➲ Selecting Normal will calibrate the camera at least every 15th minute, while se- lecting Short will calibrate the camera at least every 3rd minute.
Page 74: Setting Up A Color Alarm
8 – Tutorials Step Action Pointing the camera to the first person with a normal face temperature and pulling the trigger will display the message Sampled nn.n °C. After having carried out the same procedure on the following 9 persons, you can do one of the following: Actively continue to sample every new person by pulling the trigger button, and ■...
Page 75: Setting Up A Silent Alarm (I.e. A Visual Alarm)
8 – Tutorials 8.4.3 Setting up a silent alarm (i.e. a visual alarm) Step Action Press MENU/YES to display the vertical menu bar. Point to Meas. mode and press YES to display the Meas. mode dialog box. Select Meas. mode by pressing the navigation pad left/right. The alarm function is typically used together with Area max.
Page 76: Creating Files For Image Descriptions
8 – Tutorials Creating files for image descriptions Follow this procedure to create a text file where any value of the first label will be used as an image description: Step Action Using any ASCII text editor (Notepad, Wordpad etc), type the first label within brackets: <Recommendation>...
Page 77: Changing Level & Span
8 – Tutorials Changing level & span 8.6.1 Changing level Step Action Press MENU/YES to display the vertical menu bar. Point to Manual adjust on the vertical menu bar and press MENU/YES. Press the navigation pad up/down to change the level. An arrow pointing upwards or downwards will be displayed.
Page 78: Changing System Settings
8 – Tutorials Changing system settings 8.7.1 Changing language Step Action Press MENU/YES to display the vertical menu bar. Point to Local Settings on the Setup menu and press MENU/YES. Press the navigation pad up/down to select Language. Press the navigation pad left/right to change the language. Press MENU/YES to confirm your changes and leave the dialog box.
Page 79: Changing Date & Time
8 – Tutorials Step Action Press MENU/YES to confirm your changes and leave the dialog box. 8.7.5 Changing date & time Step Action Press MENU/YES to display the vertical menu bar. Point to Date/time on the Setup menu and press MENU/YES. Press the navigation pad up/down to select year, month, day, hour, minute and second.
Page 80: Working With The Camera
8 – Tutorials Working with the camera 8.8.1 Removing the lens ➲ Please note the following: Before trying to remove fingerprints or other marks on the lens elements, see section ■ 12.2 – Lenses on page 99. Removing an IR lens will expose very sensitive camera parts. Do not touch any ■...
Page 81: Adjusting The Focus
8 – Tutorials 10396303;a3 Figure 8.2 Removing a lens Step Action Rotate the locking ring on the camera 30° counter-clock-wise until the index mark is lined up with the laser window. Carefully pull out the lens. Do not use excessive force. 8.8.2 Adjusting the focus ➲...
Page 82: Inserting & Removing The Battery
8 – Tutorials When you save an image, the zoom factor will be saved too. When you open such ■ an image in ThermaCAM™ QuickView or ThermaCAM™ Reporter, you can change the zoom factor again. 8.8.4 Inserting & removing the battery ➲...
Page 83 8 – Tutorials Step Action Remove the lid of the battery compartment by pressing the locking mechanism. Remove the battery by firmly grabbing its rear end and carefully lifting it out from the battery compartment. Replace the lid of the battery compartment. For more information about the battery system, see section 11 –...
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Page 85: Camera Overview
Camera overview Camera parts 10581503;a1 Figure 9.1 Camera parts – front view Callout Description of part IrDA infrared communication link Lid of the battery compartment Ring for hand strap Publ. No. 1558440 Rev. a156 – ENGLISH (EN) – February 28, 2006...
Page 86 9 – Camera overview Callout Description of part Laser LocatIR with lens cap ➲ Please note the following: A laser icon appears on the screen when the Laser LocatIR is switched on. ■ Since the distance between the laser beam and the image center will vary by ■...
Page 87 9 – Camera overview 10581903;a1 Figure 9.2 Camera parts – view from below Callout Description of part Tripod mount Trigger Lid of the battery compartment Publ. No. 1558440 Rev. a156 – ENGLISH (EN) – February 28, 2006...
Page 88 9 – Camera overview 10310603;a5 Figure 9.3 Camera parts – view from above Callout Description of part SEL button For more information about the functionality of this button, see section 9.2 – Keypad buttons & functions on page 75 SAVE/FRZ button For more information about the functionality of this button, see section 9.2 –...
Page 89: Keypad Buttons & Functions
9 – Camera overview Keypad buttons & functions Button Comments SAVE/FRZ button Briefly press SAVE/FRZ to freeze the current image and display ■ a dialog box where you can choose to save or cancel the image Press and hold down SAVE/FRZ for more than one second to ■...
Page 90 9 – Camera overview Button Comments Trigger Pull the trigger to do one of the following: Save the image ■ Switch on or switch off the Laser LocatIR ■ Autoadjust the camera ■ Update ref. temp ■ The function of the trigger depends on the trigger settings in the Settings dialog box.
Page 91: Laser Locatir
9 – Camera overview Laser LocatIR By pulling the trigger on the bottom side of the camera body, a laser dot appears approx. 40 mm/1.57" above the target. ➲ Please note the following: A laser icon appears on the screen when the Laser LocatIR is switched on. ■...
Page 92: Led Indicator On Keypad
9 – Camera overview LED indicator on keypad Figure 9.6 Explanations of the LED indicator on the keypad Indicator mode Explanation Continuous green light Powering up or operating. Flashing green light Battery charging in standby mode. (0.25 sec. switched on + 0.25 sec. switched off) Flashing green light Battery charging in power-on mode.
Page 93: Camera Program
Camera program 10.1 Result table The results of measurement markers are displayed in a result table in the top right- hand corner of the screen. Figure 10.1 Explanation of measurement markers appearing in the result table Icon Explanation Spot Area, maximum temperature Area, minimum temperature Area, average temperature Color alarm above...
Page 94: System Messages
10 – Camera program 10.2 System messages 10.2.1 Status messages Status messages are displayed at the bottom of the screen, or in the top left part of the screen. Here you will find information about the current status of the camera. Figure 10.2 Status messages –...
Page 95: Selecting Screen Objects
10 – Camera program 10.3 Selecting screen objects 10.3.1 Selecting screen objects Some screen objects – e.g. the scale, the information field, a spot etc. – can be se- lected by pressing SEL repeatedly until the object is either highlighted or surrounded by small brackets.
Page 96 10 – Camera program 10383403;a3 Figure 10.6 A selected color alarm. Press the navigation pad up/down at this stage to increase/decrease the color alarm temperature. 10383803;a3 Figure 10.7 A selected emissivity field. Press the navigation pad up/down at this stage to increase/decrease the emissivity.
Page 97: Menu System
10 – Camera program 10.4 Menu system 10.4.1 Navigating the menu system Press MENU/YES to display the vertical menu bar ■ Press MENU/YES to confirm selections in menus and dialog boxes ■ Press PWR/NO to exit the menu system ■ Press PWR/NO to cancel selections in menus and dialog boxes ■...
Page 98: Manual Adjust/Automatic Adjust
10 – Camera program Label Value Explanation Alarm Select Off to disable the alarm ■ ■ Above Select Above to assign an alarm color to all ■ ■ pixels above the alarm temperature Below ■ Select Below to assign an alarm color to all ■...
Page 99: Emissivity
10 – Camera program 10392103;a3 Figure 10.10 Symbols in the temperature scale, indicating (1) increasing span; (2) decreasing span; (3) increasing level, and (4) decreasing level Point to Automatic adjust and press MENU/YES to put the camera in automatic mode, continuously optimizing the image for best level and span.
Page 100: Palette
10 – Camera program If you enter an emissivity value less than 0.30 the emissivity box will begin flashing ■ to remind you that this value is unusually low. 10.4.5 Palette 10382603;a4 Figure 10.12 Palette dialog box Point to Palette on the vertical menu bar and press MENU/YES to display the Palette dialog box.
Page 101: File
10 – Camera program 10.4.8 File 10567703;a2 Figure 10.13 File menu Figure 10.14 Explanations of the File menu Command Explanation Images Point to Images and press the joystick to display a thumbnail view of the images in the internal camera memory. Open an image by selecting the image using the joystick, then pressing MENU/YES.
Page 102: Setup
By letting the camera read any value of the first label in a standard ■ FLIR Systems *.tcf file (text comment file) located in the camera file system, and use this value as the image description The image description can be read out by other software – e.g.
Page 103 10 – Camera program Label Value Explanation Info field Select On to display the information field at the ■ ■ bottom of the screen ■ Select Off to hide the information field On + TRefl ■ ■ Select On + TRefl to display the information ■...
Page 104: Date/Time
10 – Camera program ➲ For protective reasons, the LCD will be switched off if the detector temperature exceeds +60 °C (+149 °F) and the camera will be switched off if the detector temper- ature exceeds +68 °C (+154.4 °F) 10.4.9.2 Date/time 10382103;a3...
Page 105: Local Settings
10 – Camera program 10.4.9.3 Local settings 10567103;a2 Figure 10.20 Local settings dialog box Figure 10.21 Explanations of the Local settings dialog box Label Explanation Language Configuration-dependent Video output NTSC ■ ■ Temp unit °C – degrees Celsius or ■ °F –...
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Page 107: Electrical Power System
Electrical power system The camera’s electrical power system consists of the following parts: a removable battery ■ a power supply ■ an internal battery charger ■ The camera may powered either by using the battery, or by using the power supply. When using the power supply, the battery will –...
Page 108 11 – Electrical power system Callout Description of part Battery Battery cover Release button The removable battery gives an operation time of approx. 1.5–2 hours. When Battery low is displayed on the screen it is time to charge the battery. ➲...
Page 109: Internal Battery Charging
11 – Electrical power system 11.1 Internal battery charging To charge the battery using the internal battery charger, follow the instructions below: Step Action Make sure that the battery is correctly inserted into the camera. Connect the power cable to the camera. While charging, the battery status symbol will pulse until the battery is fully charged.
Page 110: External Battery Charging
11 – Electrical power system 11.2 External battery charging ➲ External battery charger is an extra option. You can also charge the battery by using the external battery charger. The battery status during charging is indicated by a number of LEDs. 10379603;a4 Figure 11.3 LED indicators on the external battery charger Figure 11.4 LED indicators –...
Page 111: Battery Safety Warnings
11 – Electrical power system 11.3 Battery safety warnings Do not place the battery in fire or heat the battery. ■ Do not install the battery backwards so that the polarity is reversed. ■ Do not connect the positive terminal and the negative terminal of the battery to ■...
Page 112 11 – Electrical power system The temperature range over which the battery can be discharged is -15–+45 °C ■ (+18.8–+113 °F). Use of the battery outside of this temperature range may damage the performance of the battery or may reduce its life expectancy. Publ.
Page 113: Maintenance & Cleaning
Maintenance & cleaning 12.1 Camera body, cables & accessories The camera body, cables and accessories may be cleaned by wiping with a soft cloth. To remove stains, wipe with a soft cloth moistened with a mild detergent solution and wrung dry, then wipe with a dry soft cloth. ➲...
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Page 115: Troubleshooting
Troubleshooting Problem Possible reason Solution The LCD displays no image The camera may have been switched off Press PWR/NO to switch on at all. automatically due the settings in the Set- the camera. tings dialog box. The LCD may have been switched off auto- Press PWR/NO to switch on matically due to the settings in the Settings the camera.
Page 116 13 – Troubleshooting Problem Possible reason Solution The trigger button does not The function of the trigger button may have Change the function of the work as expected. accidently been changed. trigger button. The trigger button does not The trigger button may have accidentally Enable the trigger button.
Page 117: Technical Specifications & Dimensional Drawings
Technical specifications & dimensional drawings ➲ FLIR Systems reserves the right to discontinue models, parts and accessories, and other items, or change specifications at any time without prior notice. 14.1 Imaging performance Focus Manual Start-up time Approx. 15 seconds Start-up time from stand-by <...
Page 118: Electrical Power System
14 – Technical specifications & dimensional drawings 14.5 Electrical power system Battery type Rechargeable Li/Ion battery Battery operating time 1.5 hours. Display shows battery status Battery charging Internal, AC adapter, or 12 VDC car adapter. 2-bay desktop charger. AC operation AC adapter, 90–260 VAC, 50/60 Hz, 12 VDC out Voltage 11–16 VDC...
Page 119: Physical Specifications
14 – Technical specifications & dimensional drawings 14.7 Physical specifications Weight 0.8 kg (1.76 lb), including battery and 27.4 mm lens Size (L × W × H) 259 × 80 × 135 mm (10.2 × 3.2 × 5.3") with 27.4 mm lens Tripod mount Standard, 1/4"-20...
Page 120: Power Connector
14 – Technical specifications & dimensional drawings 14.9.2 Power connector 10402503;a1 Figure 14.3 Pin configuration for power connector (on camera – operator’s side). A: Center pin; B: Chassis Connector type: 2.5 mm DC Signal name Type Pin number +12V POWER CENTER PIN POWER CHASSIS...
Page 121: Relationship Between Fields Of View And Distance
14 – Technical specifications & dimensional drawings 14.10 Relationship between fields of view and distance 10583303;a4 Figure 14.5 Horizontal, vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets. 46.2 mm lens / camera type 252. Publ. No. 1558440 Rev. a156 – ENGLISH (EN) – February 28, 2006...
Page 122 14 – Technical specifications & dimensional drawings 10583403;a4 Figure 14.6 Horizontal, vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets. 27.4 mm lens / camera type 252. Publ. No. 1558440 Rev. a156 – ENGLISH (EN) – February 28, 2006...
Page 123 14 – Technical specifications & dimensional drawings 10583503;a4 Figure 14.7 Horizontal, vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets. 14.7 mm lens / camera type 252. Publ. No. 1558440 Rev. a156 – ENGLISH (EN) – February 28, 2006...
Page 124 14 – Technical specifications & dimensional drawings 10726503;a2 Figure 14.8 Horizontal, vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets. 46.2 mm lens / camera type 301. Publ. No. 1558440 Rev. a156 – ENGLISH (EN) – February 28, 2006...
Page 125 14 – Technical specifications & dimensional drawings 10726603;a2 Figure 14.9 Horizontal, vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets. 27.4 mm lens / camera type 301. Publ. No. 1558440 Rev. a156 – ENGLISH (EN) – February 28, 2006...
Page 126 14 – Technical specifications & dimensional drawings 10726703;a2 Figure 14.10 Horizontal, vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets. 14.7 mm lens / camera type 301. Figure 14.11 F-number and close focus limits for various lenses IR lens → 46.2 mm 27.4 mm 14.7 mm...
Page 127: Camera - Dimensional Drawings
14 – Technical specifications & dimensional drawings 14.11 Camera – dimensional drawings 10583203;a2 Figure 14.12 Overall dimensions of the camera with a 46.2 mm IR lens. Publ. No. 1558440 Rev. a156 – ENGLISH (EN) – February 28, 2006...
Page 128 14 – Technical specifications & dimensional drawings 10583003;a2 Figure 14.13 Overall dimensions of the camera with a 27.4 mm IR lens. Publ. No. 1558440 Rev. a156 – ENGLISH (EN) – February 28, 2006...
Page 129 14 – Technical specifications & dimensional drawings 10583103;a2 Figure 14.14 Overall dimensions of the camera with a 14.7 mm IR lens. Publ. No. 1558440 Rev. a156 – ENGLISH (EN) – February 28, 2006...
Page 130: Battery Charger - Dimensional Drawing
14 – Technical specifications & dimensional drawings 14.12 Battery charger – dimensional drawing 10387403;a4 Figure 14.15 Overall dimensions of the battery charger Publ. No. 1558440 Rev. a156 – ENGLISH (EN) – February 28, 2006...
Page 131: Battery - Dimensional Drawing
14 – Technical specifications & dimensional drawings 14.13 Battery – dimensional drawing 10387503;a4 Figure 14.16 Overall dimensions of the battery Publ. No. 1558440 Rev. a156 – ENGLISH (EN) – February 28, 2006...
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Page 133: Glossary
Glossary Term or expression Explanation absorption (absorption factor) The amount of radiation absorbed by an object relative to the received radiation. A number be- tween 0 and 1. ambient Objects and gases that emit radiation towards the object being measured. atmosphere The gases between the object being measured and the camera, normally air.
Page 134 15 – Glossary Term or expression Explanation emissivity (emissivity factor) The amount of radiation coming from an object, compared to that of a blackbody. A number be- tween 0 and 1. emittance Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time and area (W/m estimated atmospheric transmission A transmission value, supplied by a user, replacing...
Page 135 15 – Glossary Term or expression Explanation level The center value of the temperature scale, usually expressed as a signal value. manual adjust A way to adjust the image by manually changing certain parameters. NETD Noise equivalent temperature difference. A mea- sure of the image noise level of an IR camera.
Page 136 15 – Glossary Term or expression Explanation saturation color The areas that contain temperatures outside the present level/span settings are colored with the saturation colors. The saturation colors contain an ‘overflow’ color and an ‘underflow’ color. There is also a third red saturation color that marks everything saturated by the detector indicating that the range should probably be changed.
Page 137: Thermographic Measurement Techniques
Thermographic measurement techniques 16.1 Introduction An infrared camera measures and images the emitted infrared radiation from an object. The fact that radiation is a function of object surface temperature makes it possible for the camera to calculate and display this temperature. However, the radiation measured by the camera does not only depend on the tem- perature of the object but is also a function of the emissivity.
Page 138: Finding The Emissivity Of A Sample
16 – Thermographic measurement techniques 16.2.1 Finding the emissivity of a sample 16.2.1.1 Step 1: Determining reflected apparent temperature Use one of the following two methods to determine reflected apparent temperature: 16.2.1.1.1 Method 1: Direct method Step Action Look for possible reflection sources, considering that the incident angle = reflection angle (a = b).
Page 139 16 – Thermographic measurement techniques Step Action Measure the radiation intensity (= apparent temperature) from the reflecting source using the following settings: Emissivity: 1.0 ■ ■ You can measure the radiation intensity using one of the following two methods: 10589003;a2 Figure 16.3 1 = Reflection source ➲...
Page 140: Step 2: Determining The Emissivity
16 – Thermographic measurement techniques Step Action Measure the apparent temperature of the aluminum foil and write it down. 10727003;a2 Figure 16.4 Measuring the apparent temperature of the aluminum foil 16.2.1.2 Step 2: Determining the emissivity Step Action Select a place to put the sample. Determine and set reflected apparent temperature according to the previous pro- cedure.
Page 141: Reflected Apparent Temperature
16 – Thermographic measurement techniques Step Action Write down the emissivity. ➲ Please note the following: Avoid forced convection ■ Look for a thermally stable surrounding that will not generate spot reflections ■ Use high quality tape that you know is not transparent, and has a high emissivity ■...
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Page 143: History Of Infrared Technology
History of infrared technology Less than 200 years ago the existence of the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum wasn’t even suspected. The original significance of the infrared spectrum, or simply ‘the infrared’ as it is often called, as a form of heat radiation is perhaps less obvious today than it was at the time of its discovery by Herschel in 1800.
Page 144 17 – History of infrared technology however, who was the first to recognize that there must be a point where the heating effect reaches a maximum, and that measurements confined to the visible portion of the spectrum failed to locate this point. 10398903;a1 Figure 17.2 Marsilio Landriani (1746–1815) Moving the thermometer into the dark region beyond the red end of the spectrum,...
Page 145 17 – History of infrared technology 10399103;a1 Figure 17.3 Macedonio Melloni (1798–1854) Thermometers, as radiation detectors, remained unchallenged until 1829, the year Nobili invented the thermocouple. (Herschel’s own thermometer could be read to 0.2°C (0.036°F), and later models were able to be read to 0.05°C (0.09°F). Then a breakthrough occurred;...
Page 146 17 – History of infrared technology The improvement of infrared-detector sensitivity progressed slowly. Another major breakthrough, made by Langley in 1880, was the invention of the bolometer. This consisted of a thin blackened strip of platinum connected in one arm of a Wheatstone bridge circuit upon which the infrared radiation was focused and to which a sensitive galvanometer responded.
Page 147: Theory Of Thermography
Theory of thermography 18.1 Introduction The subjects of infrared radiation and the related technique of thermography are still new to many who will use an infrared camera. In this section the theory behind ther- mography will be given. 18.2 The electromagnetic spectrum The electromagnetic spectrum is divided arbitrarily into a number of wavelength re- gions, called bands, distinguished by the methods used to produce and detect the radiation.
Page 148: Blackbody Radiation
Such cavity radiators are commonly used as sources of radiation in temperature reference standards in the laboratory for calibrating thermo- graphic instruments, such as a FLIR Systems camera for example. Publ. No. 1558440 Rev. a156 – ENGLISH (EN) – February 28, 2006...
Page 149: Planck's Law
18 – Theory of thermography If the temperature of blackbody radiation increases to more than 525 °C (977 °F), the source begins to be visible so that it appears to the eye no longer black. This is the incipient red heat temperature of the radiator, which then becomes orange or yellow as the temperature increases further.
Page 150: Wien's Displacement Law
18 – Theory of thermography Planck’s formula, when plotted graphically for various temperatures, produces a family of curves. Following any particular Planck curve, the spectral emittance is zero at λ = 0, then increases rapidly to a maximum at a wavelength λ and after passing it approaches zero again at very long wavelengths.
Page 151 18 – Theory of thermography 10399403;a1 Figure 18.5 Wilhelm Wien (1864–1928) The sun (approx. 6 000 K) emits yellow light, peaking at about 0.5 μm in the middle of the visible light spectrum. At room temperature (300 K) the peak of radiant emittance lies at 9.7 μm, in the far infrared, while at the temperature of liquid nitrogen (77 K) the maximum of the almost insignificant amount of radiant emittance occurs at 38 μm, in the extreme infrared wavelengths.
Page 152: Stefan-Boltzmann's Law
18 – Theory of thermography 18.3.3 Stefan-Boltzmann's law By integrating Planck’s formula from λ = 0 to λ = ∞, we obtain the total radiant emittance (W ) of a blackbody: This is the Stefan-Boltzmann formula (after Josef Stefan, 1835–1893, and Ludwig Boltzmann, 1844–1906), which states that the total emissive power of a blackbody is proportional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature.
Page 153 18 – Theory of thermography There are three processes which can occur that prevent a real object from acting like a blackbody: a fraction of the incident radiation α may be absorbed, a fraction ρ may be reflected, and a fraction τ may be transmitted. Since all of these factors are more or less wavelength dependent, the subscript λ...
Page 154 18 – Theory of thermography For highly polished materials ε approaches zero, so that for a perfectly reflecting λ material (i.e. a perfect mirror) we have: For a graybody radiator, the Stefan-Boltzmann formula becomes: This states that the total emissive power of a graybody is the same as a blackbody at the same temperature reduced in proportion to the value of ε...
Page 155: Infrared Semi-Transparent Materials
18 – Theory of thermography 10327303;a3 Figure 18.9 Spectral emissivity of three types of radiators. 1: Spectral emissivity; 2: Wavelength; 3: Blackbody; 4: Graybody; 5: Selective radiator. 18.4 Infrared semi-transparent materials Consider now a non-metallic, semi-transparent body – let us say, in the form of a thick flat plate of plastic material.
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Page 157: Emissivity Tables
Emissivity tables This section presents a compilation of emissivity data from the infrared literature and measurements made by FLIR Systems. 19.1 References Mikaél A. Bramson: Infrared Radiation, A Handbook for Applications, Plenum press, N.Y. William L. Wolfe, George J. Zissis: The Infrared Handbook, Office of Naval Research, Department of Navy, Washington, D.C.
Page 158 19 – Emissivity tables Aluminum anodized, light 0.97 gray, dull Aluminum anodized, light 0.61 gray, dull Aluminum anodized sheet 0.55 Aluminum as received, plate 0.09 Aluminum as received, sheet 0.09 Aluminum cast, blast cleaned 0.46 Aluminum cast, blast cleaned 0.47 Aluminum dipped in HNO 0.05...
Page 159 19 – Emissivity tables Aluminum oxide pure, powder (alu- 0.16 mina) Asbestos board 0.96 Asbestos fabric 0.78 Asbestos floor tile 0.94 Asbestos paper 40–400 0.93–0.95 Asbestos powder 0.40–0.60 Asbestos slate 0.96 Asphalt paving 0.967 Brass dull, tarnished 20–350 0.22 Brass oxidized 0.04–0.09 Brass...
Page 160 19 – Emissivity tables Brick fireclay 1000 0.75 Brick fireclay 1200 0.59 Brick masonry 0.94 Brick masonry, plas- 0.94 tered Brick red, common 0.93 Brick red, rough 0.88–0.93 Brick refractory, corun- 1000 0.46 Brick refractory, magne- 1000–1300 0.38 site Brick refractory, strongly 500–1000 0.8–0.9...
Page 161 19 – Emissivity tables Chromium polished 0.10 Chromium polished 500–1000 0.28–0.38 Clay fired 0.91 Cloth black 0.98 Concrete 0.92 Concrete 0.95 Concrete rough 0.97 Concrete walkway 0.974 Copper commercial, bur- 0.07 nished Copper electrolytic, careful- 0.018 ly polished Copper electrolytic, pol- –34 0.006 ished...
Page 162 19 – Emissivity tables Ebonite 0.89 Emery coarse 0.85 Enamel Enamel lacquer 0.85–0.95 Fiber board hard, untreated 0.85 Fiber board masonite 0.88 Fiber board masonite 0.75 Fiber board particle board 0.89 Fiber board particle board 0.77 Fiber board porous, untreated 0.85 Gold polished...
Page 163 19 – Emissivity tables Iron, cast oxidized at 600 °C 200–600 0.64–0.78 Iron, cast polished 0.21 Iron, cast polished 0.21 Iron, cast polished 0.21 Iron, cast unworked 900–1100 0.87–0.95 Iron and steel cold rolled 0.09 Iron and steel cold rolled 0.20 Iron and steel covered with red...
Page 164 19 – Emissivity tables Iron and steel polished 400–1000 0.14–0.38 Iron and steel polished sheet 750–1050 0.52–0.56 Iron and steel rolled, freshly 0.24 Iron and steel rolled sheet 0.56 Iron and steel rough, plane sur- 0.95–0.98 face Iron and steel rusted, heavily 0.96 Iron and steel...
Page 165 19 – Emissivity tables Lacquer heat–resistant 0.92 Lacquer white 40–100 0.8–0.95 Lacquer white 0.92 Lead oxidized, gray 0.28 Lead oxidized, gray 0.28 Lead oxidized at 200 °C 0.63 Lead shiny 0.08 Lead unoxidized, pol- 0.05 ished Lead red 0.93 Lead red, powder 0.93 Leather tanned...
Page 166 19 – Emissivity tables Nickel bright matte 0.041 Nickel commercially 0.045 pure, polished Nickel commercially 200–400 0.07–0.09 pure, polished Nickel electrolytic 0.04 Nickel electrolytic 0.06 Nickel electrolytic 0.07 Nickel electrolytic 0.10 Nickel electroplated, pol- 0.05 ished Nickel electroplated on 0.045 iron, polished Nickel electroplated on...
Page 167 19 – Emissivity tables Paint 8 different colors 0.92–0.94 and qualities Paint 8 different colors 0.88–0.96 and qualities Paint Aluminum, various 50–100 0.27–0.67 ages Paint cadmium yellow 0.28–0.33 Paint chrome green 0.65–0.70 Paint cobalt blue 0.7–0.8 Paint 0.87 Paint oil, black flat 0.94 Paint oil, black gloss...
Page 168 19 – Emissivity tables Paper white, 3 different 0.88–0.90 glosses Paper white, 3 different 0.76–0.78 glosses Paper white bond 0.93 Paper yellow 0.72 Plaster 0.86 Plaster plasterboard, un- 0.90 treated Plaster rough coat 0.91 Plastic glass fibre lami- 0.91 nate (printed circ. board) Plastic glass fibre lami-...
Page 169 19 – Emissivity tables Platinum wire 50–200 0.06–0.07 Platinum wire 500–1000 0.10–0.16 Platinum wire 1400 0.18 Porcelain glazed 0.92 Porcelain white, shiny 0.70–0.75 Rubber hard 0.95 Rubber soft, gray, rough 0.95 Sand 0.60 Sand 0.90 Sandstone polished 0.909 Sandstone rough 0.935 Silver polished...
Page 170 19 – Emissivity tables Stainless steel sheet, untreated, 0.28 somewhat scratched Stainless steel sheet, untreated, 0.30 somewhat scratched Stainless steel type 18-8, buffed 0.16 Stainless steel type 18-8, oxi- 0.85 dized at 800 °C Stucco rough, lime 10–90 0.91 Styrofoam insulation 0.60 0.79–0.84...
Page 171 19 – Emissivity tables Wallpaper slight pattern, light 0.85 gray Wallpaper slight pattern, red 0.90 Water distilled 0.96 Water frost crystals –10 0.98 Water ice, covered with 0.98 heavy frost Water ice, smooth –10 0.96 Water ice, smooth 0.97 Water layer >0.1 mm 0–100 0.95–0.98...
Page 172 19 – Emissivity tables Zinc polished 200–300 0.04–0.05 Zinc sheet 0.20 Publ. No. 1558440 Rev. a156 – ENGLISH (EN) – February 28, 2006...
Page 173: Index
133 1 909 528: 11 middle infrared: 133 1 909 775: 11 near infrared: 133 battery: 93 cover: 71, 73 about FLIR Systems: 6 in packing list: 11 absolute humidity: 51 inserting: 68 accessories operating time: 104 cleaning: 99...
Page 174 Index – C buttons (continued) changing (continued) location (continued) reflected ambient temperature: 85 SAVE/FRZ: 74 span: 63, 84 SEL: 74 system settings date & time: 65 date format: 64 language: 64 cables temperature unit: 64 cleaning: 99 time format: 64 calibration: 1 temperature unit: 64 time between: 1...
Page 175 Emissivity: 85 file Local Settings: 91 deleting: 57 Meas. mode: 83 opening: 57 Palette: 86 saving: 56 Range: 86 FLIR Systems Settings: 88 about: 6 dimensional drawings: 103 copyright: viii displaying history: 6 menu system: 83 E series: 7 Publ. No. 1558440 Rev. a156 – ENGLISH (EN) – February 28, 2006...
Page 176 Index – G (continued) history: 6 history (continued) E series: 7 first thermo-electrically cooled: 6 first thermo-electrically cooled: 6 model 525: 6 infrared technology: 129 model 650: 6 model 525: 6 model 750: 6 model 650: 6 model 780: 6 model 750: 6 model P60: 7 model 780: 6...
Page 177 Index – J IrDA link language location: 71 changing: 64 irregularities: 51 Language ISO 9001: viii label: 91 Laser LocatIR classification: 103 description: 77 James Dewar: 132 distance: 77 Josef Stefan: 138 output power: 77 overriding: 86 type: 103 keys warning: 77 functions wavelength: 77...
Page 178 Index – N Material Safety Data Sheets: 99 Max Planck: 135 opening Meas. mode file: 57 command: 83 image: 57 dialog box: 83 operating temperature range: 104 label: 83 operating time: 104 measurement area laying out: 58 measuring conditions: 49 packing list: 11 measuring season: 49 battery: 11...
Page 179 Index – Q Prompt img. desc. screen objects label: 89 result table: 79 PWR/NO selecting: 81 function: 75 season, measuring: 49 location: 74 Second label: 90 function: 75 quality assurance: viii location: 74 quality management system: viii selecting screen objects: 81 selections radiators canceling: 83...
Page 180 Index – T switching off turning on camera: 55 camera: 55 switching on tutorials camera: 55 acquiring system messages image: 56 status messages: 80 adjusting warnings: 80 focus: 67 changing audible alarm: 61 color alarm: 60 date & time: 65 creating: 62 date format: 64 technical specifications: 103...
Page 181 Index – V ventilation, mechanical: 46 vibration: 104 video cable in packing list: 11 Video output label: 91 visual alarm changing: 61 warm-up time: 58 warning messages: 80 warnings battery: 97 intensive energy sources: 1 interference: 1 Laser LocatIR: 77 radio frequency energy: 1 warranty: viii weight: 105...
Page 182 A note on the technical production of this manual This manual was produced using XML – eXtensible Markup Language. For more information about XML, point your browser to: http://www.w3.org/XML/ Readers interested in the history & theory of markup languages may also want to visit the following sites: ▪...
Page 184 ■ BELGIUM ■ CHINA ■ ITALY FLIR Systems FLIR Systems FLIR Systems Uitbreidingstraat 60–62 Guangzhou Representative Office Via L. Manara, 2 B-2600 Berchem 1105 Main Tower, Guang Dong 20051 Limbiate (MI) BELGIUM International Hotel ITALY Phone: +32 (0)3 287 87 11...

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