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English (EN)
March 12, 2008
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- Page 1 Bruksanvisning dning Gebruikershandleiding – Brukerveiledning – Instrukcja obsługi – – Kullanım Kılavuzu – Uživatelská příručka – Gebruikershandleiding Kılavuzu – Uživatelská příručka – FLIR BCAM FLIR BCAM SD Publ. No. 1558324 Revision a267 Language English (EN) Issue date March 12, 2008...
- Page 3 In some market regions these products are sold under the Extech brand. For more information about Extech’s additional product lines, please visit: http://www.extech.com...
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Page 5: Table Of Contents
Customer help Important note about this manual Contents of the transport case Camera parts Screen elements Connecting the cables Operating the camera Cleaning the camera Technical data Dimensional drawings Introduction to building thermography About FLIR Systems History of infrared technology... - Page 9 User’s manual Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008...
- Page 10 FLIR Systems or this warranty will not apply. FLIR Systems will, at its option, repair or replace any such defective product free of charge if, upon inspection, it proves to be defective in material or workmanship and provided that it is returned to FLIR Systems within the said one-year period.
- Page 11 Designation Status Reg. No. Germany Patent 60004227.8 Great Britain Design Patent 106017 Great Britain Design Patent 3006596 Great Britain Design Patent 3006597 Great Britain Patent 1188086 International Design Patent DM/057692 International Design Patent DM/061609 Japan Application 2000-620406 Japan Application 2002-588123 Japan Application 2002-588070...
- Page 12 NOT FAULT TOLERANT. THE SOFTWARE IS NOT FAULT TOLERANT. FLIR Systems AB HAS INDEPENDENTLY DETERMINED ■ HOW TO USE THE SOFTWARE IN THE DEVICE, AND MS HAS RELIED UPON FLIR Systems AB TO CONDUCT SUFFICIENT TESTING TO DETERMINE THAT THE SOFTWARE IS SUITABLE FOR SUCH USE.
- Page 13 Table of contents Warnings & Cautions ........................Notice to user ..........................Customer help ..........................Important note about this manual ....................Contents of the transport case ..................... Camera parts ........................... Front view ..........................Side view ..........................Keypad ..........................Controls & functions ......................Power indicator ........................
- Page 14 9.17 Changing the reflected apparent temperature ..............9.18 Opening an image ........................ 9.19 Deleting an image ......................... 9.20 Deleting all images ....................... 9.21 Changing camera settings ....................9.22 Moving images to a PC ......................9.23 Viewing streaming MPEG4 live video from the camera ............10 Cleaning the camera ........................
- Page 15 Disclaimer ..........................13.4.1 Copyright notice ....................13.4.2 Training & certification ..................13.4.3 National or regional building codes ..............14 About FLIR Systems ........................14.1 More than just an infrared camera ..................14.2 Sharing our knowledge ......................14.3 Supporting our customers ....................
- Page 16 Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008...
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Page 17: Warnings & Cautions
Warnings & Cautions This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and if WARNING ■ not installed and used in accordance with the instruction manual, may cause in- terference to radio communications. It has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A computing device pursuant to Subpart J of Part 15 of FCC Rules, which are designed to provide reasonable protection against such interfer- ence when operated in a commercial environment. - Page 18 1 – Warnings & Cautions Do not put the batteries in or near a fire, or into direct sunlight. When the battery ■ becomes hot, the built-in safety equipment becomes energized and can stop the battery charging process. If the battery becomes hot, damage can occur to the safety equipment and this can cause more heat, damage or ignition of the battery.
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Page 19: Notice To User
To go to the forums, visit: http://www.infraredtraining.com/community/boards/ PC software FLIR Systems regularly issues PC software updates and service releases on the updates support pages of the company website: http://www.flirthermography.com To find the latest updates and service releases, make that sure you select USA in the Select country box in the top right corner of the page. - Page 20 2 – Notice to user INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008...
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Page 21: Customer Help
On the customer help site you will also be able to download program updates for your camera. Figure This figure shows the welcome page of FLIR Systems customer help site: 10776203;a1 Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008... - Page 22 3 – Customer help INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008...
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Page 23: Important Note About This Manual
Important note about this manual General FLIR Systems issues generic manuals that cover several cameras within a model line. This means that this manual may contain descriptions and explanations that do not apply to your particular camera model. NOTE FLIR Systems reserves the right to discontinue models, parts or accessories, and other items, or to change specifications at any time without prior notice. - Page 24 4 – Important note about this manual INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008...
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Page 25: Contents Of The Transport Case
The contents of the transport case is subject to customer configuration. ■ FLIR Systems reserves the right to discontinue models, parts or accessories, and ■ other items, or change specifications at any time without prior notice. The stand-alone battery charger is an item that is not included in the standard ■... - Page 26 5 – Contents of the transport case INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008...
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Page 27: Camera Parts
Camera parts Front view Figure 10601703;a2 Explanation This table gives an explanation to the figure above: Laser pointer with lens cap Focus ring Infrared lens Lens cap for infrared lens. To prevent losing the lens cap, you can attach it to the tripod mount. Publ. - Page 28 6 – Camera parts (Applies only to models with SD Memory Card:) Slot for SD Memory Card USB mini-B connector NOTE The laser pointer may not be enabled in all markets. Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008...
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Page 29: Side View
6 – Camera parts Side view Figure 10601803;a2 Explanation This table gives an explanation to the figure above: Tripod mount 1/4"-20 Top trigger to operate the laser pointer Bottom trigger to save an image Battery compartment lid Rubber lid for power connector Locking mechanism for battery compartment lid Camera serial number behind rubber lid The laser pointer may not be enabled in all markets. -
Page 30: Keypad
6 – Camera parts Keypad Figure 10602903;a2 Explanation This table gives an explanation to the figure above: Text that indicates the current function of the left selection button. Navigation pad Left selection button. This button is context-sensitive. Camera/archive button. This button is used to go between camera mode and archive mode. -
Page 31: Controls & Functions
6 – Camera parts Controls & functions General The camera has the following controls: Four push-buttons ■ One navigation pad ■ Two triggers ■ Explanation This table gives an explanation to the figures on page 13 and 14: Button or trigger Functions Left selection button The left selection button has the following context-... -
Page 32: Power Indicator
6 – Camera parts Power indicator General The camera has two power modes. An indicator shows these modes. Figure 10715803;a3 Explanation This table gives an explanation about the indicator: Signal type Explanation The green light is continuous. The camera is on. The green light is off. -
Page 33: Battery Condition Indicator
6 – Camera parts Battery condition indicator General The battery has a battery condition indicator. Figure 10715703;a3 Explanation This table gives an explanation about the battery condition indicator: Type of signal Explanation The green light flashes two times per The power supply or the stand-alone second. -
Page 34: Laser Pointer
6 – Camera parts Laser pointer General The camera has a laser pointer. When the laser pointer is on, you can see a laser dot approximately 37 mm (1.5 in.) above the target. Figure This figure shows the difference in position between the laser pointer and the optical center of the infrared lens: 10602503;a2 WARNING... - Page 35 6 – Camera parts Laser warning This laser warning label is attached to the camera: label 10376403;a2 Laser rules and Wavelength: 635 nm. Max. output power: 1 mW. regulations This product complies with 21 CFR 1040.10 and 1040.11 except for deviations pur- suant to Laser Notice No.
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Page 36: Screen Elements
Screen elements General You use screen elements—tools, menus and selections in dialog boxes—to control the camera program. This section describes the typical set of screen objects. Figure 10715603;a5 Explanation This table gives an explanation to the figure above: Current function of the left selection button of the keypad Laser symbol Main menu Publ. - Page 37 7 – Screen elements Measured temperature If the symbol > or < precedes the temperature value, the value is above or below the camera’s temperature range. The remaining number of images that you can save in the camera ■ memory (applies only to models without SD Memory Card) Free memory on the SD Memory Card in per cent (applies only to ■...
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Page 39: Connecting The Cables
Connecting the cables Power cable General You connect a power cable to the camera when you charge the battery; ■ when you use the power supply to operate the camera. ■ Figure 10601403;a2 SEE ALSO For information about pin configuration, see section 11 – Power connector on page 62. -
Page 40: Usb Cable
8 – Connecting the cables USB cable General You connect a USB cable to the camera when you move images from the camera memory to a computer. Figure 10601303;a3 SEE ALSO The camera can stream MPEG4 live video through the USB cable. For more informa- tion, see section 9.23 –... -
Page 41: Operating The Camera
Operating the camera Installing the battery NOTE Use a clean and dry cloth to remove any water or moisture on the battery before you install it. Procedure Follow this procedure to install the battery: To open the battery compartment lid, push down the locking mechanism. 10600803;a1 Push the battery into the battery compartment. -
Page 42: Removing The Battery
9 – Operating the camera Removing the battery Procedure Follow this procedure to remove the battery: To open the battery compartment lid, push down the locking mechanism. 10600803;a1 Pull out the battery from the battery compartment. 10601003;a1 Push the battery compartment lid into position. 10601103;a1 Publ. -
Page 43: Charging The Battery
9 – Operating the camera Charging the battery NOTE You must charge the battery for four hours before you start the camera the first time. General You must charge the battery when the message Battery voltage is low! is displayed on the screen. -
Page 44: Using The Combined Power Supply & Battery Charger To Charge The Battery When It Is Inside The Camera
9 – Operating the camera 9.3.1 Using the combined power supply & battery charger to charge the battery when it is inside the camera NOTE For the clarity of the procedure, the ‘combined power supply & battery charger’ is called ‘power supply’ below. Procedure Follow this procedure to use the power supply to charge the battery when it is inside the camera:... -
Page 45: Using The Combined Power Supply & Battery Charger To Charge The Battery When It Is Outside The Camera
9 – Operating the camera 9.3.2 Using the combined power supply & battery charger to charge the battery when it is outside the camera NOTE For the clarity of the procedure, the ‘combined power supply & battery charger’ is called ‘power supply’ below. Procedure Follow this procedure to use the power supply to charge the battery when it is outside the camera:... -
Page 46: Using The Stand-Alone Battery Charger To Charge The Battery
9 – Operating the camera 9.3.3 Using the stand-alone battery charger to charge the battery Procedure Follow this procedure to use the stand-alone battery charger to charge the battery: Put the battery in the stand-alone battery charger. Connect the power supply cable plug to the connector on the stand-alone battery charger. -
Page 47: Starting The Camera
9 – Operating the camera Starting the camera Procedure Push the power button to start the camera. Stopping the camera Procedure Push and hold the power button for more than 0.5 seconds to stop the camera. NOTE If you do not use the camera, the power goes off after a time period that you can set in the menu system (See section 9.21 –... -
Page 48: Adjusting Camera Focus
9 – Operating the camera Adjusting camera focus Figure 10602803;a1 Procedure Follow this procedure to adjust camera focus: Hold the camera tightly in your hand. Hold the focus ring with the other hand. Do one of the following: Turn the focus ring counter-clockwise for far focus. ■... -
Page 49: Operating The Laser Pointer
9 – Operating the camera Operating the laser pointer Figure 10601203;a3 Procedure Follow this procedure to operate the laser pointer: Pull the top trigger to start the laser pointer. Release the top trigger to stop the laser pointer. NOTE The laser pointer may not be enabled in all markets. Publ. -
Page 50: Saving An Image
9 – Operating the camera Saving an image General Depending on your camera model, you can save one image or many images to the camera memory, or on the SD Memory Card. Naming The naming convention for images is IR_xxxx.jpg, where xxxx is a unique counter. convention When you select Restore default the camera resets the counter and assigns the first highest free file name for the new file. - Page 51 9 – Operating the camera When you save an image to the camera memory, you save the measured value too. NOTE ■ You can save 50 images to the camera memory (applies only to models without ■ SD Memory Card). You can save 1,000 images to the SD Memory Card (applies only to models with ■...
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Page 52: Auto-Adjusting An Image
9 – Operating the camera Auto-adjusting an image General For best image brightness and contrast, auto-adjust the camera before you measure a temperature and save an image. Procedure If the letter M is displayed in the bottom right corner of the screen, push Man/Auto one time to auto-adjust the image. -
Page 53: Adjusting An Image Manually
9 – Operating the camera 9.10 Adjusting an image manually General If you want to analyze an object with many different temperatures, you can use the colors of the scale on different parts of the object. In the left image below a correct analysis of the left cable is difficult to make if you only auto-adjust the image. -
Page 54: Increasing Or Decreasing The Maximum Temperature Level
9 – Operating the camera 9.10.1 Increasing or decreasing the maximum temperature level Procedure Follow this procedure to increase or decrease the maximum temperature level: Do one of the following: If the letter A is displayed in the bottom right corner of the screen, push ■... -
Page 55: Increasing Or Decreasing The Minimum Temperature Level
9 – Operating the camera 9.10.2 Increasing or decreasing the minimum temperature level Procedure Follow this procedure to increase or decrease the minimum temperature level: Do one of the following: If the letter A is displayed in the bottom right corner of the screen, push ■... -
Page 56: Changing Both The Maximum And Minimum Temperature Level At The Same Time
9 – Operating the camera 9.10.3 Changing both the maximum and minimum temperature level at the same time Procedure Follow this procedure to change both the maximum and minimum temperature at the same time: Do one of the following: If the letter A is displayed in the bottom right corner of the screen, push ■... -
Page 57: Measuring A Temperature Using A Spot Meter
9 – Operating the camera 9.11 Measuring a temperature using a spot meter General You can measure the temperature using a fixed spot meter in the middle of the screen. Procedure Follow this procedure to measure the temperature using a fixed spot meter: To display the main menu, push Menu. -
Page 58: Setting A Color Alarm
9 – Operating the camera 9.12 Setting a color alarm General A color alarm applies a special color to all temperatures above or below a set tem- perature level. Procedure Follow this procedure to set a color alarm: To display the main menu, push Menu. To select , push the navigation pad up/down. -
Page 59: Setting A Dewpoint Alarm
9 – Operating the camera 9.13 Setting a dewpoint alarm NOTE This feature may not be enabled in all camera models. General Dewpoint can be regarded as the temperature at which the humidity in a certain volume of air will condense as liquid water. At this point, the relative humidity is 100%. When you have set a number of environmental parameters, the Dewpoint alarm can detect these areas and warn you that there may be a deficiency in the building structure. -
Page 60: Setting An Insulation Alarm
9 – Operating the camera 9.14 Setting an insulation alarm NOTE This feature may not be enabled in all camera models. General The Insulation alarm can detect areas where there may be an insulation deficiency in the building. It will trigger when the insulation level falls below a preset value of the energy leakage through the wall. -
Page 61: Changing The Colors
9 – Operating the camera 9.15 Changing the colors General You can change the colors that the camera uses to display different temperatures. A different set of colors can make it easier to make an analysis of the image. Procedure Follow this procedure to change the color: To display the main menu, push Menu. -
Page 62: Changing Emissivity
9 – Operating the camera 9.16 Changing emissivity General Emissivity is a value that specifies how much radiation an object emits, compared to the radiation of a theoretical reference object of the same temperature (called a ‘blackbody’). Except for shiny metals, a value of 0.96 is acceptable for most applications. Example values Asphalt paving 0.97... - Page 63 9 – Operating the camera INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008...
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Page 64: Changing The Reflected Apparent Temperature
9 – Operating the camera 9.17 Changing the reflected apparent temperature General For very accurate measurements, you must set the reflected apparent temperature. The reflected apparent temperature compensates for the radiation from the surround- ings reflected by the object into the camera. If emissivity is low and the object temperature differs very much from the reflected apparent temperature, it is even more important to set the reflected apparent temper- ature correctly. - Page 65 9 – Operating the camera NOTE Do not point the infrared camera (with or without the lens cover) at intensive energy sources, for example devices that emit laser radiation, or the sun. This can have an unwanted effect on the accuracy of the camera. It can also cause damage to the detector in the camera.
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Page 66: Opening An Image
9 – Operating the camera 9.18 Opening an image General When you save an image, you store the image in the camera memory, or on the SD Memory Card, depending on your camera model. To display the image again, you can open the image from the camera memory, or SD Memory Card. -
Page 67: Deleting An Image
9 – Operating the camera 9.19 Deleting an image General You can delete an image from the camera memory. Procedure Follow this procedure to delete an image: To open the image archive, push the camera/archive button. Do one of the following: To delete this image, push Delete. -
Page 68: Deleting All Images
9 – Operating the camera 9.20 Deleting all images General You can delete all images from the camera memory. Procedure Follow this procedure to delete all images: To open the image archive, push the camera/archive button. To display thumbnails of all images, push Overview. Push Options. -
Page 69: Changing Camera Settings
9 – Operating the camera 9.21 Changing camera settings General Camera settings have an effect on images and how the camera operates. Applicability The procedure below is applicable to these settings: Auto off (to set time period after which the camera power goes off) ■... -
Page 70: Moving Images To A Pc
9 – Operating the camera 9.22 Moving images to a PC General You can move one or many images from the camera to a computer. Overview of You can use two different methods when you move images from the camera to a methods computer: Method 1: Move images when the camera works as a USB disk. - Page 71 SEE ALSO For information about how to install and use ThermaCAM™ QuickReport, see Ther- maCAM™ QuickReport User’s manual, Publ. No. 1558629. FLIR Systems ships this manual with your camera. Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008...
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Page 72: Viewing Streaming Mpeg4 Live Video From The Camera
9 – Operating the camera 9.23 Viewing streaming MPEG4 live video from the camera General The camera can stream MPEG4 live video through the USB cable. Procedure Follow this procedure to view streaming MPEG4 live video from the camera: Go to http://www.apple.com/quicktime/download/win.html and download the latest version of Apple®... -
Page 73: Cleaning The Camera
Cleaning the camera 10.1 Camera housing, cables, and other items Liquids Use one of these liquids: Warm water ■ A weak detergent solution ■ Equipment A soft cloth Procedure Follow this procedure: Soak the cloth in the liquid. Twist the cloth to remove excess liquid. Clean the part with the cloth. -
Page 74: Infrared Lens
10 – Cleaning the camera 10.2 Infrared lens Liquids Use one of these liquids: 96% isopropyl alcohol. ■ A commercial lens cleaning liquid with more than 30% isopropyl alcohol. ■ Equipment Cotton wool Procedure Follow this procedure: Soak the cotton wool in the liquid. Twist the cotton wool to remove excess liquid. -
Page 75: Technical Data
Technical data Disclaimer FLIR Systems reserves the right to discontinue models, parts or accessories, and other items, or change specifications at any time without prior notice. Imaging Spectral range 7.5–13 μm performance Detector type Focal Plane Array (FPA), uncooled microbolometer 120 ×... - Page 76 11 – Technical data Power system Battery type Rechargeable Li/Ion battery Battery capacity 2200 mAh, at +20°C to +25°C (+68°F to +77°F) Battery operating time Approximately 7 hours at +25°C (+77°F) ambient temperature and typical use Battery charging Use the combined power supply & battery charger ■...
- Page 77 11 – Technical data Environmental Operating temperature −15°C to +50°C (+5°F to +122°F) data range Storage temperature −40°C to +70°C (−40°F to +158°F) range Humidity (operating & IEC 68-2-30/24 h 95% relative humidity +25°C to storage) +40°C (+77°F to +104°F) EN 61000-6-2:2001 (Immunity) EN 61000-6-3:2001 (Emission) FCC 47 CFR Part 15 Class B (Emission)
- Page 78 11 – Technical data Power connector 10601903;a1 Signal name +12V Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008...
- Page 79 11 – Technical data Field of view & 10602703;a2 distance Figure 11.1 Relationship between field of view and distance. 1: Distance to target; 2: VFOV = vertical field of view; 3: HFOV = horizontal field of view, 4: IFOV = instan- taneous field of view (size of one detector element).
- Page 80 11 – Technical data Optical data Field of view 25° × 25° Focal length 10.28 mm (0.40 in.) Close focus limit 0.125 m (0.409 ft.) F-number Optical resolution 3.66 mrad Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008...
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Page 81: Dimensional Drawings
Dimensional drawings 12.1 Camera Figure 10602403;a2 Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008... - Page 82 12 – Dimensional drawings Figure 10602603;a3 Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008...
- Page 83 12 – Dimensional drawings Figure 10726103;a1 Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008...
- Page 84 12 – Dimensional drawings Figure 10726203;a1 NOTE The tripod mount thread is 1/4"-20. Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008...
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Page 85: Battery
12 – Dimensional drawings 12.2 Battery Figure 10602103;a2 NOTE Use a clean and dry cloth to remove any water or moisture on the battery before you install it. Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008... -
Page 86: Stand-Alone Battery Charger
12 – Dimensional drawings 12.3 Stand-alone battery charger Figure 10602203;a3 The stand-alone battery charger is an item that is not included in the standard NOTE ■ package. Use a clean and dry cloth to remove any water or moisture on the battery before ■... -
Page 87: Stand-Alone Battery Charger With Battery
12 – Dimensional drawings 12.4 Stand-alone battery charger with battery Figure 10602303;a3 The stand-alone battery charger is an item that is not included in the standard NOTE ■ package. Use a clean and dry cloth to remove any water or moisture on the battery before ■... - Page 88 12 – Dimensional drawings INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008...
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Page 89: Introduction To Building Thermography
Introduction to building thermography 13.1 Important note All camera functions and features that are described in this section may not be sup- ported by your particular camera configuration. 13.2 Typical field investigations 13.2.1 Guidelines As will be noted in subsequent sections there are a number of general guidelines the user should take heed of when carrying out building thermography inspection. -
Page 90: Guidelines For Moisture Detection, Mold Detection & Detection Of Water Damages
13 – Introduction to building thermography 13.2.1.2 Guidelines for moisture detection, mold detection & detection of water damages Building defects related to moisture and water damages may only show up when ■ heat has been applied to the surface, e.g. from the sun. The presence of water changes the thermal conductivity and the thermal mass of ■... -
Page 91: About Moisture Detection
13 – Introduction to building thermography A difference in temperature between the inside and the outside of 10–15°C (18–27°F) ■ is recommended. Inspections can be carried out at a lower temperature difference, but will make the analysis of the infrared images somewhat more difficult. Avoid direct sunlight on a part of a building structure—e.g. -
Page 92: Safety Precautions
13 – Introduction to building thermography Although a basic understanding of the construction of low-slope commercial roofs is desirable when carrying out a roof thermography inspection, expert knowledge is not necessary. There is a large number of different design principles for low-slope com- mercial roofs—both when it comes to material and design—and it would be impossible for the infrared inspection person to know them all. -
Page 93: Commented Building Structures
13 – Introduction to building thermography 13.2.3.3 Commented building structures This section includes a few typical examples of moisture problems on low-slope commercial roofs. Structural drawing Comment 10553603;a2 Inadequate sealing of roof membrane around conduit and ventilation ducts leading to local leakage around the conduit or duct. -
Page 94: Commented Infrared Images
13 – Introduction to building thermography Structural drawing Comment 10553803;a2 Drainage channels located too high and with too low an inclination. Some water will remain in the drainage channel after rain, which may lead to local leakage around the channel. 10553903;a2 Inadequate sealing between roof membrane and roof outlet leading to local leakage around the roof... - Page 95 13 – Introduction to building thermography Infrared inspections of roofs with nonabsorbent insulations, common in many single- ply systems, are more difficult to diagnose because patterns are more diffuse. This section includes a few typical infrared images of moisture problems on low-slope commercial roofs: Infrared image Comment...
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Page 96: Moisture Detection (2): Commercial & Residential Façades
13 – Introduction to building thermography 13.2.4 Moisture detection (2): Commercial & residential façades 13.2.4.1 General information Thermography has proven to be invaluable in the assessment of moisture infiltration into commercial and residential façades. Being able to provide a physical illustration of the moisture migration paths is more conclusive than extrapolating moisture meter probe locations and more cost-effective than large intrusive test cuts. - Page 97 13 – Introduction to building thermography Structural drawing Comment 10554503;a2 Rain hits the façade at an angle and penetrates the plaster through cracks. The water then follows the inside of the plaster and leads to frost erosion. 10554603;a2 Rain splashes on the façade and penetrates the plaster and masonry by absorption, which eventu- ally leads to frost erosion.
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Page 98: Commented Infrared Images
13 – Introduction to building thermography 13.2.4.3 Commented infrared images This section includes a few typical infrared images of moisture problems on commercial & residential façades. Infrared image Comment 10554703;a1 Improperly terminated and sealed stone veneer to window frame and missing flashings has resulted in moisture infiltration into the wall cavity and inte- rior living space. -
Page 99: Commented Building Structures
13 – Introduction to building thermography 13.2.5.2 Commented building structures This section includes a few typical examples of moisture problems on decks and balconies. Structural drawing Comment 10555203;a2 Improper sealing of paving and membrane to roof outlet, leading to leakage during rain. 10555103;a2 No flashing at deck-to-wall connection, leading to rain penetrating the concrete and insulation. - Page 100 13 – Introduction to building thermography Structural drawing Comment 10555003;a2 Water has penetrated the concrete due to inade- quately sized drop apron and has led to concrete disintegration and corrosion of reinforcement. SECURITY RISK! 10554903;a2 Water has penetrated the plaster and underlying masonry at the point where the handrail is fastened to the wall.
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Page 101: Commented Infrared Images
13 – Introduction to building thermography 13.2.5.3 Commented infrared images This section includes a few typical infrared images of moisture problems on decks and balconies. Infrared image Comment 10555303;a1 Improper flashing at balcony-to-wall connections and missing perimeter drainage system resulted in moisture intrusion into the wood framing support structure of the exterior walkway balcony of a loft complex. -
Page 102: Commented Infrared Images
13 – Introduction to building thermography 13.2.6.2 Commented infrared images This section includes a few typical infrared images of plumbing breaks & leaks. Infrared image Comment 10555503;a1 Moisture migration tracking along steel joist chan- nels inside ceiling of a single family home where a plumbing line had ruptured. - Page 103 13 – Introduction to building thermography Infrared image Comment 10555703;a1 The infrared image of this vinyl-sided 3-floor apartment house clearly shows the path of a seri- ous leak from a washing machine on the third floor, which is completely hidden within the wall. 10555803;a1 Water leak due to improper sealing between floor drain and tiles.
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Page 104: Air Infiltration
13 – Introduction to building thermography 13.2.7 Air infiltration 13.2.7.1 General information Due to the wind pressure on a building, temperature differences between the inside and the outside of the building, and the fact that most buildings use exhaust air terminal devices to extract used air from the building, a negative pressure of 2–5 Pa can be expected. - Page 105 13 – Introduction to building thermography Structural drawing Comment 10552303;a2 Insulation deficiencies in an intermediate flow due to improperly installed fiberglass insulation batts. The air infiltration enters the room from behind the cornice. 10552603;a2 Air infiltration in a concrete floor-over-crawl-space due to cracks in the brick wall façade.
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Page 106: Commented Infrared Images
13 – Introduction to building thermography 13.2.7.3 Commented infrared images This section includes a few typical infrared images of details of building structures where air infiltration has occurred. Infrared image Comment 10552703;a1 Air infiltration from behind a skirting strip. Note the typical ray pattern. -
Page 107: Insulation Deficiencies
13 – Introduction to building thermography 13.2.8 Insulation deficiencies 13.2.8.1 General information Insulation deficiencies do not necessarily lead to air infiltration. If fiberglass insulation batts are improperly installed air pockets will form in the building structure. Since these air pockets have a different thermal conductivity than areas where the insulation batts are properly installed, the air pockets can be detected during a building ther- mography inspection. - Page 108 13 – Introduction to building thermography Structural drawing Comment 10553103;a2 Insulation deficiencies due to improper installation of insulation batts around an attic floor beam. Cool air infiltrates the structure and cools down the in- side of the ceiling. This kind of insulation deficiency will show up as dark areas on an infrared image.
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Page 109: Commented Infrared Images
13 – Introduction to building thermography 13.2.8.3 Commented infrared images This section includes a few typical infrared images of insulation deficiencies. Infrared image Comment 10553303;a1 Insulation deficiencies in an intermediate floor structure. The deficiency may be due to either missing insulation batts or improperly installed in- sulations batts (air pockets). - Page 110 13 – Introduction to building thermography Infrared image Comment 10553503;a1 Insulation deficiencies in an intermediate floor structure. The deficiency may be due to either missing insulation batts or improperly installed in- sulations batts (air pockets). Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008...
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Page 111: Theory Of Building Science
13 – Introduction to building thermography 13.3 Theory of building science 13.3.1 General information The demand for energy-efficient constructions has increased significantly in recent times. Developments in the field of energy, together with the demand for pleasant indoor environments, have resulted in ever-greater significance having to be attached to both the function of a building’s thermal insulation and airtightness and the efficiency of its heating and ventilation systems. -
Page 112: The Effects Of Testing And Checking
13 – Introduction to building thermography the results of measurements, there are special requirements in terms of the skills and experience of those taking the measurements, e.g. by means of authorization by a national or regional standardization body. 13.3.2 The effects of testing and checking It can be difficult to anticipate how well the thermal insulation and airtightness of a completed building will work. -
Page 113: Sources Of Disruption In Thermography
13 – Introduction to building thermography For the user the important thing is that the finished product fulfills the promised ■ requirements in terms of the building’s thermal insulation and airtightness. For the individual, buying a house involves a considerable financial commitment, and the purchaser therefore wants to know that any defects in the construction will not in- volve serious financial consequences or hygiene problems. - Page 114 13 – Introduction to building thermography The temperature changes associated with variations in the U value are generally gradual and symmetrically distributed across the surface. Variations of this kind do of course occur at the angles formed by roofs and floors and at the corners of walls. Temperature changes associated with air leaks or insulation defects are in most cases more evident with characteristically shaped sharp contours.
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Page 115: Surface Temperature And Air Leaks
13 – Introduction to building thermography Any wet surfaces, e.g. as a result of surface condensation, have a definite effect on heat transfer at the surface and the surface temperature. Where there is moisture on a surface, there is usually some evaporation which draws off heat, thus lowering the temperature of the surface by several degrees. - Page 116 13 – Introduction to building thermography In a steady wind flow, Bernoulli’s Law applies: where: ρ Air density in kg/m Wind velocity in m/s Static pressure in Pa and where: denotes the dynamic pressure and p the static pressure. The total of these pressures gives the total pressure.
- Page 117 13 – Introduction to building thermography 10551803;a1 Figure 13.3 Distribution of resultant pressures on a building’s enclosing surfaces depending on wind effects, ventilation and internal/external temperature difference. 1: Wind direction; T : Thermodynamic air temper- ature outdoors in K; T : Thermodynamic air temperature indoors in K.
- Page 118 13 – Introduction to building thermography 10551903;a1 Figure 13.4 Stress concentration factor (C) distributions for various wind directions and wind velocities (v) relative to a building. Wind conditions can vary substantially over time and between relatively closely situ- ated locations. In thermography, such variations can have a clear effect on the mea- surement results.
- Page 119 13 – Introduction to building thermography part. At a certain height there is a neutral zone where the pressures on the inside and outside are the same, see the figure on page 104. This differential pressure may be described by the relationship: Air pressure differential within the structure in Pa Δp 9.81 m/s...
- Page 120 13 – Introduction to building thermography 10552003;a1 Figure 13.5 Distribution of pressures on a building with two openings and where the external temperature is lower than the internal temperature. 1: Neutral zone; 2: Positive pressure; 3: Negative pressure; h: Distance from the neutral zone in meters. The position of the neutral zone may vary, depending on any leaks in the building.
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Page 121: Measuring Conditions & Measuring Season
13 – Introduction to building thermography 13.3.5 Measuring conditions & measuring season The foregoing may be summarized as follows as to the requirements with regard to measuring conditions when carrying out thermographic imaging of buildings. Thermographic imaging is done in such a way that the disruptive influence from ex- ternal climatic factors is as slight as possible. - Page 122 13 – Introduction to building thermography In practice the method involves the following: Laboratory or field tests are used to produce an expected temperature distribution in the form of typical or comparative infrared images for common wall structures, com- prising both defect-free structures and structures with in-built defects. Examples of typical infrared images are shown in section 13.2 –...
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Page 123: Humidity & Dew Point
13 – Introduction to building thermography Deviations and irregularities in the appearance of the infrared image often indicate insulation defects. There may obviously be considerable variations in the appearance of infrared images of structures with insulation defects. Certain types of insulation defects have a characteristic shape on the infrared image. -
Page 124: Definition Of Dew Point
13 – Introduction to building thermography Figure 13.7 A: Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit; B: Maximum amount of water in gr/ft (at sea level) 86.0 13.30 68.0 7.58 50.0 4.12 32.0 2.12 84.2 12.60 66.2 7.14 48.2 3.86 30.2 1.96 82.4 11.93 64.4 6.73... -
Page 125: Introduction
13 – Introduction to building thermography UK Thermography Association c/o British Institute of Nondestructive Testing 1 Spencer Parade Northampton NN1 5AA United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0)1604 630124 Fax: +44 (0)1604 231489 13.3.8.2 Introduction Over the last few years the equipment, applications, software, and understanding connected with thermography have all developed at an astonishing rate. -
Page 126: Quantitative Appraisal Of Thermal Anomalies
13 – Introduction to building thermography range of thermal anomalies can be found in BINDT Guides to thermal imaging (Infrared Thermography Handbook; Volume 1, Principles and Practise, Norman Walker, ISBN 0903132338, Volume 2, Applications, A. N. Nowicki, ISBN 090313232X, BINDT, 2005). 13.3.8.3.1 Requirements A thermographic survey to demonstrate continuity of insulation, areas of thermal... - Page 127 13 – Introduction to building thermography A value for f of 0.75 is considered appropriate across new building as the upper CRsi end usage is not a factor considered in testing for ‘Continuity of Insulation’, or ‘Thermal Bridging’. However, when considering refurbished or extended buildings, for example swimming pools, internal surveys may need to account for unusal circumstances.
- Page 128 13 – Introduction to building thermography Example for lightweight built-up cladding with defective Good area Failing area insulation Outside temperature in ℃ Inside surface temperature in ℃ 19.1 15.0 Outside surface temperature in ℃ Surface factor from IP17/01 0.95 0.75 Critical external surface temperature factor, after IP17/01 0.92 Insulation thickness to give this level of performance, mm...
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Page 129: Conditions And Equipment
13 – Introduction to building thermography used value of 0.1% of the building exposed surface area is generally accepted as the maximum combined defect area allowable to comply with the Building Regulations. This represents one square metre in every thousand. 13.3.8.4.4 Measuring surface temperature Measurement of surface temperature is the function of the infrared imaging system. -
Page 130: Survey And Analysis
13 – Introduction to building thermography Necessary surfaces free from direct solar radiation and the residual effects of past ■ solar radiation. This can be checked by comparing the surface temperatures of opposite sides of the building. No precipitation either just prior to or during the survey. ■... -
Page 131: Reporting
13 – Introduction to building thermography The viewing angle is nearly perpendicular to the surface being imaged. Interfering ■ sources of infrared radiation such as lights, heat emitters, electric conductors, re- flective elements are minimised. The method of analysis will depend somewhat on analysis software used, but the key stages are as follows: Produce an image of each anomaly or cluster of anomalies. - Page 132 13 – Introduction to building thermography Type, extent and position of each observed defect. ■ Results of any supplementary measurements and investigations. ■ Reports should be indexed and archived by thermographers. ■ 13.3.8.7.1 Considerations and limitations The choice between internal and external surveys will depend on: Access to the surface.
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Page 133: Disclaimer
13 – Introduction to building thermography 13.4 Disclaimer 13.4.1 Copyright notice Some sections and/or images appearing in this chapter are copyrighted to the follow- ing organizations and companies: FORMAS—The Swedish Research Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences ■ and Spatial Planning, Stockholm, Sweden ITC—Infrared Training Center, Boston, MA, United States ■... - Page 134 13 – Introduction to building thermography INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008...
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Page 135: About Flir Systems
About FLIR Systems FLIR Systems was established in 1978 to pioneer the development of high-performance infrared imaging systems, and is the world leader in the design, manufacture, and marketing of thermal imaging systems for a wide variety of commercial, industrial, and government applications. -
Page 136: More Than Just An Infrared Camera
14.1 More than just an infrared camera At FLIR Systems we recognize that our job is to go beyond just producing the best infrared camera systems. We are committed to enabling all users of our infrared camera systems to work more productively by providing them with the most powerful camera–software combination. -
Page 137: A Few Images From Our Facilities
14 – About FLIR Systems 14.4 A few images from our facilities 10401303;a1 Figure 14.2 LEFT: Development of system electronics; RIGHT: Testing of an FPA detector 10401403;a1 Figure 14.3 LEFT: Diamond turning machine; RIGHT: Lens polishing Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008... - Page 138 14 – About FLIR Systems 10401503;a1 Figure 14.4 LEFT: Testing of infrared cameras in the climatic chamber; RIGHT: Robot used for camera testing and calibration Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008...
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Page 139: History Of Infrared Technology
History of infrared technology Less than 200 years ago the existence of the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum wasn’t even suspected. The original significance of the infrared spectrum, or simply ‘the infrared’ as it is often called, as a form of heat radiation is perhaps less obvious today than it was at the time of its discovery by Herschel in 1800. - Page 140 15 – History of infrared technology however, who was the first to recognize that there must be a point where the heating effect reaches a maximum, and that measurements confined to the visible portion of the spectrum failed to locate this point. 10398903;a1 Figure 15.2 Marsilio Landriani (1746–1815) Moving the thermometer into the dark region beyond the red end of the spectrum,...
- Page 141 15 – History of infrared technology 10399103;a1 Figure 15.3 Macedonio Melloni (1798–1854) Thermometers, as radiation detectors, remained unchallenged until 1829, the year Nobili invented the thermocouple. (Herschel’s own thermometer could be read to 0.2°C (0.036°F), and later models were able to be read to 0.05°C (0.09°F).) Then a breakthrough occurred: Melloni connected a number of thermocouples in series to form the first thermopile.
- Page 142 15 – History of infrared technology The improvement of infrared-detector sensitivity progressed slowly. Another major breakthrough, made by Langley in 1880, was the invention of the bolometer. This consisted of a thin blackened strip of platinum connected in one arm of a Wheatstone bridge circuit upon which the infrared radiation was focused and to which a sensitive galvanometer responded.
- Page 143 15 – History of infrared technology INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK Publ. No. 1558324 Rev. a267 – ENGLISH (EN) – March 12, 2008...
- Page 144 A note on the technical production of this manual This manual was produced using XML—the eXtensible Markup Language. For more information about XML, please visit http://www.w3.org/XML/ A note on the typeface used in this manual This manual was typeset using Swiss 721, which is Bitstream’s pan-European version of the Helvetica™ typeface. Helvetica™ was designed by Max Miedinger (1910–1980).
- Page 146 E-mail: info@fl ir.it Web: www.fl irthermography.com Web: www.fl irthermography.com CHINA JAPAN FLIR Systems Shanghai Representative Offi ce FLIR SYSTEMS Japan KK EXTECH INSTRUMENTS Room 6311, West Building Nishi-Gotanda Access 8F 3-6-20 Nishi-Gotanda Extech Instruments Corporation Jin Jiang Hotel 59 Maoming Road (South)