Theory Of Operation; Fault Locator; Fault Type Determination - GE UR F35 Series Instruction Manual

9 THEORY OF OPERATION

9 THEORY OF OPERATION 9.1FAULT LOCATOR
Fault type determination is required for calculation of fault location – the algorithm uses the angle between the negative and
positive sequence components of the relay currents. To improve accuracy and speed of operation, the fault components of
the currents are used; that is, the pre-fault phasors are subtracted from the measured current phasors. In addition to the
angle relationships, certain extra checks are performed on magnitudes of the negative and zero-sequence currents.
The single-ended fault location method assumes that the fault components of the currents supplied from the local (A) and
remote (B) systems are in phase. The figure below shows an equivalent system for fault location.
The following equations hold true for this equivalent system.
where: m = sought pu distance to fault, Z = positive sequence impedance of the line.
The currents from the local and remote systems can be parted between their fault (F) and pre-fault load (pre) components:
and neglecting shunt parameters of the line:
Inserting the I and I equations into the V
A B
Assuming the fault components of the currents, I
ance, does not have any imaginary part gives:
where: Im() represents the imaginary part of a complex number. Solving the above equation for the unknown m creates the
following fault location algorithm:
where * denotes the complex conjugate and
Depending on the fault type, appropriate voltage and current signals are selected from the phase quantities before applying
the two equations above (the superscripts denote phases, the subscripts denote stations).
For AG faults:
GE Multilin
distance to fault
Local bus
Z mZ
I
A
A
E V
A F
V
A
Figure 9–1: EQUIVALENT SYSTEM FOR FAULT LOCATION
V m Z I ⋅ ⋅
= +
A A
I I
= +
A AF
I I
= –
B BF
equation and solving for the fault resistance yields:
A
V m Z I
–
A
-----------------------------------
R
=
F

⋅
I

AF
and I
AF BF
⋅
V m Z I
–

A
-----------------------------------
Im

I
AF
(
Im V
A
m --------------------------------------- -
=
Im Z I ( ⋅
I I I
= –
AF A Apre
A
V V , I
= =
A A A
F35 Multiple Feeder Protection System

9.1.1 FAULT TYPE DETERMINATION

Remote
bus
(1-m)Z Z
I
B
B
R
F
V
B
R ⋅ ( I I )
+
F A B
I
Apre
I
Apre
⋅ ⋅
A
I

BF
------- -
1
+

I
AF
are in phase, and observing that the fault resistance, as imped-
⋅

A
0
=

∗
⋅ )
I
AF
∗
⋅ I )
A AF
.
A
I K ⋅ I
+
A 0 0A

9.1 FAULT LOCATOR

E
B
842780A1.CDR
(EQ 9.1)
(EQ 9.2)
(EQ 9.3)
(EQ 9.4)
(EQ 9.5)
(EQ 9.6)
(EQ 9.7)
9
9-1