GRAUPNER GR-18 Manual page 27

P factor
The P factor should always be set irst, followed by the D factor (adjustment range in each case 0 to 10). A general rule is
that the larger the control surface, the smaller the P factor required. Start with a factor of 2 (default setting), and do not
exceed 4 - 5 as maximum value for the normal light phase, 2 - 3 for speed, 3 - 6 for landing; the maximum value of
10 should be reserved for torque-rolls only.
WARNING: if you program separate light phases, it is essential to select the appropriate light phase
when the model is in the air, as inappropriate gyro settings may cause the control surfaces to oscillate,
possibly resulting in the loss of the model!
Note: the higher the model's speed, the more quickly oscillation may set in.
D factor
For a given P factor setting, the model's tendency to oscillate can be reduced by setting a lower D factor. However, if
you select a lower setting for the P factor, then you may be able to set a higher D factor value before the onset of control
surface oscillation. The gyro efect can be optimised by inetuning the D factor.
Note: the standard P and D values should cause the gyros to correct the model's attitude quickly when
it is upset by an outside inluence, without causing oscillation, but in practice the optimum values
for a particular model can only be found by light-testing. If the model displays little or no automatic
stabilisation with the default settings, the value should be raised; on the other hand, if the model
oscillates (wave-like movements in light), the value should be reduced.
If your transmitter has spare proportional controls, you can use them to adjust the values while the model is lying.
Some transmitters allow the corrective factors to be altered during a light using the proportional controls, whereas
others allow ixed values only.
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