Gateway; Icmp (Internet Control Messages Protocol); Internet; Ip (Internet Protocol) Address - ICP DAS USA PDS-220F Series User Manual

4. Gateway

Computers that interconnect two networks and pass packets from one to the other are
called Internet Gateways or Internet Routers. Gateways route packets that are based
on the destination network, not on the destination host.

5. ICMP (Internet Control Messages Protocol)

No system works correctly all the time. ICMP provides a method of communicating
between the Internet Protocol software on one machine and the Internet Protocol
software on another. It allows gateways to send error or control messages to other
gateways or allows a host to find out what is wrong with the network communication.

6. Internet

Physically, the Internet is a collection of packet switching networks interconnected by
gateways along with the TCP/IP protocol that allows them to perform logically as a
single, large and virtual network. The Internet recognizes hosts using 32-bit IP address.

7. IP (Internet Protocol) address

Every interface on an Internet must have a unique IP address (also called an Internet
address). These addresses are 32-bit numbers. They are normally written as four
decimal numbers, one for each byte of the address, such as "192.168.41.1". This is
called dotted-decimal notation.

8. MAC (Media Access Control) address

To allow a computer to determine which packets are meant for it, each computer
attached to an Ethernet is assigned a 48-bit integer known as its MAC address (also
called an Ethernet address, hardware address or physical address). They are normally
written as eight hexadecimal numbers such as "00:71:88:af:12:3e:0f:01". Ethernet
hardware manufacturers purchase blocks of MAC addresses and assign them in
sequence as they manufacture the Ethernet interface hardware. Thus, no two hardware
interfaces have the same MAC address.

9. Optical fiber

Optical fiber is made up of the core, which carries the light pulses, the cladding, which
reflects the light pulses back into the core, and the buffer coating, which protects the
core and cladding from moisture, damage, etc. Together, this creates a fiber optic
cable which can carry up to 10 million messages at any time using light pulses. Fiber
optics is the overlap of applied the science and the engineering field concerned with
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