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Rohde & Schwarz ZVT Series Getting Started

Rohde & Schwarz ZVT Series Getting Started

Vector network analyzers
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ZVT
Vector Network Analyzers
Getting Started
(=00]Ì)
1300.0045.62 ─ 10

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  • Page 1 ® R&S Vector Network Analyzers Getting Started (=00]Ì) 1300.0045.62 ─ 10...
  • Page 2 This Getting Started guide describes the following vector network analyzer types: ● ® R&S ZVT8, order no. 1300.0000.08 (8 GHz) ● ® R&S ZVT20, order no. 1300.0000.20 (20 GHz) The firmware of the instrument makes use of several valuable open source software packages. For information, see the "Open Source Acknowledgement"...

  • Page 3: Table Of Contents

    ® Contents R&S Contents 1 Preparing the Analyzer for Use.............7 Front Panel Tour......................7 1.1.1 Standby Key........................8 1.1.2 Front Panel Connectors....................8 Rear Panel Tour......................11 Putting the Analyzer into Operation................12 1.3.1 Unpacking and Checking the Analyzer................. 13 1.3.2 Setting up the Analyzer....................14 1.3.3 Bench Top Operation....................
  • Page 4 ® Contents R&S Performing a Transmission Measurement............... 32 Basic Tasks......................... 32 2.3.1 Data Entry........................32 2.3.2 Scaling Diagrams......................33 3 System Overview................. 37 Basic Concepts......................37 3.1.1 Global Resources......................37 3.1.2 Setups........................... 38 3.1.3 Traces, Channels and Diagram Areas................38 3.1.4 Data Flow........................
  • Page 5 ® Contents R&S 3.5.9 Long Distance Mixer Delay (R&S ZVA-K10)..............90 3.5.10 Noise Figure Measurement (R&S ZVAB-K30).............. 90 3.5.11 Frequency Converting Noise Figure Measurement (R&S ZVA-K31)......90 Glossary: Frequently Used Terms............91 Index......................97 Getting Started 1300.0045.62 ─ 10...
  • Page 6 ® Contents R&S Getting Started 1300.0045.62 ─ 10...

  • Page 7: Preparing The Analyzer For Use

    ® Preparing the Analyzer for Use R&S Front Panel Tour 1 Preparing the Analyzer for Use This chapter gives an overview of the front panel controls and connectors of the net- work analyzer and gives all information that is necessary to put the instrument into operation and connect external devices.

  • Page 8: Standby Key

    ® Preparing the Analyzer for Use R&S Front Panel Tour Fig. 1-1: R&S ZVT front view 1.1.1 Standby Key The standby toggle switch is located in the bottom left corner of the front panel. The key serves two main purposes: ●...
  • Page 9 ® Preparing the Analyzer for Use R&S Front Panel Tour 1.1.2.1 Test Ports N-connectors, numbered 1, 2, ... The test ports serve as outputs for the RF stimulus signal and as inputs for the measured RF signals from the DUT (response signals). Up to 6 additional test ports can be purchased as options (order no.
  • Page 10 ® Preparing the Analyzer for Use R&S Front Panel Tour R&S ZVAB-B44 on network analyzers with FMR7/6 and FMR9 The driver software of the USB-to-IEC/IEEE Adapter (option R&S ZVAB-B44) must be installed on the network analyzer. On analyzers equipped with an FMR7/6 or FMR9 front module controller, this installation disables GPIB control from an external PC.

  • Page 11: Rear Panel Tour

    ® Preparing the Analyzer for Use R&S Rear Panel Tour Input signals The maximum RF input levels at all SMA inputs according to the front panel labeling or the data sheet must not be exceeded. In addition, it is important that the signal fed in at the SMA inputs contains no DC off- set, as this may impair the measurements and even cause damage to the instrument.

  • Page 12: Putting The Analyzer Into Operation

    ® Preparing the Analyzer for Use R&S Putting the Analyzer into Operation ● AUX is an auxiliary connector, to be wired as needed. AUX is not fitted on standard instruments. ● LAN 1 and LAN 2 are two equivalent connectors to connect the analyzer to a Local Area Network.

  • Page 13: Unpacking And Checking The Analyzer

    ® Preparing the Analyzer for Use R&S Putting the Analyzer into Operation Risk of injury and instrument damage The instrument must be used in an appropriate manner to prevent electric shock, fire, personal injury, or damage. ● Do not open the instrument casing. ●...

  • Page 14: Setting Up The Analyzer

    ® Preparing the Analyzer for Use R&S Putting the Analyzer into Operation Retain the original packing material. If the instrument needs to be transported or ship- ped at a later date, you can use the material to prevent control elements and connec- tors from being damaged.

  • Page 15: Emi Suppression

    ® Preparing the Analyzer for Use R&S Putting the Analyzer into Operation 1.3.5 EMI Suppression To suppress generated Electromagnetic Interference (EMI), operate the instrument only while it is closed, with all shielding covers fitted. Note the EMC classification in the data sheet.

  • Page 16: Standby And Ready State

    ® Preparing the Analyzer for Use R&S Starting the Analyzer and Shutting Down After power-on, the analyzer is in standby or ready state, (see chapter 1.3.8, "Standby and Ready State", on page 16) depending on the state of the STANDBY toggle switch at the front panel when the instrument was switched off for the last time.

  • Page 17: Windows Operating System

    ® Preparing the Analyzer for Use R&S Windows Operating System ● With an external monitor in combination with a mouse. See chapter 1.6, "Connect- ing External Accessories", on page 18. To start the analyzer, proceed as follows: 1. Make sure that the instrument is connected to the AC power supply and the power switch on the rear panel is in position I (On).

  • Page 18: Connecting External Accessories

    ® Preparing the Analyzer for Use R&S Connecting External Accessories Support for Windows 7 was added with FW version 3.50 and requires the analyzer to be equipped with the new CPU board FMR11. Upgrade kits from FMR6/7/9 to FMR11 with Windows 7 are available as option R&S ZVA-U116.

  • Page 19: Connecting To A Lan

    ® Preparing the Analyzer for Use R&S Connecting to a LAN It displays the magnified Graphical User Interface (GUI) with all diagram areas and controls and the "Hardkey Bar" with key shortcuts for the most important menus and submenus. With an additional mouse connected to the analyzer, it is possible to control the analyzer from the GUI.

  • Page 20: Physical Lan Connection

    ® Preparing the Analyzer for Use R&S Connecting to a LAN 1.7.1 Physical LAN Connection A LAN cable can be connected to one of the LAN connectors on the rear panel of the analyzer. To establish a LAN connection proceed as follows: 1.

  • Page 21: Test Setups With Two Lan Connections

    ® Preparing the Analyzer for Use R&S Connecting to a LAN your network. If you use both LAN connectors, you need two different sets of address information. 2. Press the Windows key on an external keyboard or on the hardkey bar of the NWA GUI to access the Start Menu and from there open the Control Panel.

  • Page 22: Remote Desktop Connection

    ® Preparing the Analyzer for Use R&S Remote Desktop Connection Defining the network topology: Router vs. network client With two LAN connections, it is possible to use the analyzer in two alternative ways: ● As a client participating in two independent networks, one comprising the home network including the analyzer, the second consisting of the additional test instru- ment plus the analyzer.

  • Page 23: Firmware Update

    ® Preparing the Analyzer for Use R&S Firmware Update On analyzers running Windows 7, by default remote connections are enabled using a local group policy and remote access is granted to users instrument and administrator. To enable remote connections to an instrument running Windows XP, proceed as fol- lows: 1.
  • Page 24 ® Preparing the Analyzer for Use R&S Firmware Update a) If you use an external monitor or PC to display the GUI, access the "Start" menu of the operating system by pressing the Windows key on the external keyboard or on the hardkey bar of the GUI and double-click the setup file. b) Otherwise, use the remote control command SYSTem:FIRMware:UPDate '<setup_file_name>' to start the installation.

  • Page 25: Getting Started

    ® Getting Started R&S Performing a Reflection Measurement 2 Getting Started The following chapter presents a sample session with a R&S ZVT network analyzer using an external monitor and the Graphical User Interface and explains how to solve basic tasks that you will frequently encounter when working with the instrument. Safety considerations Before starting any measurement on your network analyzer, please note the instruc- tions given in...

  • Page 26: Instrument Setup For Reflection Measurements

    ® Getting Started R&S Performing a Reflection Measurement The following measurement example has been carried out with a network analyzer R&S ZVB. The measurement can be performed in an analogous way using a R&S ZVT that is controlled from an external keyboard or via a LAN connection. 2.1.1 Instrument Setup for Reflection Measurements In order to prepare a reflection measurement, you have to connect your DUT (which for simplicity we assume to have an appropriate connector, e.g.

  • Page 27: Parameter And Sweep Range Selection

    ® Getting Started R&S Performing a Reflection Measurement Press the TRACE SELECT key in the TRACE keypad of the hardkey bar and use the softkeys in the "Trace Select" menu if you wish to create a new trace or a new diagram area.

  • Page 28: Instrument Calibration

    ® Getting Started R&S Performing a Reflection Measurement 2.1.3 Instrument Calibration The analyzer provides a wide range of sophisticated calibration methods for all types of measurements. Which calibration method is selected depends on the expected system errors, the accuracy requirements of the measurement, on the test setup and on the types of calibration standards available.
  • Page 29 ® Getting Started R&S Performing a Reflection Measurement 4. In the first dialog of the wizard, select the calibration kit (here: "ZV-Z21") and the test port connector (here: N 50 Ω (f), corresponding to a male calibration standard), and click "Next". The next dialog of the calibration wizard shows that only a single calibration stand- ard needs to be measured.

  • Page 30: Evaluation Of Data

    ® Getting Started R&S Performing a Reflection Measurement 6. Click "Apply" to close the wizard, calculate and store the system error correction data and apply them to the current measurement. 7. Remove the short standard and connect the DUT again. 2.1.4 Evaluation of Data The analyzer provides various tools to optimize the display and analyze the measure- ment data.

  • Page 31: Saving And Printing Data

    ® Getting Started R&S Performing a Reflection Measurement The Smith chart shows lines of constant real and imaginary part of the impedance in the reflection coefficient plane. Tip: Refer to section chapter 3.2.4, "Display Formats and Diagram Types", on page 58 to learn more about the diagram properties. 2.1.5 Saving and Printing Data The analyzer provides standard functions for saving measurement settings and for printing the results.

  • Page 32: Performing A Transmission Measurement

    ® Getting Started R&S Performing a Transmission Measurement 6. In the "Save As" dialog opened, select a file location, format and name and activate "Save". The active setup is stored to a file and can be reused in a later session. Proceed as described in chapter 1.4, "Starting the Analyzer and Shutting Down",...

  • Page 33: Scaling Diagrams

    ® Getting Started R&S Basic Tasks 2. Click a sequence of characters and OK to apply your selection and close the key- board. ® 2.3.1.2 Using the Windows On-Screen Keyboard The Windows On-Screen Keyboard allows you to enter characters, in particular letters, even if an input field cannot call up the analyzer's own on-screen keyboard.
  • Page 34 ® Getting Started R&S Basic Tasks ● Select "Start", "Stop", "Center", "Span" from the "Channel Stimulus" menu. ● Use the marker functions (MARKER FUNCT key of the hardkey bar). 2.3.2.2 Reference Value and Position The analyzer provides three parameters for changing the scale of the vertical (response) axis: ●...
  • Page 35 ® Getting Started R&S Basic Tasks To change the "Reference Value" use one of the following methods: ● Press the SCALE key in the TRACE keypad of the hardkey bar. ● Right-click the scale section in the trace list and select the parameter from the con- text menu.
  • Page 36 ® Getting Started R&S Basic Tasks The analyzer automatically creates a reference marker in addition to the delta marker. 2. Place the reference marker to the desired start value of the sweep range. 3. Set the value of the delta marker equal to the desired (positive or negative) span. 4.

  • Page 37: System Overview

    ® System Overview R&S Basic Concepts 3 System Overview The following chapter provides an overview of the analyzer's capabilities and their use. This includes a description of the basic concepts that the analyzer uses to organize, process and display measurement data, of the screen contents, possible measured quantities, calibration methods and typical test setups.

  • Page 38: Setups

    ® System Overview R&S Basic Concepts The settings are stored in independent files and do not enter into any of the setup files. The following settings correspond to global resources: ● Calibration kits ● Connector types ● Cal pool data including system error correction and power correction data ●...
  • Page 39 ® System Overview R&S Basic Concepts A diagram area can contain a practically unlimited number of traces, assigned to differ- ent channels. Diagram areas and channels are completely independent from each other. 3.1.3.1 Trace Settings The trace settings specify the mathematical operations used in order to obtain traces from the measured or stored data.

  • Page 40: Data Flow

    ® System Overview R&S Basic Concepts ● Description of the test setup ("Power" of the internal source, IF filter "Bandwidth" and "Step Attenuators", "Port Configuration") ● Correction data ("Calibration", "Offset") The "Channel" menu provides all channel settings. After changing the channel settings or selecting another measured quantity, the ana- lyzer needs some time to initialize the new sweep.
  • Page 41 ® System Overview R&S Basic Concepts Getting Started 1300.0045.62 ─ 10...

  • Page 42: Screen Elements

    ® System Overview R&S Screen Elements 3.2 Screen Elements This section describes the operating concept of the network analyzer, including the alternative navigation tools for mouse and hardkey operation, the trace settings, mark- ers and diagram areas. For a description of the different quantities measured by the analyzer refer to chapter 3.3, "Measured Quantities",...
  • Page 43 ® System Overview R&S Screen Elements 3.2.1.1 Menu Bar All analyzer functions are arranged in drop-down menus. The menu bar is located across the top of the diagram area: Menus can be controlled in different ways: ● With a mouse, like the menus in any Windows application. A left mouse click expands a menu or submenu.
  • Page 44 ® System Overview R&S Screen Elements ● A menu command with a right arrow expands a submenu with further related set- tings. Example: "Measure" expands a submenu to select the quantity to be measured and displayed. ● A menu command with three dots appended calls up a dialog providing several related settings.
  • Page 45 ® System Overview R&S Screen Elements The heading shows the two lowest level menu commands in the current branch of the menu tree. The lowest-level command appears on a shaded background. ● Function softkeys Up to 8 softkeys, each corresponding to a command of the active menu. The func- tion of the softkeys and their labels are strictly equivalent to the corresponding menu commands.
  • Page 46 ® System Overview R&S Screen Elements 3.2.1.4 Hardkey Bar The hardkey bar ("Display Config./View") provides shortcuts to the most commonly used submenus and menu commands. Clicking a hardkey symbol opens the corre- sponding submenu or executes a menu command. The hardkey bar contains the TRACE, CHANNEL, DISPLAY and SYSTEM keypads: The hardkey bar provides access to the basic groups of settings with a single mouse click.

  • Page 47: Display Elements In The Diagram Area

    ® System Overview R&S Screen Elements 3.2.2 Display Elements in the Diagram Area The central part of the screen is occupied by one or several diagram areas. A "diagram area" is a rectangular portion of the screen used to display traces. Diagram areas are arranged in windows;...
  • Page 48 ® System Overview R&S Screen Elements 3.2.2.1 Title Across the top of the diagram area, an optional title describes the contents of the area. Different areas within a setup are distinguished by area numbers in the upper right cor- ner. Use the context menu or the functions in the "Display"...
  • Page 49 ® System Overview R&S Screen Elements The trace can be complemented by the following display elements, plotted with the same color: ● Reference value (for all traces): The reference value is indicated with a triangle at the right edge of the diagram and a dashed, horizontal line. The value and position of the triangle can be changed in order to modify the diagram scale and shift the trace vertically.
  • Page 50 ® System Overview R&S Screen Elements Trace List and Trace Settings The main properties of all traces assigned to the diagram area are displayed in the trace list in the upper left corner. Each line in the trace list describes a single trace. The active trace is highlighted. The lines are divided into several sections with the following contents (from left to right): ●...
  • Page 51 ® System Overview R&S Screen Elements The settings correspond to the most common commands in the "Trace – Trace Select", "Trace – Trace Funct", "Trace – Meas", "Trace – Format" and "Trace – Scale" menus. A red label "Cal Off !" appears behind the trace list if the system error correction no longer applies to one or more traces.
  • Page 52 ® System Overview R&S Screen Elements ● "Mkr 1" indicates the maximum (minimum) of the peak. ● "Mkr 2" and "Mkr 3" indicate the lower and upper band edge where the trace value has decreased (increased) by a definite "Level" value. ●...
  • Page 53 ® System Overview R&S Screen Elements The list contains the following information: ● "Mkr 1, Mkr 2, ..." denote the marker numbers. Markers are displayed with the same color as the associated trace. ● The marker coordinates are expressed in one of the marker formats selected via "Marker –...
  • Page 54 ® System Overview R&S Screen Elements "Movable Marker Info" allows the marker info field to be placed to any position in the diagram area. The remaining settings correspond to the most common commands in the "Trace – Marker" and "Trace – Search" menus. 3.2.2.4 Channel Settings The main properties of all channels assigned to the traces in the diagram area are dis-...

  • Page 55: Dialogs

    ® System Overview R&S Screen Elements ● The value behind the color legend shows the constant stimulus value, which is either the power of the internal signal source (for frequency sweeps and time sweeps) or the CW frequency (for power sweeps). "fb" denotes the channel base frequency;...
  • Page 56 ® System Overview R&S Screen Elements Properties...") call up a dialog. The dialogs of the analyzer have an analogous structure and a number of common control elements. The "Dialog Transparency" function in the "System Config" menu varies the transpar- ency of all dialogs. With an appropriate setting, you can control the dialogs and at the same time view the underlying traces and display elements.
  • Page 57 ® System Overview R&S Screen Elements 3.2.3.2 On-Screen Keyboard A keyboard symbol next to a character input field opens the analyzer's on-screen keyboard. The on-screen keyboard contains two sets of characters plus the following additional controls: ● "Shift" changes between the two character sets containing lower case letters/ numbers and upper case letters/special characters, respectively.

  • Page 58: Display Formats And Diagram Types

    ® System Overview R&S Screen Elements The input value for the step size takes effect immediately; see chapter 3.2.3.1, "Imme- diate vs. Confirmed Settings", on page 56. "Auto" activates the default step size for the current input parameter. 3.2.3.4 Paste Marker List A pull-down list symbol next to a numeric input field opens a list of all current stimulus and response marker values of the active trace.
  • Page 59 ® System Overview R&S Screen Elements ● Smith charts are used for the display format "Smith". They show a complex quan- tity like polar diagrams but with grid lines of constant real and imaginary part of the impedance. ● Inverted Smith charts are used for the display format "Inverted Smith". They show a complex quantity like polar diagrams but with grid lines of constant real and imaginary part of the admittance.
  • Page 60 ® System Overview R&S Screen Elements 3.2.4.2 Conversion of Complex into Real Quantities The results in the "Trace – Measure" menu can be divided into two groups: ● "S-Parameters", "Ratios", "Wave Quantities", "Impedances", "Admittances", "Z- Parameters", and "Y-Parameters" are complex. ●...
  • Page 61 ® System Overview R&S Screen Elements 3.2.4.3 Polar Diagrams Polar diagrams show the measured data (response values) in the complex plane with a horizontal real axis and a vertical imaginary axis. The grid lines correspond to points of equal magnitude and phase. ●...
  • Page 62 ® System Overview R&S Screen Elements 3.2.4.4 Smith Chart The Smith chart is a circular diagram that maps the complex reflection coefficients S to normalized impedance values. In contrast to the polar diagram, the scaling of the diagram is not linear. The grid lines correspond to points of constant resistance and reactance.
  • Page 63 ® System Overview R&S Screen Elements The basic properties of the Smith chart follow from this construction: ● The central horizontal axis corresponds to zero reactance (real impedance). The center of the diagram represents Z/Z = 1 which is the reference impedance of the system (zero reflection).
  • Page 64 ® System Overview R&S Screen Elements Examples for special points in the Smith chart: ● The magnitude of the reflection coefficient of an open circuit (Z = infinity, I = 0) is one, its phase is zero. ● The magnitude of the reflection coefficient of a short circuit (Z = 0, U = 0) is one, its phase is –180 deg.
  • Page 65 ® System Overview R&S Screen Elements Inverted Smith chart construction The inverted Smith chart is point-symmetric to the Smith chart: The basic properties of the inverted Smith chart follow from this construction: ● The central horizontal axis corresponds to zero susceptance (real admittance). The center of the diagram represents Y/Y = 1, where Y is the reference admittance of...
  • Page 66 ® System Overview R&S Screen Elements ● The center of the Γ plane (Γ = 0) is mapped to the reference admittance Y whereas the circle with |Γ| = 1 is mapped to the imaginary axis of the Y plane. ●...

  • Page 67: Measured Quantities

    ® System Overview R&S Measured Quantities Complex dimensionless quan- Complex quantities with dimensions: Real quantities: tities: Wave quantities, Z-parameters, Y- Stability Factors, DC Input S-parameters and ratios parameters, impedances, admittan- ½, PAE Lin Mag ON (default for Z-parameters, Y-param- ON (default) eters, impedances, admittances) dB Mag ON (default)
  • Page 68 ® System Overview R&S Measured Quantities The figure above is sufficient for the definition of S-parameters but does not necessa- rily show the complete signal flow. In fact, if the source and load ports are not ideally matched, part of the transmitted waves are reflected off the receiver ports so that an additional a contribution occurs in forward measurements, an a1 contribution occurs in reverse measurements.

  • Page 69: Impedance Parameters

    ® System Overview R&S Measured Quantities Reflected power at the input of a two-port Reflected power at the output Reflection loss at the input 10*log|S (= 20*log|S Reflection loss at the output 10*log|S Insertion loss at the input 10*log|S Insertion loss at the output 10*log|S 3.3.1.1 Multiport S-Parameters...
  • Page 70 ® System Overview R&S Measured Quantities The analyzer converts a single measured S-parameter to determine the corresponding converted impedance. As a result, converted Z-parameters cannot completely describe general n-port DUTs: ● A reflection parameter Z completely describes a one-port DUT. For n-port DUTs (n>1) the reflection parameters Z describe the input impedances at ports I (I = 1 to n) under the condition that each of the other ports is terminated with its reference...
  • Page 71 ® System Overview R&S Measured Quantities 3.3.2.2 Z-Parameters The Z-parameters describe the impedances of a DUT with open output ports (I = 0). The analyzer provides the full set of Z-parameters including the transfer impedances (i.e. the complete nxn Z-matrix for an n port DUT). This means that Z-parameters can be used as an alternative to S-parameters (or Y- parameters) in order to completely characterize a linear n-port network.
  • Page 72 ® System Overview R&S Measured Quantities ● Y-parameters (complete description of the n-port DUT) 3.3.2.5 Converted Admittances The converted admittance parameters describe the input admittances of a DUT with fully matched outputs. The converted admittances are the inverse of the converted impedances.
  • Page 73 ® System Overview R&S Measured Quantities 3.3.2.6 Y-Parameters The Y-parameters describe the admittances of a DUT with output ports terminated in a short circuit (V = 0). The analyzer provides the full set of Y-parameters including the transfer admittances (i.e. the complete n x n Y-matrix for an n port DUT). This means that Y-parameters can be used as an alternative to S-parameters (or Z- parameters) in order to completely characterize a linear n-port network.
  • Page 74 ® System Overview R&S Measured Quantities In contrast to S-, Z- and Y-parameters, wave quantities and ratios are not system-error corrected. A power calibration can be applied to wave quantities and ratios. With option R&S ZVA-K6, "True Differential Mode", the analyzer can also determine balanced wave quantities and ratios.
  • Page 75 ® System Overview R&S Measured Quantities 3.3.2.10 Ratios A ratio measurement provides the complex ratio of any combination of transmitted or received wave amplitudes. Ratios complement the S-parameter measurements, where only ratios of the form b (ratio of the incoming wave to the outgoing wave at the test ports I and j of the DUT) are considered.
  • Page 76 ® System Overview R&S Measured Quantities To perform balanced measurements, a pair of physical analyzer ports is combined to form a logical port. The balanced port of the DUT is directly connected to the analyzer ports Unbalance-balance conversion avoids the disadvantages of real transformers: ●...
  • Page 77 ® System Overview R&S Measured Quantities Balanced port: Balanced port: Differential mode Differential mode Log. Log. Bal. Bal. port port port port Common mode Common mode 4-port analyzers: Reflection and transmission measurements on 1 or 2 balanced ports Single-ended Balanced port: (unbalanced) ports Differential mode ref1...
  • Page 78 ® System Overview R&S Measured Quantities ● is the mixed mode input reflection coefficient, defined as the ratio of <mout><min>11 the wave quantities b (mode mout) to a (mode min), measured at PORT 1 (for- ward measurement with matched output and a = 0).

  • Page 79: Calibration

    ® System Overview R&S Calibration 4. 4. DUT with two balanced ports or one balanced and two single-ended ports. Both device types are fully characterized by 4x4 mixed mode S-matrices. 3.4 Calibration Calibration or "system error correction" is the process of eliminating systematic, repro- ducible errors from the measurement results.

  • Page 80: Calibration Standards And Calibration Kits

    ® System Overview R&S Calibration The system error correction data determined in a calibration procedure are stored on the analyzer. You can read these correction data using the remote control command [SENSe<Ch>:]CORRection:CDATa. You can also replace the correction data of the analyzer by your own correction data sets.

  • Page 81: Calibration Types

    ® System Overview R&S Calibration 3.4.2 Calibration Types The analyzer provides a wide range of calibration types for one, two or more ports. The calibration types differ in the number and types of standards used, the error terms, i.e. the type of systematic errors corrected and the general accuracy. The following table gives an overview.

  • Page 82: Automatic Calibration

    ® System Overview R&S Calibration Calibration Type Standards Parameters Error Terms General Accuracy Application TRL (2 or more Reflect at all ports, Reflection tracking, High, high directiv- Reflection and ports) transmission mea- Through and Line 1 Source match, surements on DUTs [+ Line 2, Line 3 Directivity, with 2 or more...
  • Page 83 ® System Overview R&S Calibration Calibration unit Recommended for Frequency range Connector type No. of ports Order no. R&S ZV-Z51 R&S ZVB4, R&S 300 kHz to 8 GHz 3.5 mm (f) 1164.0515.30 ZVB8, R&S ZVA8 R&S ZV-Z51 R&S ZVB4, R&S 300 kHz to 8 GHz type N (f) 1164.0515.70...
  • Page 84 ® System Overview R&S Calibration Calibration unit Recommended for Frequency range Connector type No. of ports Order no. R&S ZN-Z151 R&S ZVB4, R&S 100 kHz to 8.5 GHz type N (f) 1317.9134.72 ZVB8 R&S ZN-Z151 R&S ZVB4, R&S 100 kHz to 8.5 GHz SMA (f) 1317.9134.32 ZVB8...

  • Page 85: Power Calibration

    ® System Overview R&S Optional R&S ZVT Extensions Automatic calibration is less flexible than manual calibration: ● Some calibration types (TOM, TRM, TRL, TNA) are not available. ● Automatic calibration cannot be performed for segmented frequency sweeps. Please observe the safety instructions in the "Technical Information" provided with the calibration unit to avoid any damage to the unit and the network analyzer.
  • Page 86 ® System Overview R&S Optional R&S ZVT Extensions complete list of options, accessories, and extras refer to the product brochure of your analyzer. Table 3-3: R&S ZVT options Option Option Name Functionality RS& ZVAB-K2 Time Domain Transformation of the trace to time domain in order to analyze responses, transformation back to the frequency domain.

  • Page 87: Time Domain (R&S Zvab-K2)

    ® System Overview R&S Optional R&S ZVT Extensions Option Option Name Functionality R&S ZVT20-B21/23 Generator Step Attenuators for Control the source power, e.g. to protect sensitive DUTs from port 1/port 3 excess input levels. (R&S ZVT20 only) R&S ZVT20-B32/34 Receiver Step Attenuators for port Control the received power, e.g.

  • Page 88: Mixer Phase Measurement (R&S Zva-K5)

    ® System Overview R&S Optional R&S ZVT Extensions In the scalar mixer mode the analyzer provides the following functionality: ● Configuration of the RF and LO signals and measurement of the generated IF sig- nal. ● Power calibration of the signal sources and of the IF receiver. ●...

  • Page 89: Measurements On Pulsed Signals (R&S Zva-K7)

    ® System Overview R&S Optional R&S ZVT Extensions As an alternative to true differential mode, the Defined Coherence Mode provides sev- eral source signals with defined phase and amplitude relation. 3.5.6 Measurements on Pulsed Signals (R&S ZVA-K7) Measurements on pulsed RF signals are required in many areas of RF and microwave technology.

  • Page 90: Long Distance Mixer Delay (R&S Zva-K10)

    ® System Overview R&S Optional R&S ZVT Extensions 3.5.9 Long Distance Mixer Delay (R&S ZVA-K10) The mixer delay measurement can be performed with two different R&S ZVA or R&S ZVT network analyzers, one providing the source ports, the other the receive port. The two instruments can communicate with each other via LAN using LXI event messages.

  • Page 91: Glossary: Frequently Used Terms

    ® Glossary: Frequently Used Terms R&S Glossary: Frequently Used Terms Active channel: Channel belonging to the active trace. The active channel is highligh- ted in the channel list below the diagram. The active channel is not relevant in remote control where each channel can contain an active trace. Active marker: Marker that can be changed using the settings of the Marker menu (Delta Mode, Ref.
  • Page 92 ® Glossary: Frequently Used Terms R&S settings complement the definitions of the Trace menu; they apply to all traces assigned to the channel. Compression point: The x-dB compression point of an S-parameter or ratio is the stimulus signal level where the magnitude of the measured quantity has dropped by x dB compared to its value at small stimulus signal levels (small-signal value).
  • Page 93 ® Glossary: Frequently Used Terms R&S Harmonic distortion: The production of harmonic frequencies (harmonics) by an elec- tronic system when a signal is applied at the input. Harmonic grid: A set of equidistant frequency points fi (i = 1...n) with spacing Delta(f) and the additional condition that f1 = Delta(f).
  • Page 94 ® Glossary: Frequently Used Terms R&S Mathematical trace: Trace that is calculated according to a mathematical expression, e.g. the one defined in the Define Math dialog. The expression is a mathematical rela- tion between constants and the data or memory traces of the active setup. Measurement point: Result of the measurement at a specified stimulus value (fre- quency/power/time).
  • Page 95 ® Glossary: Frequently Used Terms R&S Reverse: A measurement on a two-port DUT is said to be in reverse direction if the source signal (stimulus) is applied to port 2 of the DUT. Setup: A setup comprises a set of diagram areas with all displayed information that can be stored to a NWA setup file (*.zvx).
  • Page 96 ® Glossary: Frequently Used Terms R&S Topology: Assignment of the physical ports of the NWA to the logical ports used for the measurement of mixed mode S-parameters (balance-unbalance conversion). TOSM: A calibration type using a Through plus the one-port standards Open, Short, Match, to be connected to each calibrated port.

  • Page 97: Index

    ® Index R&S Index Symbols Fuses ................16 10 MHz REF ..............11 Getting Started ..............25 Global resource ..............37 AC Supply ................. 15 Ground connector ............. 10 Accessories (connect) ............18 Admittance ................ 71 Arbitrary gen. and rec. frequencies (R&S ZVA-K4) ... 87 Hardkey bar ...............
  • Page 98 ® Index R&S Polar diagram ..............61 USB connectors ..............9 PORT BIAS ............... 11 USER CONTROL .............. 11 Power calibration ............... 85 Power on and off ............... 15 Preparing for use ..............7 Virtual differential mode ............ 75 Printing data ..............31 Virus protection ..............

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