Page 1 User’s manual FLIR B series FLIR T series Publ. No. 1558792 Revision a460 Language English (EN) Issue date July 1, 2010...
Page 3 User’s manual Publ. No. 1558792 Rev. a460 – ENGLISH (EN) – July 1, 2010...
Page 4 FLIR Systems or this warranty will not apply. FLIR Systems will, at its option, repair or replace any such defective product free of charge if, upon inspection, it proves to be defective in material or workmanship and provided that it is returned to FLIR Systems within the said one-year period.
Page 5 NOT FAULT TOLERANT. THE SOFTWARE IS NOT FAULT TOLERANT. FLIR Systems AB HAS INDEPENDENTLY DETERMINED ■ HOW TO USE THE SOFTWARE IN THE DEVICE, AND MS HAS RELIED UPON FLIR Systems AB TO CONDUCT SUFFICIENT TESTING TO DETERMINE THAT THE SOFTWARE IS SUITABLE FOR SUCH USE.
Page 6 Publ. No. 1558792 Rev. a460 – ENGLISH (EN) – July 1, 2010...
Page 7: Table Of Contents
Table of contents Warnings & Cautions ........................Notice to user ..........................Customer help ..........................Documentation updates ......................... Important note about this manual ....................Quick Start Guide ........................... Parts lists ............................Contents of the transport case ..................... List of accessories ........................ A note about ergonomics ......................
Page 8 15.1 Charging the battery ......................15.1.1 Using the combined power supply and battery charger to charge the battery when it is inside the camera ................. 15.1.2 Using the combined power supply and battery charger to charge the battery when it is outside the camera ................15.1.3 Using the stand-alone battery charger to charge the battery ......
Page 9 20.6 Adding an image marker ...................... 21 Changing settings .......................... 21.1 Changing image settings ..................... 21.2 Changing regional settings ....................21.3 Changing camera settings ....................22 Cleaning the camera ........................22.1 Camera housing, cables, and other items ................22.2 Infrared lens .......................... 23 Technical data ..........................
Page 10 27.2.5.1 General information ................27.2.5.2 Commented building structures ............27.2.5.3 Commented infrared images ............27.2.6 Moisture detection (4): Plumbing breaks & leaks ..........27.2.6.1 General information ................27.2.6.2 Commented infrared images ............27.2.7 Air infiltration ......................27.2.7.1 General information ................27.2.7.2 Commented building structures ............
Page 11 Rain showers ......................28.7.3 Emissivity ......................28.7.4 Reflected apparent temperature ................28.7.5 Object too far away ....................29 About FLIR Systems ........................29.1 More than just an infrared camera ..................29.2 Sharing our knowledge ......................29.3 Supporting our customers ....................
Page 12 34 The measurement formula ......................35 Emissivity tables ..........................35.1 References ..........................35.2 Important note about the emissivity tables ................35.3 Tables ............................ Publ. No. 1558792 Rev. a460 – ENGLISH (EN) – July 1, 2010...
Page 13: Warnings & Cautions
Do not attach the batteries directly to a car’s cigarette lighter socket, unless a ■ specific adapter for connecting the batteries to a cigarette lighter socket is provided by FLIR Systems. Do not connect the positive terminal and the negative terminal of the battery ■...
Page 14 1 – Warnings & Cautions Do not make holes in the battery with objects. Do not hit the battery with a ■ hammer. Do not step on the battery, or apply strong impacts or shocks to it. Do not put the batteries in or near a fire, or into direct sunlight. When the battery ■...
Page 15: Notice To User
As with most electronic products, this equipment must be disposed of in an environ- mentally friendly way, and in accordance with existing regulations for electronic waste. Please contact your FLIR Systems representative for more details. Publ. No. 1558792 Rev. a460 – ENGLISH (EN) – July 1, 2010...
Page 16: Customer Help
Customer help General For customer help, visit: http://support.flir.com Submitting a To submit a question to the customer help team, you must be a registered user. It question only takes a few minutes to register online. If you only want to search the knowledge- base for existing questions and answers, you do not need to be a registered user.
Page 17: Documentation Updates
To access the latest manuals and notifications, go to the Download tab at: http://support.flir.com It only takes a few minutes to register online. In the download area you will also find the latest releases of manuals for our other products, as well as manuals for our historical and obsolete products.
Page 18: Important Note About This Manual
Important note about this manual General FLIR Systems issues generic manuals that cover several cameras within a model line. This means that this manual may contain descriptions and explanations that do not apply to your particular camera model. NOTE FLIR Systems reserves the right to discontinue models, software, parts or accessories, and other items, or to change specifications and/or functionality at any time without prior notice.
Page 19: Quick Start Guide
Quick Start Guide Procedure Follow this procedure to get started right away: Charge the battery for four hours. Insert the battery into the camera. Insert an SD Memory Card into the card slot at the top of the camera. Push the On/Off button to turn on the camera. Set the correct object temperature range.
Page 20: Parts Lists
Video cable ■ Warranty extension card or Registration card ■ FLIR Systems reserves the right to discontinue models, parts or accessories, and NOTE ■ other items, or to change specifications at any time without prior notice. The inclusion of some items is dependent on camera model.
Page 21: List Of Accessories
T910750 Power supply, incl. multi plugs ■ NOTE FLIR Systems reserves the right to discontinue models, parts or accessories, and other items, or to change specifications at any time without prior notice. Publ. No. 1558792 Rev. a460 – ENGLISH (EN) – July 1, 2010...
Page 22: Note About Ergonomics
A note about ergonomics General To prevent strain injuries, it is important that you hold the camera ergonomically correct. This section gives advice and examples on how to hold the camera. NOTE Please note the following: Always adjust the angle of the lens to suit your work position. ■...
Page 23: Camera Parts
Camera parts View of the rear Figure 10758903;a1 Explanation This table explains the figure above: Touch screen LCD Cover for SD Memory Card slot Publ. No. 1558792 Rev. a460 – ENGLISH (EN) – July 1, 2010...
Page 24 9 – Camera parts Zoom button The zoom button has the following functions on live images: ■ Push to enter the zoom state. ■ Use the joystick to zoom into or out of an image. ■ Push the zoom button once again to reset to 1× zoom factor. ■...
Page 25 9 – Camera parts A/M button The A/M button has the following functions: Push to switch between automatic and manual adjustment modes. ■ Push and hold down for more than one second to perform a non-unifor- ■ mity correction. In still infrared mode: Switch user focus between the documentation ■...
Page 26: View Of The Front
9 – Camera parts View of the front Figure 10759003;a1 Explanation This table explains the figure above: Laser pointer button The laser pointer button has the following functions: Push the laser pointer button to turn on the laser pointer. ■ Release the laser pointer button to turn off the laser pointer.
Page 27 9 – Camera parts Focus button The focus button has the following functions: Move the Focus button left for far focus. ■ Move the Focus button right for close focus. ■ Briefly push the Focus button to autofocus. ■ Note: It is important that you hold the camera steady while autofocusing. Protective edge for the focus button Attachment point for the neck strap Video lamp...
Page 28: View Of The Bottom Side
9 – Camera parts View of the bottom side Figure 10759103;a1 Explanation This table explains the figure above: Tripod mount 1/4"-20 Release button for the cover to the connector bay Cover for the connector bay Release button for the battery compartment cover Cover for the battery compartment Publ.
Page 29: Battery Condition Indicator
9 – Camera parts Battery condition indicator General The battery has a battery condition indicator. Figure 10715703;a3 Explanation This table explains the battery condition indicator: Type of signal Explanation The green light flashes. The power supply or the stand-alone battery charger is charging the battery. The green light is continuous.
Page 30: Laser Pointer
9 – Camera parts Laser pointer General The camera has a laser pointer. When the laser pointer is on, you can see a laser dot approximately 40 mm (1.57 in.) above the target. Figure This figure shows the difference in position between the laser pointer and the optical center of the infrared lens: 10759203;a1 Publ.
Page 31 9 – Camera parts WARNING Do not look directly into the laser beam. The laser beam can cause eye irritation. CAUTION Protect the laser pointer with the protective cap when you are not using the laser pointer. A laser warning symbol is displayed on the screen when the laser pointer is on. NOTE ■...
Page 32: Toolbars And Work Areas
Toolbars and work areas 10.1 Work areas 10.1.1 Operation mode area The operation mode area becomes visible when you push the Mode button. NOTE ■ To navigate in the area, use either the joystick or the stylus pen. ■ Figure 10765803;a3 Explanation This table explains the figure above:...
Page 33 10 – Toolbars and work areas Video mode If you select this mode, you can record video clips with the camera. You start and stop the recording by pushing the Preview/Save button. For more information about this, see section 10.2.5 – Video recording toolbar on page 34 and section 18 –...
Page 34: Main Work Area
10 – Toolbars and work areas 10.1.2 Main work area Figure 10760703;a1 Explanation This table explains the figure above: Measurement results table (in ℃ or ℉, depending on the settings) Measurement menu. To open and close this menu, push the Measure button. Indicator for the automatic adjustment mode or the manual adjustment mode (A/M) Spotmeter...
Page 35: Sketch Work Area
10 – Toolbars and work areas 10.1.3 Sketch work area The sketch work area becomes visible when you add a sketch to an infrared image. NOTE ■ You do this from the documentation toolbar. To navigate in the area, use either the joystick or the stylus pen. ■...
Page 36 10 – Toolbars and work areas SEE ALSO For information about adding a sketch to an infrared image, see section 20.5 – Adding a sketch on page 105. Publ. No. 1558792 Rev. a460 – ENGLISH (EN) – July 1, 2010...
Page 37: Text Annotation And Image Description Work Area
10 – Toolbars and work areas 10.1.4 Text annotation and image description work area The text annotation and image description work area becomes visible when you NOTE ■ add a text annotation or an image description to an infrared image. You do this from the documentation toolbar.
Page 38 10 – Toolbars and work areas Keyboard button You select this button to go to the keyboard and enter text using the stylus pen. Clear button You select this button to clear all input data from the selected tab. SEE ALSO For information about adding a text annotation to an infrared image, see section 20.3 –...
Page 39 10 – Toolbars and work areas Figure This figure shows the image description work area: 10765703;a1 Explanation This table explains the figure above: OK button You select this button to confirm and save the text annotation. Tab for the text annotation work area (to select from pre-defined strings) Tab for the image description work area (to enter the free text mode, using the stylus pen) Preview window for the image description...
Page 40: Toolbars
10 – Toolbars and work areas 10.2 Toolbars 10.2.1 Measurement toolbar The measurement toolbar becomes visible when you push the Measure button NOTE ■ and select Advanced. You use the measurement toolbar to set up measurement tools in the advanced ■...
Page 41 10 – Toolbars and work areas OK toolbar button You use this button if you arrive at this toolbar from the documentation toolbar. Selecting this toolbar button after you have changed the desired parameter returns you to the documentation toolbar. This toolbar button will only be displayed if you arrive at this toolbar from the documentation toolbar.
Page 42: Documentation Toolbar
10 – Toolbars and work areas 10.2.2 Documentation toolbar The documentation toolbar becomes visible when you preview an image, or when NOTE ■ you edit an image from the image archive. To preview an image, push and hold down the Save button for more than one ■...
Page 43 10 – Toolbars and work areas Save toolbar button You select this toolbar button to save the infrared image after you have added any of the previous five annotations. If you have opened an image from the image archive, this toolbar button says Close instead of Save. Publ.
Page 44: Image Marker Toolbar
10 – Toolbars and work areas 10.2.3 Image marker toolbar The image marker toolbar becomes visible when you add an image marker. You NOTE ■ do this from the documentation toolbar. To navigate on the toolbar, use either the joystick or the stylus pen. ■...
Page 45: Voice Annotation Toolbar
10 – Toolbars and work areas 10.2.4 Voice annotation toolbar The voice annotation toolbar becomes visible when you record or listen to a voice NOTE ■ comment. You do this from the documentation toolbar. To navigate on the toolbar, use either the joystick or the stylus pen. ■...
Page 46: Video Recording Toolbar
10 – Toolbars and work areas 10.2.5 Video recording toolbar The video recording toolbar becomes visible when you have recorded a video NOTE ■ clip To navigate on the toolbar, use either the joystick or the stylus pen. ■ Some buttons have more than one function, and the symbols on the buttons will ■...
Page 47: Periodic Save Toolbar
10 – Toolbars and work areas 10.2.6 Periodic save toolbar The periodic save toolbar becomes visible when you go to Program mode. NOTE ■ To navigate on the toolbar, use either the joystick or the stylus pen. ■ Figure T630370;a1 Explanation This table explains the figure above: Setup toolbar button...
Page 48: Work Folder Toolbar
10 – Toolbars and work areas 10.2.7 Work folder toolbar The work folder toolbar becomes visible when you select a work folder in Setup NOTE ■ mode. To navigate on the toolbar, use either the joystick or the stylus pen. ■...
Page 49: Navigating The Menu System
Navigating the menu system 10763703;a1 10763603;a1 Figure Explanation The figure above shows the two ways to navigate the menu system in the camera: Using the stylus pen to navigate the menu system (left). ■ Using the joystick to navigate the menu system (right). ■...
Page 50: External Devices And Storage Media
External devices and storage media General You can connect the following external devices and storage media to the camera: A power supply. ■ A video monitor. ■ A computer to move images and other files to and from the camera. ■...
Page 51: Connecting External Devices
12 – External devices and storage media 12.1 Connecting external devices Figure 10759303;a3 Explanation This table explains the figure above: To connect a headset to the camera to record and listen to voice comment, use a headset cable and this socket. To connect a video monitor to the camera, use a CVBS cable (a composite video cable) and this socket.
Page 52: Inserting Sd Memory Cards
12 – External devices and storage media 12.2 Inserting SD Memory Cards Figure 10759503;a1 Procedure Follow this procedure to insert an SD Memory Card: Open the rubber cover that protects the card slot. Push the SD Memory Card firmly into the card slot, until a clicking sound is heard.
Page 53: Pairing Bluetooth® Devices
® Pairing Bluetooth devices General ® Before you can use a Bluetooth device with the camera, you need to pair the devices. Procedure Follow this procedure: ® Insert a Bluetooth USB micro adapter into the USB connector. Turn on the camera. Push the Setup button.
Page 54: Fetching Data From External Extech® Meters
® for Extech meters ® This support contact is for Extech meters only. For technical support for infrared cameras, go to http://flir.custhelp.com. ® This procedure assumes that you have paired the Bluetooth devices. For instruc- NOTE ■ tions on how to do that, see section 13 – Pairing Bluetooth® devices on page 41 For more information about products from Extech Instruments, go to ■...
Page 55 14 – Fetching data from external Extech® meters ® On the meter, enable Bluetooth mode. Refer to the user documentation for the meter for information on how to do this. On the meter, choose the quantity that you want to use (voltage, current, resistance, etc.).
Page 56: Typical Moisture Measurement And Documentation Procedure
14 – Fetching data from external Extech® meters 14.1 Typical moisture measurement and documentation procedure General ® The following procedure can form the basis for other procedures using Extech meters and infrared cameras. Procedure Follow this procedure: Use the infrared camera to identify any potential damp areas behind walls and ceilings.
Page 57: Handling The Camera
Handling the camera 15.1 Charging the battery NOTE You must charge the battery for four hours before you start using the camera for the first time. General You must charge the battery when a low battery voltage warning is displayed on the screen.
Page 58: Using The Combined Power Supply And Battery Charger To Charge The Battery When It Is Inside The Camera
15 – Handling the camera 15.1.1 Using the combined power supply and battery charger to charge the battery when it is inside the camera NOTE For brevity, the ‘combined power supply and battery charger’ is called the ‘power supply’ below. Procedure Follow this procedure to use the power supply to charge the battery when it is inside the camera:...
Page 59: Using The Combined Power Supply And Battery Charger To Charge The Battery When It Is Outside The Camera
15 – Handling the camera 15.1.2 Using the combined power supply and battery charger to charge the battery when it is outside the camera NOTE For brevity, the ‘combined power supply and battery charger’ is called the ‘power supply’ below. Procedure Follow this procedure to use the power supply to charge the battery when it is outside the camera:...
Page 60: Using The Stand-Alone Battery Charger To Charge The Battery
15 – Handling the camera 15.1.3 Using the stand-alone battery charger to charge the battery Procedure Follow this procedure to use the stand-alone battery charger to charge the battery: Put the battery in the stand-alone battery charger. Connect the power supply cable plug to the connector on the stand-alone battery charger.
Page 61: Inserting The Battery
15 – Handling the camera 15.2 Inserting the battery NOTE Use a clean, dry cloth to remove any water or moisture on the battery before you insert Procedure Follow this procedure to insert the battery: Push the release button on the battery compartment cover to unlock it. 10759603;a1 Open the cover to the battery compartment.
Page 62 15 – Handling the camera Close the cover to the battery compartment. 10759903;a1 Publ. No. 1558792 Rev. a460 – ENGLISH (EN) – July 1, 2010...
Page 63: Removing The Battery
15 – Handling the camera 15.3 Removing the battery Procedure Follow this procedure to remove the battery: Push the release button on the battery compartment cover to unlock it. 10759603;a1 Open the cover to the battery compartment. 10763903;a1 Push the red release button in the direction of the arrow to unlock the bat- tery.
Page 64 15 – Handling the camera Pull out the battery from the battery compartment. 10760103;a1 Publ. No. 1558792 Rev. a460 – ENGLISH (EN) – July 1, 2010...
Page 65: Turning On The Camera
15 – Handling the camera 15.4 Turning on the camera Procedure To turn on the camera, push and release the On/Off button. 15.5 Turning off the camera Procedure To turn off the camera, push and hold down the On/Off button for more than 2 second. 15.6 Entering standby mode Procedure...
Page 66: Adjusting The Angle Of Lens
15 – Handling the camera 15.8 Adjusting the angle of lens General To make your working position as comfortable as possible, you can adjust the angle of the lens. Figure 10760203;a1 Procedure To adjust the angle, tilt the lens up or down. Publ.
Page 67: Mounting An Additional Infrared Lens
15 – Handling the camera 15.9 Mounting an additional infrared lens NOTE Do not touch the lens surface when you mount an infrared lens. If this happens, clean the lens according to the instructions in section 22.2 – Infrared lens on page 111. Procedure Follow this procedure to mount an additional infrared lens: Push the lens release button to unlock the lens cap.
Page 68 15 – Handling the camera Correctly position the lens in front of the bayonet ring. 10764303;a1 Carefully push the lens into position. 10764403;a1 Rotate the lens 30° clockwise (looking at the front of the lens). 10764503;a1 Publ. No. 1558792 Rev. a460 – ENGLISH (EN) – July 1, 2010...
Page 69: Removing An Additional Infrared Lens
15 – Handling the camera 15.10 Removing an additional infrared lens Do not touch the lens surface when you remove an infrared lens. If this happens, NOTE ■ clean the lens according to the instructions in section 22.2 – Infrared lens on page 111.
Page 70 15 – Handling the camera Correctly position the lens cap in front of the bayonet ring. 10764903;a1 Carefully push the lens cap into position. 10765003;a1 Rotate the lens cap 30° clockwise (looking at the front of the lens). 10765103;a1 Publ. No. 1558792 Rev. a460 – ENGLISH (EN) – July 1, 2010...
Page 71: Attaching The Sunshield
15 – Handling the camera 15.11 Attaching the sunshield General You can attach a sunshield to the camera to make the LCD screen easier to see in sunlight. Procedure Follow this procedure to attach the sunshield to the camera: Align the two front tabs of the sunshield with the corresponding two notches at the top of the screen.
Page 72 15 – Handling the camera Push the rear part of the sunshield toward the screen, and then release your grip. Make sure that the two tabs mate with the corresponding notches. 10765503;a1 Publ. No. 1558792 Rev. a460 – ENGLISH (EN) – July 1, 2010...
Page 73: Using The Laser Pointer
15 – Handling the camera 15.12 Using the laser pointer Figure 10760303;a1 Procedure Follow this procedure to use the laser pointer: To turn on the laser pointer, push and hold the laser pointer button. To turn off the laser pointer, release the laser pointer button. NOTE The laser pointer may not be enabled in all markets.
Page 74: Working With Images And Folders
Working with images and folders 16.1 Adjusting the infrared camera focus Procedure To adjust the infrared camera focus, do one of the following: Push the focus button left for far focus. ■ Push the focus button right for near focus. ■...
Page 75: Previewing An Image
16 – Working with images and folders 16.2 Previewing an image General In preview mode, you can add various types of annotations to the image before you save it. You do this by using the documentation toolbar that is automatically displayed when you preview an image.
Page 76: Saving An Image
16 – Working with images and folders 16.3 Saving an image General You can save one or more images to the SD Memory Card. Formatting For best performance, memory cards should be formatted to the FAT (FAT16) file memory cards system.
Page 77: Periodically Saving An Image
16 – Working with images and folders 16.4 Periodically saving an image General You can periodically save images at a specified time interval. Procedure Follow this procedure to periodically save an image: Push the Mode button. Use the joystick to select Program. Push the joystick.
Page 78: Opening An Image
16 – Working with images and folders 16.5 Opening an image General When you save an image, it is stored on the SD Memory Card. To display the image again, you can recall it from the SD Memory Card. Procedure Follow this procedure to open an image: Push the Archive button to open the most recently saved image.
Page 79: Using The Panorama Function
The images are stored in the camera using a special mode. The actual stitching takes place in FLIR Systems PC software for post-processing, for example FLIR Reporter or . When you enter this mode, all graphics are removed from the screen.
Page 80 16 – Working with images and folders To save an image, push and hold down the Preview/Save button for more than one second. The saved image will now be displayed in the corresponding area in the tools pane. You can also see that the left-most area on the screen shows the image you just saved (indicated here in red): T630365;a1 Using the joystick, you can now decide in which area you want to save the...
Page 81: Adjusting An Image Manually
16 – Working with images and folders 16.7 Adjusting an image manually General An image can be adjusted automatically or manually. These two modes are indicated in the top right corner of the screen by the letters A and M. You use the A/M button to switch between these two modes Example 1 This figure shows two infrared images of cable connection points.
Page 82 16 – Working with images and folders Example 2 This figure shows two infrared images of an isolator in a power line. In the left image, the cold sky and the power line structure are recorded at a minimum temperature of –26.0°C (–14.8°F). In the right image the maximum and minimum temperature levels have been changed to temperature levels near the isolator.
Page 83 16 – Working with images and folders Changing Follow this procedure to change the temperature scale level: temperature the Make sure that the camera displays a live infrared image. To do this, select scale level Camera mode using the Mode button and the joystick. Make sure that the camera is in the manual adjustment mode.
Page 84: Hiding Overlay Graphics
16 – Working with images and folders 16.8 Hiding overlay graphics General Overlay graphics provide information about an image. You can choose to hide overlay graphics incrementally in steps. Procedure To hide overlay graphics in steps, push the Info button. Publ.
Page 85: Deleting An Image
16 – Working with images and folders 16.9 Deleting an image General You can delete one or more images from the SD Memory Card. Procedure Follow this procedure to delete an image: Push the Archive button. Do one of the following: Move the joystick left/right to select the image you want to delete, then ■...
Page 86: Deleting All Images
16 – Working with images and folders 16.10 Deleting all images General You can delete all images from the SD Memory Card. Procedure Follow this procedure to delete all images: Push the Archive button. Push the joystick to display a menu. On the menu, select Delete all by using the joystick.
Page 87: Working With Folders
16 – Working with images and folders 16.11 Working with folders General You can arrange your images in different folders, and delete folders that you do not use. Procedure Follow this procedure to create a new folder: Push the Setup button. Go to the Camera tab.
Page 88 16 – Working with images and folders Procedure Follow this procedure to delete a folder: Push the Setup button. Go to the Camera tab. Select Work folder. Push the joystick. To delete a folder, select the folder using the joystick. Move the joystick to the right to select the toolbar button, then push the joystick.
Page 89 16 – Working with images and folders Procedure Follow this procedure to set a folder as a work folder: Push the Setup button. Go to the Camera tab. Select Work folder. Push the joystick. (This step assumes that you have more than one work folder.) To set another folder as a work folder, select the folder using the joystick, then push the joystick.
Page 90: Copy Images To A Usb Memory Stick
16 – Working with images and folders 16.12 Copy images to a USB memory stick General You can copy images from the camera to a USB memory stick. Procedure Follow this procedure: Insert a USB memory stick into the USB connector. Push the Archive button.
Page 91: Creating An Adobe® Pdf Report
16 – Working with images and folders ® 16.13 Creating an Adobe PDF report General ® You can create an Adobe PDF report about any image on the SD Memory Card. The report includes the following: The infrared image, including any associated visual image. ■...
Page 92: Working With Fusion
Working with fusion What is fusion? Fusion is a function that lets you display part of a digital photo as an infrared image. For example, you can set the camera to display all areas of an image that have a certain temperature in infrared, with all other areas displayed as a digital photo.
Page 93 17 – Working with fusion Image examples This table explains the four different types of fusion: Fusion type Image Above Below Interval Picture in Picture Publ. No. 1558792 Rev. a460 – ENGLISH (EN) – July 1, 2010...
Page 94 17 – Working with fusion General Before you can activate fusion, you must set up a fusion type. How to set up a Follow this procedure to set up a fusion type: fusion type Push the Setup button. On the menu, select Fusion, using the joystick. Push the joystick.
Page 95 17 – Working with fusion Do one or more of the following: If you chose Above or Below, move the joystick up or down to adjust ■ the temperature level. The temperature level is displayed as a 'flag' that slides along the temperature scale. See the figure below. If you chose Interval, do one or more of the following: ■...
Page 96 NOTE ■ of the infrared image frame, after you have saved the image. You can also do this in FLIR Reporter. When you activate fusion, any palettes currently set to gray will be set to one of ■ the color palettes. This step is taken to increase contrast.
Page 97: Recording Video Clips
Other video players may also work, for example ffdshow from http://source- ■ forge.net/projects/ffdshow. Codecs may also be available from http://www.free-codecs.com/. ■ FLIR Systems does not take any responsibility for the functionality of third-party ■ video players and codecs. Publ. No. 1558792 Rev. a460 – ENGLISH (EN) – July 1, 2010...
Page 98: Working With Measurement Tools And Isotherms
Working with measurement tools and isotherms 19.1 Setting up measurement tools General To measure the temperature, you use one measurement tools or several. This section decribes how you set up a spotmeter or an area. Procedure Follow this procedure to set up a spotmeter, or use an area: Push the Measure button.
Page 99: Setting Up Measurement Tools (Advanced Mode)
19 – Working with measurement tools and isotherms 19.2 Setting up measurement tools (advanced mode) General You can use the advanced mode to set up measurement tools. This mode allows you to combine several tools, and to place them arbitrarily on the screen. Procedure Follow this procedure to set up a measurement tool using the advanced mode: Push the Measure button.
Page 100: Setting Up A Difference Calculation
19 – Working with measurement tools and isotherms 19.3 Setting up a difference calculation General You can let the camera calculate the temperature difference between, for example, a spotmeter, or an area, and the reference temperature. Procedure Follow this procedure to set up a difference calculation: Push the Measure button.
Page 101: Setting Up Isotherms
19 – Working with measurement tools and isotherms 19.4 Setting up isotherms General You can make the camera display an isotherm color when certain measurement conditions are met. The following isotherms can be set up: An isotherm color that is displayed when a temperature rises above a preset value. ■...
Page 102 19 – Working with measurement tools and isotherms Setting up a Follow this procedure to set up an isotherm color that is displayed when the camera humidity isotherm detects an area where there may be a risk of humidity in a building structure: Push the Measure button.
Page 103: Screening Of Elevated Facial Temperatures
19 – Working with measurement tools and isotherms 19.5 Screening of elevated facial temperatures General The screening function allows you to screen a large number of persons for facial temperatures that lie above a set reference temperature. When an elevated temperature is detected, the camera will trigger a visible and audible alarm.
Page 104 19 – Working with measurement tools and isotherms If you turn off the camera when you are in temperature screening mode, and then ■ turn on the camera, a tilde (~) will be displayed after the Area Max. value. The Area Max.
Page 105: Removing Measurement Tools
19 – Working with measurement tools and isotherms 19.6 Removing measurement tools NOTE The easiest way to remove a measurement tool is to select another menu command on the measurement menu. However, if you wish to remove all measurement tools you must follow the procedures in this section.
Page 106: Moving Measurement Tools
19 – Working with measurement tools and isotherms 19.7 Moving measurement tools Procedure Follow this procedure to move a measurement tool: Push the Measure button. On the menu, select Advanced. This will display the measurement menu. Select the toolbar button. This will display a menu listing all currently active measurement tools.
Page 107: Resizing Areas
19 – Working with measurement tools and isotherms 19.8 Resizing areas Procedure Follow this procedure to resize an area: Push the Measure button. On the menu, select Advanced. This will display the measurement menu. Select the toolbar button. This will display a menu listing all currently active measurement tools.
Page 108: Changing Object Parameters
19 – Working with measurement tools and isotherms 19.9 Changing object parameters General For accurate measurements, you must set the object parameters. This procedure describes how to change the parameters. Types of The camera can use these object parameters: parameters Emissivity, which determines how much of the radiation originates from the object ■...
Page 109 19 – Working with measurement tools and isotherms Procedure Follow this procedure to change the object parameters globally: Push the Measure button. On the menu, select Parameters. Push the joystick. Go to the parameter that you want to change, using the joystick. Push the joystick.
Page 110: Annotating Images
Annotating images General This section describes how to save additional information to an infrared image by using annotations. The reason for using annotations is to make reporting and post-processing more efficient by providing essential information about the image, such as conditions, photos, sketches, where it was taken, and so on.
Page 111: Adding A Digital Photo
When you save an infrared image you can also add a digital photo of the object of interest. This digital photo will automatically be associated with the infrared image, which will simplify post-processing and reporting in, for example, FLIR Reporter. Procedure Follow this procedure to take a digital photo: To preview an image, push Preview/Save button.
Page 112: Adding A Voice Annotation
The headset can be connected using a cable, or using Bluetooth wireless technology. The recording can be played back in the camera, and in image analysis and reporting software from FLIR Systems. Procedure Follow this procedure to add a voice annotation: To preview an image, push the Preview/Save button.
Page 113: Adding A Text Annotation
Differences Text annotations and image descriptions differ in several ways: between a text A text annotation is a proprietary annotation format from FLIR Systems, and the ■ annotation and an information cannot be retrieved by other vendors’ software. An image description image description uses a standard tag in the JPG file format and can be retrieved by other software.
Page 114 To create a *.tcf file, write your text using a text editor (e.g. Notepad on PCs), save the file with ANSI or UTF-8 encoding. The file must have the suffix *.tcf: add or edit the filename as appropriate. You can also use the text annotation editor in FLIR Re- porter to create text annotations.
Page 115 20 – Annotating images Procedure Follow this procedure to add a text annotation: To preview an image, push the Preview/Save button. This will display the documentation toolbar. Move the joystick left to select the text annotation toolbar button. Push the joystick to display the text annotation and image description work area.
Page 116: Adding An Image Description
Differences Image descriptions and text annotations differ in several ways: between a text A text annotation is a proprietary annotation format from FLIR Systems, and the ■ annotation and an information cannot be retrieved by other vendors’ software. An image description image description uses a standard tag in the JPG file format and can be retrieved by other software.
Page 117: Adding A Sketch
20 – Annotating images 20.5 Adding a sketch General A sketch is freehand drawing that you create in a sketch work area separate from the infrared image using the stylus pen. You can use the sketch feature to create a simple drawing, write down comments, dimensions, etc.
Page 118: Adding An Image Marker
20 – Annotating images 20.6 Adding an image marker General An image marker is a line with an arrowhead, pointing to an area of interest in an in- frared image. Procedure Follow this procedure to add an image marker: To preview an infrared image, push the Preview/Save button. On the documentation toolbar, select the toolbar button, using the stylus pen.
Page 119: Changing Settings
Changing settings 21.1 Changing image settings General On this tab you can change the following image settings: Color palette, i.e. how the infrared image is colored. A different palette can make ■ it easier to analyze an image. Object temperature range, i.e. the temperature range used for measuring objects. ■...
Page 120: Changing Regional Settings
21 – Changing settings 21.2 Changing regional settings General On this tab you can change the following image settings: Language ■ Date format (YY-MM-DD, MM/DD/YY, DD/MM/YY) ■ Time format (24 h or AM/PM) ■ Set date and time ■ Distance unit (meters or feet) ■...
Page 121: Changing Camera Settings
21 – Changing settings 21.3 Changing camera settings General On this tab you can change the following settings: Camera lamp (On/Off) ■ Display intensity (High, Medium, Low) ■ Click sound (On/Off) ■ Alarm sound (On/Off) ■ Auto power off (Off/3 min/5 min/10 min/20 min) ■...
Page 122: Cleaning The Camera
Cleaning the camera 22.1 Camera housing, cables, and other items Liquids Use one of these liquids: Warm water ■ A weak detergent solution ■ Equipment A soft cloth Procedure Follow this procedure: Soak the cloth in the liquid. Twist the cloth to remove excess liquid. Clean the part with the cloth.
Page 123: Infrared Lens
22 – Cleaning the camera 22.2 Infrared lens Liquids Use one of these liquids: 96% isopropyl alcohol. ■ A commercial lens cleaning liquid with more than 30% isopropyl alcohol. ■ Equipment Cotton wool Procedure Follow this procedure: Soak the cotton wool in the liquid. Twist the cotton wool to remove excess liquid.
Page 124: Technical Data
Technical data For technical data, refer to the datasheets on the user documentation CD-ROM that comes with the camera. Publ. No. 1558792 Rev. a460 – ENGLISH (EN) – July 1, 2010...
Page 125: Pin Configurations
Pin configurations Pin configuration 10763203;a1 for USB Mini-B connector Configuration +5 V (out) USB – USB + Ground Publ. No. 1558792 Rev. a460 – ENGLISH (EN) – July 1, 2010...
Page 126 24 – Pin configurations Pin configuration 10763503;a1 for microphone headset connector Configuration Mic return Headphone + Mic in Headphone – Publ. No. 1558792 Rev. a460 – ENGLISH (EN) – July 1, 2010...
Page 127 24 – Pin configurations Pin configuration 10763503;a1 for video connector Configuration Audio right Ground Video out Audio left Publ. No. 1558792 Rev. a460 – ENGLISH (EN) – July 1, 2010...
Page 128 24 – Pin configurations Pin configuration 10763303;a1 for USB-A connector Configuration +5 V (in) USB – USB + Ground Publ. No. 1558792 Rev. a460 – ENGLISH (EN) – July 1, 2010...
Page 129 24 – Pin configurations Pin configuration 10763403;a1 for power connector Configuration +12 V Publ. No. 1558792 Rev. a460 – ENGLISH (EN) – July 1, 2010...
Page 130: Dimensions
Dimensions 25.1 Camera 25.1.1 Camera dimensions Figure 10760403;a2 Publ. No. 1558792 Rev. a460 – ENGLISH (EN) – July 1, 2010...
Page 131: Camera Dimensions, Continued
25 – Dimensions 25.1.2 Camera dimensions, continued Figure 10760503;a1 Publ. No. 1558792 Rev. a460 – ENGLISH (EN) – July 1, 2010...
Page 132: Camera Dimensions, Continued
25 – Dimensions 25.1.3 Camera dimensions, continued Figure 10760603;a1 Publ. No. 1558792 Rev. a460 – ENGLISH (EN) – July 1, 2010...
Page 133: Camera Dimensions, Continued (With 30 Mm/15° Lens)
25 – Dimensions 25.1.4 Camera dimensions, continued (with 30 mm/15° lens) Figure 10762703;a1 Publ. No. 1558792 Rev. a460 – ENGLISH (EN) – July 1, 2010...
Page 134: Camera Dimensions, Continued (With 10 Mm/45° Lens)
25 – Dimensions 25.1.5 Camera dimensions, continued (with 10 mm/45° lens) Figure 10762603;a1 Publ. No. 1558792 Rev. a460 – ENGLISH (EN) – July 1, 2010...
Page 135: Battery
25 – Dimensions 25.2 Battery Figure 10602103;a2 NOTE Use a clean, dry cloth to remove any water or moisture on the battery before you install Publ. No. 1558792 Rev. a460 – ENGLISH (EN) – July 1, 2010...
Page 136: Stand-Alone Battery Charger
25 – Dimensions 25.3 Stand-alone battery charger Figure 10602203;a3 NOTE Use a clean, dry cloth to remove any water or moisture on the battery before you install Publ. No. 1558792 Rev. a460 – ENGLISH (EN) – July 1, 2010...
Page 137: Stand-Alone Battery Charger With The Battery
25 – Dimensions 25.4 Stand-alone battery charger with the battery Figure 10602303;a3 NOTE Use a clean, dry cloth to remove any water or moisture on the battery before you install Publ. No. 1558792 Rev. a460 – ENGLISH (EN) – July 1, 2010...
Page 138: Infrared Lens (30 Mm/15°)
25 – Dimensions 25.5 Infrared lens (30 mm/15°) Figure 10762503;a1 Publ. No. 1558792 Rev. a460 – ENGLISH (EN) – July 1, 2010...
Page 139: Infrared Lens (10 Mm/45°)
25 – Dimensions 25.6 Infrared lens (10 mm/45°) Figure 10762403;a1 Publ. No. 1558792 Rev. a460 – ENGLISH (EN) – July 1, 2010...
Page 140: Application Examples
Application examples 26.1 Moisture & water damage General It is often possible to detect moisture and water damage in a house by using an in- frared camera. This is partly because the damaged area has a different heat conduc- tion property and partly because it has a different thermal capacity to store heat than the surrounding material.
Page 141: Faulty Contact In Socket
26 – Application examples 26.2 Faulty contact in socket General Depending on the type of connection a socket has, an improperly connected wire can result in local temperature increase. This temperature increase is caused by the reduced contact area between the connection point of the incoming wire and the socket , and can result in an electrical fire.
Page 142: Oxidized Socket
26 – Application examples 26.3 Oxidized socket General Depending on the type of socket and the environment in which the socket is installed, oxides may occur on the socket's contact surfaces. These oxides can lead to locally increased resistance when the socket is loaded, which can be seen in an infrared image as local temperature increase.
Page 143: Insulation Deficiencies
26 – Application examples 26.4 Insulation deficiencies General Insulation deficiencies may result from insulation losing volume over the course of time and thereby not entirely filling the cavity in a frame wall. An infrared camera allows you to see these insulation deficiencies because they either have a different heat conduction property than sections with correctly installed insu- lation, and/or show the area where air is penetrating the frame of the building.
Page 144: Draft
26 – Application examples 26.5 Draft General Draft can be found under baseboards, around door and window casings, and above ceiling trim. This type of draft is often possible to see with an infrared camera, as a cooler airstream cools down the surrounding surface. NOTE When you are investigating draft in a house, there should be sub-atmospheric pressure in the house.
Page 145: Introduction To Building Thermography
Introduction to building thermography 27.1 Important note All camera functions and features that are described in this section may not be sup- ported by your particular camera configuration. 27.2 Typical field investigations 27.2.1 Guidelines As will be noted in subsequent sections there are a number of general guidelines the user should take heed of when carrying out building thermography inspection.
Page 146: Guidelines For Moisture Detection, Mold Detection & Detection Of Water Damages
27 – Introduction to building thermography 27.2.1.2 Guidelines for moisture detection, mold detection & detection of water damages Building defects related to moisture and water damages may only show up when ■ heat has been applied to the surface, e.g. from the sun. The presence of water changes the thermal conductivity and the thermal mass of ■...
Page 147: About Moisture Detection
27 – Introduction to building thermography A difference in temperature between the inside and the outside of 10–15°C (18–27°F) ■ is recommended. Inspections can be carried out at a lower temperature difference, but will make the analysis of the infrared images somewhat more difficult. Avoid direct sunlight on a part of a building structure—e.g.
Page 148: Safety Precautions
27 – Introduction to building thermography Although a basic understanding of the construction of low-slope commercial roofs is desirable when carrying out a roof thermography inspection, expert knowledge is not necessary. There is a large number of different design principles for low-slope com- mercial roofs—both when it comes to material and design—and it would be impossible for the infrared inspection person to know them all.
Page 149: Commented Building Structures
27 – Introduction to building thermography 27.2.3.3 Commented building structures This section includes a few typical examples of moisture problems on low-slope commercial roofs. Structural drawing Comment 10553603;a2 Inadequate sealing of roof membrane around conduit and ventilation ducts leading to local leakage around the conduit or duct.
Page 150: Commented Infrared Images
27 – Introduction to building thermography Structural drawing Comment 10553803;a2 Drainage channels located too high and with too low an inclination. Some water will remain in the drainage channel after rain, which may lead to local leakage around the channel. 10553903;a2 Inadequate sealing between roof membrane and roof outlet leading to local leakage around the roof...
Page 151 27 – Introduction to building thermography Infrared inspections of roofs with nonabsorbent insulations, common in many single- ply systems, are more difficult to diagnose because patterns are more diffuse. This section includes a few typical infrared images of moisture problems on low-slope commercial roofs: Infrared image Comment...
Page 152: Moisture Detection (2): Commercial & Residential Façades
27 – Introduction to building thermography 27.2.4 Moisture detection (2): Commercial & residential façades 27.2.4.1 General information Thermography has proven to be invaluable in the assessment of moisture infiltration into commercial and residential façades. Being able to provide a physical illustration of the moisture migration paths is more conclusive than extrapolating moisture meter probe locations and more cost-effective than large intrusive test cuts.
Page 153 27 – Introduction to building thermography Structural drawing Comment 10554503;a2 Rain hits the façade at an angle and penetrates the plaster through cracks. The water then follows the inside of the plaster and leads to frost erosion. 10554603;a2 Rain splashes on the façade and penetrates the plaster and masonry by absorption, which eventu- ally leads to frost erosion.
Page 154: Commented Infrared Images
27 – Introduction to building thermography 27.2.4.3 Commented infrared images This section includes a few typical infrared images of moisture problems on commercial & residential façades. Infrared image Comment 10554703;a1 Improperly terminated and sealed stone veneer to window frame and missing flashings has resulted in moisture infiltration into the wall cavity and inte- rior living space.
Page 155: Commented Building Structures
27 – Introduction to building thermography 27.2.5.2 Commented building structures This section includes a few typical examples of moisture problems on decks and balconies. Structural drawing Comment 10555203;a2 Improper sealing of paving and membrane to roof outlet, leading to leakage during rain. 10555103;a2 No flashing at deck-to-wall connection, leading to rain penetrating the concrete and insulation.
Page 156 27 – Introduction to building thermography Structural drawing Comment 10555003;a2 Water has penetrated the concrete due to inade- quately sized drop apron and has led to concrete disintegration and corrosion of reinforcement. SECURITY RISK! 10554903;a2 Water has penetrated the plaster and underlying masonry at the point where the handrail is fastened to the wall.
Page 157: Commented Infrared Images
27 – Introduction to building thermography 27.2.5.3 Commented infrared images This section includes a few typical infrared images of moisture problems on decks and balconies. Infrared image Comment 10555303;a1 Improper flashing at balcony-to-wall connections and missing perimeter drainage system resulted in moisture intrusion into the wood framing support structure of the exterior walkway balcony of a loft complex.
Page 158: Commented Infrared Images
27 – Introduction to building thermography 27.2.6.2 Commented infrared images This section includes a few typical infrared images of plumbing breaks & leaks. Infrared image Comment 10555503;a1 Moisture migration tracking along steel joist chan- nels inside ceiling of a single family home where a plumbing line had ruptured.
Page 159 27 – Introduction to building thermography Infrared image Comment 10555703;a1 The infrared image of this vinyl-sided 3-floor apartment house clearly shows the path of a seri- ous leak from a washing machine on the third floor, which is completely hidden within the wall. 10555803;a1 Water leak due to improper sealing between floor drain and tiles.
Page 160: Air Infiltration
27 – Introduction to building thermography 27.2.7 Air infiltration 27.2.7.1 General information Due to the wind pressure on a building, temperature differences between the inside and the outside of the building, and the fact that most buildings use exhaust air terminal devices to extract used air from the building, a negative pressure of 2–5 Pa can be expected.
Page 161 27 – Introduction to building thermography Structural drawing Comment 10552303;a2 Insulation deficiencies in an intermediate flow due to improperly installed fiberglass insulation batts. The air infiltration enters the room from behind the cornice. 10552603;a2 Air infiltration in a concrete floor-over-crawl-space due to cracks in the brick wall façade.
Page 162: Commented Infrared Images
27 – Introduction to building thermography 27.2.7.3 Commented infrared images This section includes a few typical infrared images of details of building structures where air infiltration has occurred. Infrared image Comment 10552703;a1 Air infiltration from behind a skirting strip. Note the typical ray pattern.
Page 163: Insulation Deficiencies
27 – Introduction to building thermography 27.2.8 Insulation deficiencies 27.2.8.1 General information Insulation deficiencies do not necessarily lead to air infiltration. If fiberglass insulation batts are improperly installed air pockets will form in the building structure. Since these air pockets have a different thermal conductivity than areas where the insulation batts are properly installed, the air pockets can be detected during a building ther- mography inspection.
Page 164 27 – Introduction to building thermography Structural drawing Comment 10553103;a2 Insulation deficiencies due to improper installation of insulation batts around an attic floor beam. Cool air infiltrates the structure and cools down the in- side of the ceiling. This kind of insulation deficiency will show up as dark areas on an infrared image.
Page 165: Commented Infrared Images
27 – Introduction to building thermography 27.2.8.3 Commented infrared images This section includes a few typical infrared images of insulation deficiencies. Infrared image Comment 10553303;a1 Insulation deficiencies in an intermediate floor structure. The deficiency may be due to either missing insulation batts or improperly installed in- sulations batts (air pockets).
Page 166 27 – Introduction to building thermography Infrared image Comment 10553503;a1 Insulation deficiencies in an intermediate floor structure. The deficiency may be due to either missing insulation batts or improperly installed in- sulations batts (air pockets). Publ. No. 1558792 Rev. a460 – ENGLISH (EN) – July 1, 2010...
Page 167: Theory Of Building Science
27 – Introduction to building thermography 27.3 Theory of building science 27.3.1 General information The demand for energy-efficient constructions has increased significantly in recent times. Developments in the field of energy, together with the demand for pleasant indoor environments, have resulted in ever-greater significance having to be attached to both the function of a building’s thermal insulation and airtightness and the efficiency of its heating and ventilation systems.
Page 168: The Effects Of Testing And Checking
27 – Introduction to building thermography the results of measurements, there are special requirements in terms of the skills and experience of those taking the measurements, e.g. by means of authorization by a national or regional standardization body. 27.3.2 The effects of testing and checking It can be difficult to anticipate how well the thermal insulation and airtightness of a completed building will work.
Page 169: Sources Of Disruption In Thermography
27 – Introduction to building thermography For the user the important thing is that the finished product fulfills the promised ■ requirements in terms of the building’s thermal insulation and airtightness. For the individual, buying a house involves a considerable financial commitment, and the purchaser therefore wants to know that any defects in the construction will not in- volve serious financial consequences or hygiene problems.
Page 170 27 – Introduction to building thermography The temperature changes associated with variations in the U value are generally gradual and symmetrically distributed across the surface. Variations of this kind do of course occur at the angles formed by roofs and floors and at the corners of walls. Temperature changes associated with air leaks or insulation defects are in most cases more evident with characteristically shaped sharp contours.
Page 171: Surface Temperature And Air Leaks
27 – Introduction to building thermography Any wet surfaces, e.g. as a result of surface condensation, have a definite effect on heat transfer at the surface and the surface temperature. Where there is moisture on a surface, there is usually some evaporation which draws off heat, thus lowering the temperature of the surface by several degrees.
Page 172 27 – Introduction to building thermography In a steady wind flow, Bernoulli’s Law applies: where: Air density in kg/m ρ Wind velocity in m/s Static pressure in Pa and where: denotes the dynamic pressure and p the static pressure. The total of these pressures gives the total pressure.
Page 173 27 – Introduction to building thermography 10551803;a1 Figure 27.3 Distribution of resultant pressures on a building’s enclosing surfaces depending on wind effects, ventilation and internal/external temperature difference. 1: Wind direction; T : Thermodynamic air temper- ature outdoors in K; T : Thermodynamic air temperature indoors in K.
Page 174 27 – Introduction to building thermography 10551903;a1 Figure 27.4 Stress concentration factor (C) distributions for various wind directions and wind velocities (v) relative to a building. Wind conditions can vary substantially over time and between relatively closely situ- ated locations. In thermography, such variations can have a clear effect on the mea- surement results.
Page 175 27 – Introduction to building thermography part. At a certain height there is a neutral zone where the pressures on the inside and outside are the same, see the figure on page 164. This differential pressure may be described by the relationship: Air pressure differential within the structure in Pa Δp 9.81 m/s...
Page 176 27 – Introduction to building thermography 10552003;a1 Figure 27.5 Distribution of pressures on a building with two openings and where the external temperature is lower than the internal temperature. 1: Neutral zone; 2: Positive pressure; 3: Negative pressure; h: Distance from the neutral zone in meters. The position of the neutral zone may vary, depending on any leaks in the building.
Page 177: Measuring Conditions & Measuring Season
27 – Introduction to building thermography 27.3.5 Measuring conditions & measuring season The foregoing may be summarized as follows as to the requirements with regard to measuring conditions when carrying out thermographic imaging of buildings. Thermographic imaging is done in such a way that the disruptive influence from ex- ternal climatic factors is as slight as possible.
Page 178 27 – Introduction to building thermography In practice the method involves the following: Laboratory or field tests are used to produce an expected temperature distribution in the form of typical or comparative infrared images for common wall structures, com- prising both defect-free structures and structures with in-built defects. Examples of typical infrared images are shown in section 27.2 –...
Page 179: Humidity & Dew Point
27 – Introduction to building thermography Deviations and irregularities in the appearance of the infrared image often indicate insulation defects. There may obviously be considerable variations in the appearance of infrared images of structures with insulation defects. Certain types of insulation defects have a characteristic shape on the infrared image.
Page 180: Definition Of Dew Point
27 – Introduction to building thermography Figure 27.7 A: Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit; B: Maximum amount of water in gr/ft (at sea level) 86.0 13.30 68.0 7.58 50.0 4.12 32.0 2.12 84.2 12.60 66.2 7.14 48.2 3.86 30.2 1.96 82.4 11.93 64.4 6.73...
Page 181: Introduction
27 – Introduction to building thermography UK Thermography Association c/o British Institute of Nondestructive Testing 1 Spencer Parade Northampton NN1 5AA United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0)1604 630124 Fax: +44 (0)1604 231489 27.3.8.2 Introduction Over the last few years the equipment, applications, software, and understanding connected with thermography have all developed at an astonishing rate.
Page 182: Quantitative Appraisal Of Thermal Anomalies
27 – Introduction to building thermography range of thermal anomalies can be found in BINDT Guides to thermal imaging (Infrared Thermography Handbook; Volume 1, Principles and Practise, Norman Walker, ISBN 0903132338, Volume 2, Applications, A. N. Nowicki, ISBN 090313232X, BINDT, 2005). 27.3.8.3.1 Requirements A thermographic survey to demonstrate continuity of insulation, areas of thermal...
Page 183 27 – Introduction to building thermography A value for f of 0.75 is considered appropriate across new building as the upper CRsi end usage is not a factor considered in testing for ‘Continuity of Insulation’, or ‘Thermal Bridging’. However, when considering refurbished or extended buildings, for example swimming pools, internal surveys may need to account for unusal circumstances.
Page 184 27 – Introduction to building thermography Example for lightweight built-up cladding with defective Good area Failing area insulation Outside temperature in ℃ Inside surface temperature in ℃ 19.1 15.0 Outside surface temperature in ℃ Surface factor from IP17/01 0.95 0.75 Critical external surface temperature factor, after IP17/01 0.92 Insulation thickness to give this level of performance, mm...
Page 185: Conditions And Equipment
27 – Introduction to building thermography used value of 0.1% of the building exposed surface area is generally accepted as the maximum combined defect area allowable to comply with the Building Regulations. This represents one square metre in every thousand. 27.3.8.4.4 Measuring surface temperature Measurement of surface temperature is the function of the infrared imaging system.
Page 186: Survey And Analysis
27 – Introduction to building thermography Necessary surfaces free from direct solar radiation and the residual effects of past ■ solar radiation. This can be checked by comparing the surface temperatures of opposite sides of the building. No precipitation either just prior to or during the survey. ■...
Page 187: Reporting
27 – Introduction to building thermography The viewing angle is nearly perpendicular to the surface being imaged. Interfering ■ sources of infrared radiation such as lights, heat emitters, electric conductors, re- flective elements are minimised. The method of analysis will depend somewhat on analysis software used, but the key stages are as follows: Produce an image of each anomaly or cluster of anomalies.
Page 188 27 – Introduction to building thermography Type, extent and position of each observed defect. ■ Results of any supplementary measurements and investigations. ■ Reports should be indexed and archived by thermographers. ■ 27.3.8.7.1 Considerations and limitations The choice between internal and external surveys will depend on: Access to the surface.
Page 189: Disclaimer
27 – Introduction to building thermography 27.4 Disclaimer 27.4.1 Copyright notice Some sections and/or images appearing in this chapter are copyrighted to the follow- ing organizations and companies: FORMAS—The Swedish Research Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences ■ and Spatial Planning, Stockholm, Sweden ITC—Infrared Training Center, Boston, MA, United States ■...
Page 190: Introduction To Thermographic Inspections Of Electrical Installations
Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 28.1 Important note All camera functions and features that are described in this section may not be sup- ported by your particular camera configuration. Electrical regulations differ from country to country. For that reason, the electrical procedures described in this section may not be the standard of procedure in your particular country.
Page 191: General Equipment Data
28 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations and for the climatic zones. The measurement periods may also differ depending on the type of plant to be inspected, whether they are hydroelectric, nuclear, coal-based or oil-based plants. In the industry the inspections are—at least in Nordic countries with clear seasonal differences—carried out during spring or autumn or before longer stops in the oper- ation.
Page 192: Inspection
28 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations The more the IR camera operator knows about the equipment that he or she is about to inspect, the higher the quality of the inspection. But it is virtually impossible for an IR thermographer to have detailed knowledge about all the different types of equipment that can be controlled.
Page 193: Priority
28 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations The classification of the defects gives a more detailed meaning that not only takes into account the situation at the time of inspection (which is certainly of great impor- tance), but also the possibility to normalize the over-temperature to standard load and ambient temperature conditions.
Page 194: Control
28 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations However, the most common result of the identification and classification of the detected faults is a recommendation to repair immediately or as soon as it is practically possible. It is important that the repair crew is aware of the physical principles for the identifica- tion of defects.
Page 195: Measurement Technique For Thermographic Inspection Of Electrical Installations
28 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 28.3 Measurement technique for thermographic inspection of electrical installations 28.3.1 How to correctly set the equipment A thermal image may show high temperature variations: 10712803;a4 Figure 28.2 Temperature variations in a fusebox In the images above, the fuse to the right has a maximum temperature of +61°C (+142°F), whereas the one to the left is maximum +32°C (+90°F) and the one in the middle somewhere in between.
Page 196 28 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations to be in for the moment. It might be so that you measure heat, which has been con- ducted over some distance, whereas the ‘real’ hot spot is hidden from you. An example is shown in the image below.
Page 197: Comparative Measurement
28 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 28.3.3 Comparative measurement For thermographic inspections of electrical installations a special method is used, which is based on comparison of different objects, so-called measurement with a reference. This simply means that you compare the three phases with each other. This method needs systematic scanning of the three phases in parallel in order to assess whether a point differs from the normal temperature pattern.
Page 198: Normal Operating Temperature
28 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 10713303;a4 Figure 28.7 A profile (line) in an infrared image and a graph displaying the increasing temperature 28.3.4 Normal operating temperature Temperature measurement with thermography usually gives the absolute temperature of the object. In order to correctly assess whether the component is too hot, it is necessary to know its operating temperature, that is, its normal temperature if we consider the load and the temperature of its environment.
Page 199: Classification Of Faults
28 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations The two left phases are considered as normal, whereas the right phase shows a very clear excess temperature. Actually, the operating temperature of the left phase is +68°C (+154°F), that is, quite a substantial temperature, whereas the faulty phase to the right shows a temperature of +86°C (+187°F).
Page 200 28 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations Excess temperatures measured directly on the faulty part are usually divided into three categories relating to 100% of the maximum load. < 5°C (9°F) The start of the overheat condi- tion. This must be carefully monitored.
Page 201: Reporting
The program, which has been used for creating the report page shown below, is called FLIR Reporter. It is adapted to several types of infrared cameras from FLIR Systems. A professional report is often divided into two sections: Front pages, with facts about the inspection, such as: ■...
Page 202 28 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 10713603;a3 Figure 28.10 A report example Publ. No. 1558792 Rev. a460 – ENGLISH (EN) – July 1, 2010...
Page 203: Different Types Of Hot Spots In Electrical Installations
28 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 28.5 Different types of hot spots in electrical installations 28.5.1 Reflections The thermographic camera sees any radiation that enters the lens, not only originating from the object that you are looking at, but also radiation that comes from other sources and has been reflected by the target.
Page 204: Inductive Heating
28 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 10713803;a3 Figure 28.12 An infrared image of a circuit breaker 28.5.3 Inductive heating 10713903;a3 Figure 28.13 An infrared image of hot stabilizing weights Eddy currents can cause a hot spot in the current path. In cases of very high currents and close proximity of other metals, this has in some cases caused serious fires.
Page 205: Varying Cooling Conditions
28 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 10714003;a3 Figure 28.14 Examples of infrared images of load variations The image to the left shows three cables next to each other. They are so far apart that they can be regarded as thermally insulated from each other. The one in the middle is colder than the others.
Page 206: Resistance Variations
28 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 28.5.6 Resistance variations Overheating can have many origins. Some common reasons are described below. Low contact pressure can occur when mounting a joint, or through wear of the mate- rial, for example, decreasing spring tension, worn threads in nuts and bolts, even too much force applied at mounting.
Page 207 28 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 10714303;a3 Figure 28.17 Overheating in a circuit breaker The overheating of this circuit breaker is most probably caused by bad contact in the near finger of the contactor. Thus, the far finger carries more current and gets hotter. The component in the infrared image and in the photo is not the same, however, it is similar).
Page 208: Disturbance Factors At Thermographic Inspection Of Electrical Installations
28 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 28.6 Disturbance factors at thermographic inspection of electrical installations During thermographic inspections of different types of electrical installations, distur- bance factors such as wind, distance to object, rain or snow often influence the measurement result.
Page 209: Distance To Object
28 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations snow or rain and reliable measurement is no longer possible. This is mainly because a heavy snowfall as well as heavy rain is impenetrable to infrared radiation and it is rather the temperature of the snowflakes or raindrops that will be measured. 28.6.3 Distance to object This image is taken from a helicopter 20 meters (66 ft.) away from this faulty connec-...
Page 210: Object Size
The reason for this effect is that there is a smallest object size, which gives correct temperature measurement. This smallest size is indicated to the user in all FLIR Sys- tems cameras. The image below shows what you see in the viewfinder of camera model 695.
Page 211 28 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations as well, strongly lowering the reading. In the above case, where we have a point- shaped object, which is much hotter than the surroundings, the temperature reading will be too low. 10714703;a3 Figure 28.21 Image from the viewfinder of a ThermaCAM 695 This effect is due to imperfections in the optics and to the size of the detector elements.
Page 212: Practical Advice For The Thermographer
28 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 28.7 Practical advice for the thermographer Working in a practical way with a camera, you will discover small things that make your job easier. Here are five of them to start with. 28.7.1 From cold to hot You have been out with the camera at +5°C (+41°F).
Page 213: Reflected Apparent Temperature
28 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 28.7.4 Reflected apparent temperature You are in a measurement situation where there are several hot sources that influence your measurement. You need to have the right value for the reflected apparent tem- perature to input into the camera and thus get the best possible correction.
Page 214: About Flir Systems
10 L (2.6 US gallon) jar with liquid nitrogen. To the left of the oscilloscope the Polaroid attachment (6 kg/13 lb.) can be seen. RIGHT: FLIR i7 from 2009. Weight: 0.34 kg (0.75 lb.), including the battery.
Page 215: More Than Just An Infrared Camera
29.1 More than just an infrared camera At FLIR Systems we recognize that our job is to go beyond just producing the best infrared camera systems. We are committed to enabling all users of our infrared camera systems to work more productively by providing them with the most powerful camera–software combination.
Page 216: A Few Images From Our Facilities
29 – About FLIR Systems 29.4 A few images from our facilities 10401303;a1 Figure 29.2 LEFT: Development of system electronics; RIGHT: Testing of an FPA detector 10401403;a1 Figure 29.3 LEFT: Diamond turning machine; RIGHT: Lens polishing Publ. No. 1558792 Rev. a460 – ENGLISH (EN) – July 1, 2010...
Page 217 29 – About FLIR Systems 10401503;a1 Figure 29.4 LEFT: Testing of infrared cameras in the climatic chamber; RIGHT: Robot used for camera testing and calibration Publ. No. 1558792 Rev. a460 – ENGLISH (EN) – July 1, 2010...
Page 218: Glossary
Glossary Term or expression Explanation absorption (absorption factor) The amount of radiation absorbed by an object relative to the received radiation. A number between 0 and 1. atmosphere The gases between the object being measured and the camera, normally air. autoadjust A function making a camera perform an internal image correc- tion.
Page 219 30 – Glossary Term or expression Explanation external optics Extra lenses, filters, heat shields etc. that can be put between the camera and the object being measured. filter A material transparent only to some of the infrared wavelengths. Field of view: The horizontal angle that can be viewed through an IR lens.
Page 220 30 – Glossary Term or expression Explanation palette The set of colors used to display an IR image. pixel Stands for picture element. One single spot in an image. radiance Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time, area and angle (W/m /sr) radiant power...
Page 221 30 – Glossary Term or expression Explanation transmission (or transmittance) factor Gases and materials can be more or less transparent. Transmis- sion is the amount of IR radiation passing through them. A number between 0 and 1. transparent isotherm An isotherm showing a linear spread of colors, instead of cover- ing the highlighted parts of the image.
Page 222: Thermographic Measurement Techniques
Thermographic measurement techniques 31.1 Introduction An infrared camera measures and images the emitted infrared radiation from an object. The fact that radiation is a function of object surface temperature makes it possible for the camera to calculate and display this temperature. However, the radiation measured by the camera does not only depend on the tem- perature of the object but is also a function of the emissivity.
Page 223: Finding The Emissivity Of A Sample
31 – Thermographic measurement techniques 31.2.1 Finding the emissivity of a sample 31.2.1.1 Step 1: Determining reflected apparent temperature Use one of the following two methods to determine reflected apparent temperature: 31.2.1.1.1 Method 1: Direct method Look for possible reflection sources, considering that the incident angle = reflection angle (a = b).
Page 224 31 – Thermographic measurement techniques Measure the radiation intensity (= apparent temperature) from the reflecting source using the following settings: Emissivity: 1.0 ■ ■ You can measure the radiation intensity using one of the following two methods: 10589003;a2 Figure 31.3 1 = Reflection source Note: Using a thermocouple to measure reflected apparent temperature is not recom- mended for two important reasons: A thermocouple does not measure radiation intensity...
Page 225: Step 2: Determining The Emissivity
31 – Thermographic measurement techniques Measure the apparent temperature of the aluminum foil and write it down. 10727003;a2 Figure 31.4 Measuring the apparent temperature of the aluminum foil 31.2.1.2 Step 2: Determining the emissivity Select a place to put the sample. Determine and set reflected apparent temperature according to the previous procedure.
Page 226: Reflected Apparent Temperature
50%. 31.6 Other parameters In addition, some cameras and analysis programs from FLIR Systems allow you to compensate for the following parameters: Atmospheric temperature – i.e. the temperature of the atmosphere between the ■...
Page 227: History Of Infrared Technology
History of infrared technology Before the year 1800, the existence of the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum wasn't even suspected. The original significance of the infrared spectrum, or simply ‘the infrared’ as it is often called, as a form of heat radiation is perhaps less obvious today than it was at the time of its discovery by Herschel in 1800.
Page 228 32 – History of infrared technology however, who was the first to recognize that there must be a point where the heating effect reaches a maximum, and that measurements confined to the visible portion of the spectrum failed to locate this point. 10398903;a1 Figure 32.2 Marsilio Landriani (1746–1815) Moving the thermometer into the dark region beyond the red end of the spectrum,...
Page 229 32 – History of infrared technology 10399103;a1 Figure 32.3 Macedonio Melloni (1798–1854) Thermometers, as radiation detectors, remained unchallenged until 1829, the year Nobili invented the thermocouple. (Herschel’s own thermometer could be read to 0.2 °C (0.036 °F), and later models were able to be read to 0.05 °C (0.09 °F)). Then a breakthrough occurred;...
Page 230 32 – History of infrared technology The improvement of infrared-detector sensitivity progressed slowly. Another major breakthrough, made by Langley in 1880, was the invention of the bolometer. This consisted of a thin blackened strip of platinum connected in one arm of a Wheatstone bridge circuit upon which the infrared radiation was focused and to which a sensitive galvanometer responded.
Page 231: Theory Of Thermography
Theory of thermography 33.1 Introduction The subjects of infrared radiation and the related technique of thermography are still new to many who will use an infrared camera. In this section the theory behind ther- mography will be given. 33.2 The electromagnetic spectrum The electromagnetic spectrum is divided arbitrarily into a number of wavelength re- gions, called bands, distinguished by the methods used to produce and detect the radiation.
Page 232: Blackbody Radiation
Such cavity radiators are commonly used as sources of radiation in temperature reference standards in the laboratory for calibrating thermo- graphic instruments, such as a FLIR Systems camera for example. Publ. No. 1558792 Rev. a460 – ENGLISH (EN) – July 1, 2010...
Page 233: Planck's Law
33 – Theory of thermography If the temperature of blackbody radiation increases to more than 525°C (977°F), the source begins to be visible so that it appears to the eye no longer black. This is the incipient red heat temperature of the radiator, which then becomes orange or yellow as the temperature increases further.
Page 234: Wien's Displacement Law
33 – Theory of thermography ➲ The factor 10 is used since spectral emittance in the curves is expressed in Watt/m , μm. Planck’s formula, when plotted graphically for various temperatures, produces a family of curves. Following any particular Planck curve, the spectral emittance is zero at λ...
Page 235 33 – Theory of thermography μm. Thus, a very hot star such as Sirius (11 000 K), emitting bluish-white light, radiates with the peak of spectral radiant emittance occurring within the invisible ultraviolet spectrum, at wavelength 0.27 μm. 10399403;a1 Figure 33.5 Wilhelm Wien (1864–1928) The sun (approx.
Page 236: Stefan-Boltzmann's Law
33 – Theory of thermography 10327203;a4 Figure 33.6 Planckian curves plotted on semi-log scales from 100 K to 1000 K. The dotted line represents the locus of maximum radiant emittance at each temperature as described by Wien's displacement law. 1: Spectral radiant emittance (W/cm (μm));...
Page 237: Non-Blackbody Emitters
33 – Theory of thermography 10399303;a1 Figure 33.7 Josef Stefan (1835–1893), and Ludwig Boltzmann (1844–1906) Using the Stefan-Boltzmann formula to calculate the power radiated by the human body, at a temperature of 300 K and an external surface area of approx. 2 m , we obtain 1 kW.
Page 238 33 – Theory of thermography For opaque materials τ = 0 and the relation simplifies to: λ Another factor, called the emissivity, is required to describe the fraction ε of the radiant emittance of a blackbody produced by an object at a specific temperature. Thus, we have the definition: The spectral emissivity ε...
Page 239: Infrared Semi-Transparent Materials
33 – Theory of thermography 10401203;a2 Figure 33.8 Spectral radiant emittance of three types of radiators. 1: Spectral radiant emittance; 2: Wavelength; 3: Blackbody; 4: Selective radiator; 5: Graybody. 10327303;a4 Figure 33.9 Spectral emissivity of three types of radiators. 1: Spectral emissivity; 2: Wavelength; 3: Blackbody;...
Page 240 33 – Theory of thermography some of it arrives at the other surface, through which most of it escapes; part of it is reflected back again. Although the progressive reflections become weaker and weaker they must all be added up when the total emittance of the plate is sought. When the resulting geometrical series is summed, the effective emissivity of a semi- transparent plate is obtained as: When the plate becomes opaque this formula is reduced to the single formula:...
Page 241: The Measurement Formula
The measurement formula As already mentioned, when viewing an object, the camera receives radiation not only from the object itself. It also collects radiation from the surroundings reflected via the object surface. Both these radiation contributions become attenuated to some extent by the atmosphere in the measurement path.
Page 242 34 – The measurement formula or, with simplified notation: where C is a constant. Should the source be a graybody with emittance ε, the received radiation would consequently be εW source We are now ready to write the three collected radiation power terms: 1 –...
Page 243 34 – The measurement formula This is the general measurement formula used in all the FLIR Systems thermographic equipment. The voltages of the formula are: Figure 34.2 Voltages Calculated camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature i.e. a voltage that can be directly converted into true requested object temperature.
Page 244 5 volts, the resulting curve would have been very much the same as our real curve extrapolated beyond 4.1 volts, pro- vided the calibration algorithm is based on radiation physics, like the FLIR Systems algorithm. Of course there must be a limit to such extrapolations.
Page 245 34 – The measurement formula 10400603;a2 Figure 34.3 Relative magnitudes of radiation sources under varying measurement conditions (SW camera). 1: Object temperature; 2: Emittance; Obj: Object radiation; Refl: Reflected radiation; Atm: atmosphere radiation. Fixed parameters: τ = 0.88; T = 20°C (+68°F); T = 20°C (+68°F).
Page 246 34 – The measurement formula 10400703;a2 Figure 34.4 Relative magnitudes of radiation sources under varying measurement conditions (LW camera). 1: Object temperature; 2: Emittance; Obj: Object radiation; Refl: Reflected radiation; Atm: atmosphere radiation. Fixed parameters: τ = 0.88; T = 20°C (+68°F); T = 20°C (+68°F).
Page 247: Emissivity Tables
Emissivity tables This section presents a compilation of emissivity data from the infrared literature and measurements made by FLIR Systems. 35.1 References Mikaél A. Bramson: Infrared Radiation, A Handbook for Applications, Plenum press, N.Y. William L. Wolfe, George J. Zissis: The Infrared Handbook, Office of Naval Research, Department of Navy, Washington, D.C.
Page 248: Tables
35 – Emissivity tables 35.3 Tables Figure 35.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3: Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6: Reference 3M type 35 Vinyl electrical < 80 Ca.
Page 249 35 – Emissivity tables Aluminum roughened 3 µm 0.28 Aluminum roughened 10 µm 0.18 Aluminum rough surface 20–50 0.06–0.07 Aluminum sheet, 4 samples 0.03–0.06 differently scratched Aluminum sheet, 4 samples 0.05–0.08 differently scratched Aluminum vacuum deposited 0.04 Aluminum weathered, heavily 0.83–0.94 Aluminum bronze 0.60...
Page 250 35 – Emissivity tables Brass rubbed with 80- 0.20 grit emery Brass sheet, rolled 0.06 Brass sheet, worked with emery Brick alumina 0.68 Brick common 0.86–0.81 Brick Dinas silica, 1100 0.85 glazed, rough Brick Dinas silica, refrac- 1000 0.66 tory Brick Dinas silica, 1000...
Page 251 35 – Emissivity tables Brick waterproof 0.87 Bronze phosphor bronze 0.06 Bronze phosphor bronze 0.08 Bronze polished Bronze porous, rough 50–150 0.55 Bronze powder 0.76–0.80 Carbon candle soot 0.95 Carbon charcoal powder 0.96 Carbon graphite, filed sur- 0.98 face Carbon graphite powder 0.97 Carbon...
Page 252 35 – Emissivity tables Copper oxidized, heavily 0.78 Copper oxidized to black- 0.88 ness Copper polished 50–100 0.02 Copper polished 0.03 Copper polished, commer- 0.03 cial Copper polished, mechan- 0.015 ical Copper pure, carefully 0.008 prepared surface Copper scraped 0.07 Copper dioxide powder 0.84...
Page 253 35 – Emissivity tables Granite rough, 4 different 0.95–0.97 samples Gypsum 0.8–0.9 Ice: See Water Iron, cast casting 0.81 Iron, cast ingots 1000 0.95 Iron, cast liquid 1300 0.28 Iron, cast machined 800–1000 0.60–0.70 Iron, cast oxidized 0.63 Iron, cast oxidized 0.64 Iron, cast...
Page 254 35 – Emissivity tables Iron and steel hot rolled 0.77 Iron and steel hot rolled 0.60 Iron and steel oxidized 0.74 Iron and steel oxidized 0.74 Iron and steel oxidized 125–525 0.78–0.82 Iron and steel oxidized 0.79 Iron and steel oxidized 1227 0.89...
Page 255 35 – Emissivity tables Iron tinned sheet 0.064 Krylon Ultra-flat Flat black Room temperature Ca. 0.96 black 1602 up to 175 Krylon Ultra-flat Flat black Room temperature Ca. 0.97 black 1602 up to 175 Lacquer 3 colors sprayed 0.92–0.94 on Aluminum Lacquer 3 colors sprayed 0.50–0.53...
Page 256 35 – Emissivity tables Magnesium 0.18 Magnesium polished 0.07 Magnesium pow- 0.86 Molybdenum 600–1000 0.08–0.13 Molybdenum 1500–2200 0.19–0.26 Molybdenum filament 700–2500 0.1–0.3 Mortar 0.87 Mortar 0.94 Nextel Velvet 811- Flat black –60–150 > 0.97 10 and 21 Black Nichrome rolled 0.25 Nichrome sandblasted...
Page 257 35 – Emissivity tables Nickel electroplated on 0.11 iron, unpolished Nickel oxidized 0.37 Nickel oxidized 0.37 Nickel oxidized 1227 0.85 Nickel oxidized at 600°C 200–600 0.37–0.48 Nickel polished 0.045 Nickel wire 200–1000 0.1–0.2 Nickel oxide 500–650 0.52–0.59 Nickel oxide 1000–1250 0.75–0.86 Oil, lubricating 0.025 mm film...
Page 258 35 – Emissivity tables Paint oil based, average 0.94 of 16 colors Paint plastic, black 0.95 Paint plastic, white 0.84 Paper 4 different colors 0.92–0.94 Paper 4 different colors 0.68–0.74 Paper black 0.90 Paper black, dull 0.94 Paper black, dull 0.89 Paper black, dull...
Page 259 35 – Emissivity tables Plastic polyurethane isola- 0.55 tion board Plastic polyurethane isola- 0.29 tion board Plastic PVC, plastic floor, 0.93 dull, structured Plastic PVC, plastic floor, 0.94 dull, structured Platinum 0.016 Platinum 0.03 Platinum 0.05 Platinum 0.06 Platinum 0.10 Platinum 1000–1500 0.14–0.18...
Page 260 35 – Emissivity tables Skin human 0.98 Slag boiler 0–100 0.97–0.93 Slag boiler 200–500 0.89–0.78 Slag boiler 600–1200 0.76–0.70 Slag boiler 1400–1800 0.69–0.67 Snow: See Water Soil 0.92 Soil saturated with wa- 0.95 Stainless steel alloy, 8% Ni, 18% 0.35 Stainless steel rolled 0.45...
Page 261 35 – Emissivity tables Titanium oxidized at 540°C 0.40 Titanium oxidized at 540°C 0.50 Titanium oxidized at 540°C 1000 0.60 Titanium polished 0.15 Titanium polished 0.20 Titanium polished 1000 0.36 Tungsten 0.05 Tungsten 600–1000 0.1–0.16 Tungsten 1500–2200 0.24–0.31 Tungsten filament 3300 0.39 Varnish...
Page 262 35 – Emissivity tables Wood pine, 4 different 0.81–0.89 samples Wood pine, 4 different 0.67–0.75 samples Wood planed 0.8–0.9 Wood planed oak 0.90 Wood planed oak 0.88 Wood planed oak 0.77 Wood plywood, smooth, 0.82 Wood plywood, untreat- 0.83 Wood white, damp 0.7–0.8 Zinc...
Page 263 A note on the technical production of this publication This publication was produced using XML—the eXtensible Markup Language. For more information about XML, please visit http://www.w3.org/XML/ A note on the typeface used in this publication This publication was typeset using Swiss 721, which is Bitstream’s pan-European version of the Helvetica™ typeface. Helvetica™ was designed by Max Miedinger (1910–1980).
Page 264 Publ. No. 1558792 Rev. a460 – ENGLISH (EN) – July 1, 2010...
Page 266 Corporate Headquarters FLIR Systems, Inc. 27700 SW Parkway Avenue Wilsonville, OR 97070 Telephone: +1-800-727-3547 Website: http://www.flir.com...

This manual is also suitable for:

T series

FLIR B series User Manual

1 Warnings & Cautions

2 Notice to User

3 Customer Help

4 Documentation Updates

5 Important Note about this Manual

6 Quick Start Guide

7 Parts Lists

8 Note about Ergonomics

9 Camera Parts

10 Toolbars and Work Areas

11 Navigating the Menu System

12 External Devices and Storage Media

13 Pairing Bluetooth® Devices

14 Fetching Data from External Extech® Meters

15 Handling the Camera

16 Working with Images and Folders

17 Working with Fusion

18 Recording Video Clips

19 Working with Measurement Tools and Isotherms

20 Annotating Images

21 Changing Settings

22 Cleaning the Camera

23 Technical Data

24 Pin Configurations

25 Dimensions

26 Application Examples

27 Introduction to Building Thermography

28 Introduction to Thermographic Inspections of Electrical Installations

29 About FLIR Systems

30 Glossary

31 Thermographic Measurement Techniques

32 History of Infrared Technology

33 Theory of Thermography

34 The Measurement Formula

35 Emissivity Tables

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Summary of Contents for FLIR B series