Rohde & Schwarz ZVB4 Quick Start Manual
Vector network analyzers
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- Page 1 Quick Start Guide Vector Network Analyzers ® R&S ZVB4 / ZVB8 1145.1010.04/05/06 / 08/09/10 Printed in the Federal Republic of Germany Test and Measurement Division 1145.1055.62-02...
- Page 2 ® R&S is a registered trademark of Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG. Trade names are trademarks of the owners.
- Page 3 Tabbed Divider Overview ® R&S ZVB Documentation Map Data Sheet Safety Instructions Certificate of Quality EU Certificate of Conformity List of R&S Representatives Glossary of Terms Tabbed Divider Chapter 1: Putting into Operation Chapter 2: Getting Started Chapter 3: System Overview Index 1145.1055.62 RE.1...
- Page 4 ® R&S ZVB Documentation Map Help System The help system is embedded in the instrument, offering quick, context-sensitive reference to the information needed for operation and programming. The help contains the complete user documentation for the network analyzer including the contents of the present quick start guide.
- Page 5 Safety Instructions This unit has been designed and tested in accordance with the EC Certificate of Conformity and has left the manufacturer’s plant in a condition fully complying with safety standards. To maintain this condition and to ensure safe operation, the user must observe all instructions and warnings given in this operating manual.
- Page 6 Safety Instructions Only original parts may be used for replacing 12. Equipment returned or sent in for repair must be parts relevant to safety (eg power switches, packed in the original packing or in packing with power transformers, fuses). A safety test must electrostatic and mechanical protection.
- Page 7 Certified Quality System Certified Environmental System ISO 9001 ISO 14001 DQS REG. NO 1954 QM DQS REG. NO 1954 UM Qualitätszertifikat Certificate of quality Certificat de qualité Sehr geehrter Kunde, Dear Customer, Cher client, Sie haben sich für den Kauf eines Rohde & You have decided to buy a Rohde &...
- Page 9 EC Certificate of Conformity Certificate No.: 2004-17 This is to certify that: Equipment type Stock No. Designation ZVB4 1145.1010.04/.05/.06 Vector Network Analyzer ZVB8 1145.1010.08/.09/.10 complies with the provisions of the Directive of the Council of the European Union on the...
- Page 11 Customer Support Technical support – where and when you need it For quick, expert help with any Rohde & Schwarz equipment, contact one of our Customer Support Centers. A team of highly qualified engineers provides telephone support and will work with you to find a solution to your query on any aspect of the operation, programming or applications of Rohde &...
- Page 13 ® R&S Glossary Glossary Active channel: Channel belonging to the active trace. The active channel is highlighted in the channel list below the diagram. Active marker: Marker that can be changed using the settings of the Marker menu (Delta Mode, Ref. Mkr ->...
- Page 14 ® Glossary R&S Data trace: Trace filled with measurement data and updated after each sweep (dynamic trace). Diagram area: Rectangular portion of the screen used to display traces. Diagram areas are arranged in windows; they are independent of trace and channel settings. Directivity error: Measurement error caused by a coupler or bridge in the analyzer's source port causing part of the generated signal to leak through the forward path into the receive path instead of being transmitted towards the DUT.
- Page 15 ® R&S Glossary associated memory traces share the same channel and scale settings. Alternatively, memory traces can be imported from a file. Partial measurement: Measurement at a specified stimulus value maintaining definite hardware settings. Depending on the measurement type, several partial measurements may be needed to obtain a measurement point.
- Page 16 ® Glossary R&S TOSM: A calibration type using four known standards (through, open, short, match), also called SOLT or 12-term error correction model. TOSM calibration is available for 2, 3 and 4-port measurements. Trace: A trace is a set of data points that can be displayed together on the screen. The trace settings specify the mathematical operations used to obtain traces from the collected data.
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Page 17: Table Of Contents
® R&S Preparing for Use Contents of Chapter 1 1 Preparing for Use ....................1.1 Front Panel Tour..........................1.1 Display............................1.2 Disk Drive ..........................1.2 Setup Keys ..........................1.2 Navigation Keys ........................1.4 Data Entry Keys ........................1.6 Rotary Knob ..........................1.6 STANDBY Key .........................1.7 Test Ports ..........................1.7 USB Connector ........................1.8 Ground Connector........................1.8 Rear Panel Tour ..........................1.9... -
Page 19: Preparing For Use
® R&S Front Panel Tour 1 Preparing for Use This chapter gives an overview of the front panel controls and connectors of the network analyzer and gives all information that is necessary to put the instrument into operation and connect external devices. -
Page 20: Display
® Front Panel Tour R&S Display The analyzer is equipped with a color display providing all control elements for the measurements and the diagram areas for the results. • Refer to section Navigation Tools of the Screen in Chapter 3 to learn how to use menus, keys and softkeys. - Page 21 ® R&S Front Panel Tour • MARKER positions markers on a trace, configures their properties and selects the format of the numerical readout. • SEARCH uses markers to locate specific points on the trace. • MARKER FUNCT(ions) define the sweep range, scale the diagram and introduce an electrical length offset using the active marker.
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Page 22: Navigation Keys
® Front Panel Tour R&S The SUPPORT keys give access to the functions to reverse operations, retrieve information on the instrument and obtain assistance. • UNDO reverses the previous operation. • INFO calls up a table providing information about the current setup. •... - Page 23 ® R&S Front Panel Tour OK ENTER is used to: • Activate the selected active control element, e.g. a button in a dialog or a link in the Help • Confirm selections and entries made and close dialogs OK ENTER is equivalent to pressing the rotary knob or the OK ENTER key in the DATA ENTRY keypad.
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Page 24: Data Entry Keys
® Front Panel Tour R&S Data Entry Keys The keys in the DATA ENTRY keypad are used to enter numbers and units. The ESC CANCEL and OK ENTER keys are equivalent to the corresponding keys in the NAVIGATION keypad. The remaining DATA ENTRY keys are only enabled while the cursor is placed on a data input field in a dialog or in the Help navigation pane. -
Page 25: Standby Key
® R&S Front Panel Tour STEP SIZE opens an input box to select the steps (in units of the current physical parameter) between two consecutive values if the rotary knob is turned to increase or decrease numeric values. See Data Entry in Chapter 3. STANDBY Key The STANDBY toggle switch is located in the bottom left corner of the front panel. -
Page 26: Usb Connector
® Front Panel Tour R&S The three LEDs above each test port indicate the connector state: The amber LED is on while the connector is used as a source port. The green LED is on while the connector is used as a bidirectional (source and receive) port. The blue LED is on while the connector is used as a receive port. -
Page 27: Rear Panel Tour
® R&S Rear Panel Tour Rear Panel Tour This section gives an overview of the rear panel controls and connectors of the network analyzer. The rear connectors are described in detail in the annex Hardware Interfaces in the online help system. -
Page 28: Putting The Instrument Into Operation
® Putting the Instrument into Operation R&S Putting the Instrument into Operation This section describes the basic steps to be taken when setting up the analyzer for the first time. Important Note: Before turning on the instrument, please make sure that the following conditions are fulfilled: •... -
Page 29: Instrument Setup
® R&S Putting the Instrument into Operation Instrument Setup The network analyzer is designed for use under laboratory conditions, either on a bench top or in a rack. The general ambient conditions required at the operating site are as follows: •... -
Page 30: Mounting In A 19" Rack
® Putting the Instrument into Operation R&S Mounting in a 19" Rack Using the adapter ZZA-511 (order number 1096.3290.00) the instrument can be mounted in 19" racks according to the mounting instructions supplied with the rack adapter. Caution! • Allow for sufficient air supply in the rack. •... -
Page 31: Standby And Ready State
® R&S Putting the Instrument into Operation To turn the power on or off, press the AC power switch to position I (On) or 0 (Off). After power-on, the analyzer is in standby or ready state, depending on the state of the STANDBY toggle switch at the front panel of the instrument when the instrument was switched off for the last time. -
Page 32: Starting The Analyzer, Shutdown
® Starting the Analyzer, Shutdown R&S Starting the Analyzer, Shutdown To start the analyzer, proceed as follows: 1. Make sure that the instrument is connected to the AC power supply and the power switch on the rear panel is in position I (On). 2. -
Page 33: Connecting External Accessories
® R&S Connecting External Accessories Connecting External Accessories The equivalent USB ports on the front and rear panel of the analyzer can be used to connect a variety of accessories: • A mouse simplifies operation of the instrument using the controls and dialogs of the graphical user interface. -
Page 34: Connecting A Printer
® Connecting External Accessories R&S Use the Start – Control Panel – Keyboard or Regional and Language Options menu of Windows XP to configure the keyboard properties. To access Windows XP, press the Windows key on the external keyboard or on the front panel. Operating the analyzer does not require a keyboard. -
Page 35: Connecting A Monitor
® R&S Connecting External Accessories Connecting a Monitor A standard VGA monitor can be connected to the 15-pole Sub-Min-D MONITOR connector on the rear panel of the analyzer. Caution! The monitor must be connected while the instrument is switched off (in standby mode). -
Page 36: Test Setups With Two Lan Connections
® Connecting External Accessories R&S transfer is still made using the TCP/IP protocol. The IP address information is displayed in the Info – Setup Info dialog. Test Setups with Two LAN Connections The two LAN connectors on the rear panel of the analyzer are equivalent. With one LAN connector used to establish a connection to a home/company network, the other one can be used to connect an additional instrument, e.g. -
Page 37: Remote Control In A Lan
® R&S Remote Control in a LAN Remote Control in a LAN A LAN connection is used to integrate the analyzer into a home/company network. This offers several applications: • Transfer data between a controller and the analyzer, e.g. in order run a remote control program. •... -
Page 38: Remote Desktop Connection
® Remote Control in a LAN R&S Manual TCP/IP configuration To disable dynamic TCP/IP configuration and enter the TCP/IP address information manually proceed as follows: 1. Obtain the IP address and subnet mask for the analyzer and the IP address for the local default gateway from your network administrator. -
Page 39: Windows Xp Embedded
® R&S Windows XP Embedded Windows XP Embedded The analyzer is equipped with a Windows XP Embedded operating system which has been configured according to the instrument's features and needs. Changes in the system configuration can be necessary in order to •... - Page 41 ® R&S Getting Started Contents of Chapter 2 2 Getting Started ....................2.1 Reflection Measurements........................2.2 Instrument Setup for Reflection Measurements...............2.2 Parameter and Sweep Range Selection..................2.2 Instrument Calibration ......................2.3 Evaluation of Data........................2.5 Saving and Printing Data ......................2.7 Basic Tasks............................2.9 Control via Front Panel Keys ....................2.9 To Access a Particular Menu Command ...
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Page 43: Getting Started
® R&S Reflection Measurements 2 Getting Started The following chapter presents a sample session with a R&S ZVB network analyzer and explains how to solve basic tasks that you will frequently encounter when working with the instrument. Before starting any measurement on your network analyzer, please note the instructions given in Chapter Preparing for Use. -
Page 44: Reflection Measurements
® Reflection Measurements R&S Reflection Measurements In a reflection measurement, the analyzer transmits a stimulus signal to the input port of the device under test (DUT) and measures the reflected wave. A number of trace formats allow you to express and display the results. -
Page 45: Instrument Calibration
® R&S Reflection Measurements If you use the DATA ENTRY keys at the front panel for data entry, simply type 5 and terminate the entry with the G/n key. Refer to section Data Entry to learn more about entering numeric values and characters. 2. - Page 46 ® Reflection Measurements R&S 1. Unscrew the DUT and connect the male short standard from calibration kit ZV- Z21. 2. In the CHANNEL keypad, press CAL to open the calibration menu. 3. Activate Start Cal – One Port P1 – Normalization (Short) to open the calibration wizard for the selected calibration type.
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Page 47: Evaluation Of Data
® R&S Reflection Measurements The next dialog of the calibration wizard shows that only a single calibration standard needs to be measured. 5. Click the box Short (m)... to initiate the measurement of the connected short standard. The analyzer performs a calibration sweep and displays a message box with a progress bar. - Page 48 ® Reflection Measurements R&S marker info field in the upper right corner of the diagram. 2. Press MARKER FUNCT and activate Min Search. The marker jumps to the absolute minimum of the curve in the entire sweep range. The marker info field shows the coordinates of the new marker position.
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Page 49: Saving And Printing Data
® R&S Reflection Measurements Refer to section Display Formats and Diagram Types in Chapter 3 to learn more about the diagram properties. Saving and Printing Data The analyzer provides standard functions for saving measurement settings and for printing the results. You can use these functions as if you were working on a standard PC. - Page 50 ® Reflection Measurements R&S 5. Press SAVE in the SYSTEM keypad. 6. In the Save As dialog opened, select a file location, format and name and activate Save. The active setup is stored to a file and can be reused in a later session. Proceed as described in section Starting the Analyzer, Shutdown to shut down your analyzer.
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Page 51: Basic Tasks
® R&S Basic Tasks Basic Tasks The following sections describe how to solve basic tasks that you will frequently encounter when working with the instrument. In particular you can learn how to access instrument functions and control dialogs without a mouse and keyboard. Control via Front Panel Keys Although a mouse and external keyboard simplify the operation of the instrument, you can access all essential functions using the keys on the front panel. -
Page 52: To Make A Selection In A Dialog
® Basic Tasks R&S 3. As soon as you reach the desired menu command (which must not be one opening a submenu) press OK ENTER or press the rotary knob to initiate an action or open a dialog. After command execution or after closing the dialog, the menu bar is deactivated and the cursor returns to the diagram/softkey area. -
Page 53: Data Entry
® R&S Basic Tasks 3. Use the DATA ENTRY keys or the rotary knob to enter characters and numbers. For more details refer to Data Entry. 4. Press OK ENTER, CANCEL ESC or press the rotary knob to close the active dialog. -
Page 54: Using The Analyzer's On-Screen Keyboard
® Basic Tasks R&S Using the Analyzer's On-Screen Keyboard The on-screen keyboard allows you to enter characters, in particular letters, without an external keyboard. It is available for all character input fields which have a symbol. Operation with front panel keys 1. -
Page 55: Scaling Diagrams
® R&S Basic Tasks The System – External Tools submenu contains a shortcut to Windows XP's on-screen keyboard. Simply click Mouse Keyboard.lnk to open the keyboard. Scaling Diagrams The analyzer provides several alternative tools for setting the sweep range and customizing the diagrams. -
Page 56: Autoscale
® Basic Tasks R&S Autoscale The Autoscale function adjusts the scale divisions and the reference value so that the entire trace fits into the diagram area. To access Autoscale, use one of the following methods: Press the SCALE key in the TRACE keypad. Right-click the scale section in the trace list and select Autoscale from the context menu. -
Page 57: Enlarging The Diagram Area
® R&S Basic Tasks To set the sweep range use one of the following methods: Define Start and Stop values 1. Create two normal markers, e.g. the markers Mkr 1 and Mkr 2, and place them to the desired start and stop values of the sweep range. 2. - Page 59 ® R&S System Overview Contents of Chapter 3 3 System Overview ....................3.1 Basic Concepts..........................3.1 Global Resources........................3.2 Setups ..........................3.2 Traces, Channels and Diagram Areas..................3.2 Trace Settings........................3.3 Channel Settings......................3.3 Screen Elements..........................3.5 Navigation Tools of the Screen ....................3.5 Menu Bar ........................3.6 Menu Structure ......................3.7 Softkey Bar ........................3.7 Hardkey Bar ........................3.8 Status Bar ........................3.8...
- Page 60 ® System Overview R&S Ratios ........................3.31 Balance - Unbalance Conversion ..................3.31 Balanced Port Configurations ..................3.32 Mixed Mode Parameters....................3.33 Mixed Mode Parameters for Different Test Setups .............3.33 Calibration Overview........................3.35 Calibration Standards and Calibration Kits ................3.35 Calibration Types ........................3.36 Normalization .......................3.37 Full One-Port Calibration .....................3.37 One-Path Two-Port Calibration..................3.37 TOSM Calibration ......................3.38 TOM Calibration......................3.38...
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Page 61: System Overview
® R&S Basic Concepts 3 System Overview The following chapter provides an overview of the analyzer's capabilities and their use. This includes a description of the basic concepts that the analyzer uses to organize, process and display measurement data, of the screen contents, possible measured quantities, calibration methods and typical test setups. For a systematic explanation of all menus, functions and parameters and background information refer to the reference description on the graphical user interface (GUI Reference) in the online help system. -
Page 62: Global Resources
® Basic Concepts R&S Global Resources The analyzer provides global settings that are mostly hardware-related and can be used for all measurements, irrespective of the current measurement session or setup. The settings are stored in independent files and do not enter into any of the setup files. The following settings correspond to global resources: •... -
Page 63: Trace Settings
® R&S Basic Concepts Trace Settings The trace settings specify the mathematical operations used in order to obtain traces from the measured or stored data. They can be divided into several main groups: • Selection of the measured quantity (S-parameters, wave quantities, ratios, impedances,...) •... - Page 64 ® Basic Concepts R&S After changing the channel settings or selecting another measured quantity, the analyzer needs some time to initialize the new sweep. This preparation period increases with the number of points and the number of partial measurements involved. It is visualized by a Preparing Sweep symbol in the status bar: All analyzer settings can still be changed during sweep initialization.
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Page 65: Screen Elements
® R&S Screen Elements Screen Elements This section describes the operating concept of the network analyzer, including the alternative navigation tools for mouse and hardkey operation, the trace settings, markers and diagram areas. For a description of the different quantities measured by the analyzer refer to the Measured Quantities section. -
Page 66: Menu Bar
® Screen Elements R&S Menu Bar All analyzer functions are arranged in drop-down menus. The menu bar is located across the top of the diagram area: Menus can be controlled in different ways: • With a mouse, like the menus in any Windows application. A left mouse click expands a menu or submenu. -
Page 67: Menu Structure
® R&S Screen Elements Menu Structure All menus show an analogous structure. • A menu command with a right arrow expands a submenu with further related settings. Example: Measure expands a submenu to select the quantity to be measured and displayed. •... -
Page 68: Hardkey Bar
® Screen Elements R&S Navigation softkey (optional) Softkey no. 8 or softkeys no. 7 and no. 8 are reserved for navigation: • More 1/2 and More 2/2 toggle between two groups of softkeys which belong to the same menu. The softkeys are provided whenever the active menu contains more than 7 commands. -
Page 69: Display Elements In The Diagram Area
® R&S Screen Elements Display Elements in the Diagram Area The central part of the screen is occupied by one or several diagram areas. Diagram Areas A diagram area is a rectangular portion of the screen used to display traces. Diagram areas are arranged in windows;... -
Page 70: Title
® Screen Elements R&S Title Across the top of the diagram area, an optional title describes the contents of the area. Different areas within a setup are distinguished by area numbers in the upper right corner. Use the context menu or the functions in the Display menu to display, hide or change the title and to add and customize diagram areas. - Page 71 ® R&S Screen Elements • Data traces show the current measurement data and are continuously updated as the measurement goes on. Data traces are dynamic traces. • Memory traces are generated by storing the data trace to the memory. It represents the state of the data trace at the moment when it was stored.
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Page 72: Markers
® Screen Elements R&S The settings correspond to the most common commands in the Trace – Trace Select, Trace – Trace Funct, Trace – Meas, Trace – Format and Trace – Scale menus. Markers Markers are tools for selecting points on the trace and for numerical readout of measured data. The analyzer provides three different basic marker types. -
Page 73: Marker Info Field
® R&S Screen Elements • Mkr 2 and Mkr 3 indicate the lower and upper band edge where the trace value has decreased (increased) by a definite Level value. • Mkr 4 indicates the center of the peak, calculated as the arithmetic mean value of the LBE and UBE positions. -
Page 74: Channel Settings
® Screen Elements R&S The table is hidden by default. To display the table double-click the marker info field to open the Marker Properties dialog. Context menu of the marker info field A right mouse click on the marker info field opens a context menu: Movable Marker Info allows the marker info field to be placed to any position in the diagram area. -
Page 75: Context Menus
® R&S Screen Elements The settings correspond to the most common commands in the Channel – Channel Select, Channel – Stimulus and Channel – Power Bandwidth Average menus. Context Menus To provide access to the most common tasks and speed up the operation, the analyzer offers context menus (right-click menus) for the following display elements: •... -
Page 76: On-Screen Keyboard
® Screen Elements R&S Immediate vs. Confirmed Settings In some dialogs, the settings take effect immediately so that the effect on the measurement is observable while the dialog is still open. This is especially convenient when a numeric value is incremented or decremented, e.g. -
Page 77: Step Size
® R&S Screen Elements • Cancel discards the current selection and closes the keyboard. The input field of the calling dialog is left unchanged. The on-screen keyboard allows you to enter characters, in particular letters, without an external keyboard; see Data Entry. To enter numbers and units, you can also use the DATA ENTRY keys on the front panel of the instrument. -
Page 78: Cartesian Diagrams
® Screen Elements R&S • Inverted Smith charts are used for the display format Inverted Smith and show a vector like polar diagrams but with grid lines of constant real and imaginary part of the admittance. The analyzer allows arbitrary combinations of display formats and measured quantities (Trace – Measure). -
Page 79: Polar Diagrams
® R&S Screen Elements from the complex measurement values z = x + jy (where x, y, z are functions of the sweep variable). The formulas also hold for real results, which are treated as complex values with zero imaginary part (y = 0). -
Page 80: Smith Chart
® Screen Elements R&S Circles of equal magnitude Voltage reflection: Voltage reflection: Short-circuited Open-circuited load (Z = 0) load (Z = infinity) Radial lines of Matching equal phase angle impedance (Z = Z Examples for definite magnitudes and phase angles: •... - Page 81 ® R&S Screen Elements The basic properties of the Smith chart follow from this construction: • The central horizontal axis corresponds to zero reactance (real impedance). The center of the diagram represents Z/Z = 1 which is the reference impedance of the system (zero reflection). At the left and right intersection points between the horizontal axis and the outer circle, the impedance is zero (short) and infinity (open).
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Page 82: Inverted Smith Chart
® Screen Elements R&S Circles of equal resistance Short-circuited Open-circuited load (Z = 0) load (Z = infinity) Arcs of equal Matching reactance impedance (Z = Z Examples for special points in the Smith chart: • The magnitude of the reflection coefficient of an open circuit (Z = infinity, I = 0) is one, its phase is zero. - Page 83 ® R&S Screen Elements The basic properties of the inverted Smith chart follow from this construction: • The central horizontal axis corresponds to zero susceptance (real admittance). The center of the diagram represents Y/Y = 1, where Y is the reference admittance of the system (zero reflection).
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Page 84: Measured Quantities And Display Formats
® Screen Elements R&S Circles of equal conductance Short-circuited load (Y = infinity) Open-circuited load (Y = 0) Arcs of equal Matching susceptance admittance (Y = Y Examples for special points in the inverted Smith chart: • The magnitude of the reflection coefficient of a short circuit (Y = infinity, U = 0) is one, its phase is –180 •... -
Page 85: Measured Quantities
® R&S Measured Quantities Measured Quantities This section gives an overview of the measurement results of the network analyzer and the meaning of the different measured quantities. All quantities can be selected in the Trace – Meas. submenu. The definitions in this and the following sections apply to general n-port DUTs. An analyzer with a smaller number of test ports provides a subset of the n-port quantities. -
Page 86: Multiport Parameters
® Measured Quantities R&S • S is the output reflection coefficient, defined as the ratio of the wave quantities b (reverse measurement with matched input, b in the figure above and a = 0) to a , measured at 2,rev PORT 2. -
Page 87: Converted Impedances
® R&S Measured Quantities Converted Impedances The converted, matched-circuit impedances describe the impedances of a DUT that is terminated at its outputs with the reference impedance Z displayed in the Port Configuration dialog. i numbers the analyzer/DUT port. The analyzer converts the measured S-parameters to determine the matched-circuit impedances. Relation with S-parameters It is possible to express the matched-circuit impedances Z in terms of the reflection S-parameters S... -
Page 88: Admittance Parameters
® Measured Quantities R&S 2-Port Open-Circuit Z-Parameters In analogy to S-parameters, Z-parameters are expressed as Z , where <out> and <in> denote the <out>< in> output and input port numbers of the DUT. The open-circuit Z-parameters for a two-port are based on a circuit model that can be expressed with two linear equations: Meaning of Z-parameters The four 2-port open-circuit Z-parameters can be interpreted as follows:... -
Page 89: Y-Parameters
® R&S Measured Quantities − where i numbers the analyzer/DUT port. The transmission parameters are calculated according to: ≠ ..., ⋅ ⋅ − ⋅ Examples: • Y is the input admittance of a 2-port DUT that is terminated at its output with the reference impedance Z (matched -circuit admittance measured in a forward reflection measurement). -
Page 90: Wave Quantities And Ratios
® Measured Quantities R&S Y-parameters can be easily extended to describe circuits with more than two ports or several modes of propagation. Wave Quantities and Ratios The elements of the S-, Z- and Y-matrices represent fixed ratios of complex wave amplitudes. As long as the assumption of linearity holds, the S-, Z- and Y-parameters are independent of the source power. - Page 91 ® R&S Measured Quantities Ratios A ratio measurement provides the complex ratio of any combination of transmitted or received wave amplitudes. Ratios complement the S-parameter measurements, where only ratios of the form b (ratio of the incoming wave to the outgoing wave at the test ports i and j of the DUT) are considered. Examples for using ratios A measurement of ratios is particularly suitable for the following test scenarios: •...
- Page 92 ® Measured Quantities R&S Balance-unbalance conversion avoids the disadvantages of real transformers: • There is no need to fabricate test fixtures with integrated baluns for each type of DUT. • The measurement is not impaired by the non-ideal characteristics of the balun (e.g. error tolerances, limited frequency range).
- Page 93 ® R&S Measured Quantities Mixed Mode Parameters Mixed mode parameters are an extension of normal mode parameters (e.g. S-parameters, impedances and admittances) for balanced measurements. The analyzer can measure mixed mode parameters as soon as a balanced port configuration is selected. Mixed mode parameters are used to distinguish the following three port modes: s: Singe-ended (for unbalanced ports) d: Differential mode (for balanced ports)
- Page 94 ® Measured Quantities R&S dd11 dc11 cd11 cc11 3. DUT with one balanced and one single-ended port. ss22 sd12 sc12 ds21 dd11 dc11 cs21 cd11 cc11 4.
- Page 95 ® R&S Calibration Overview Calibration Overview Calibration is the process of eliminating systematic, reproducible errors from the measurement results (system error correction). The process involves the following stages: 1. A set of calibration standards is selected and measured over the required sweep range. For many calibration types the magnitude and phase response of each calibration standard (i.e.
- Page 96 ® Calibration Overview R&S • Imported and user-defined kits can be changed in the Calibration Kits dialog and its various sub- dialogs. Calibration kits and connector types are global resources; the parameters are stored independently and are available irrespective of the current setup. Calibration Types The analyzer provides a wide range of calibration types for one, two or more ports.
- Page 97 ® R&S Calibration Overview The calibration type must be selected in accordance with the test setup. Select the calibration type for which you can obtain or design the most accurate standards and for which you can measure the required parameters with best accuracy. Normalization A normalization is the simplest calibration type since it requires the measurement of only one standard for each calibrated S-parameter:...
- Page 98 ® Calibration Overview R&S TOSM Calibration A TOSM (Through – Open – Short – Match) calibration requires the same standards as the one-path two-port calibration, however, all measurements are performed in the forward and reverse direction. TOSM is also referred to as SOLT (Short – Open – Load = Match – Through) calibration. The four standards are used to derive 6 error terms for each signal direction: •...
- Page 99 ® R&S Calibration Overview TRM Calibration A TRM (Through – Reflect – Match) calibration requires a low-reflection, low-loss through standard with an electrical length that may be different from zero, a reflect and a match. The magnitude of the reflection coefficient of the reflect standard can be unknown but must be nonzero; its phase must be roughly known ( 90 deg).
- Page 100 ® Calibration Overview R&S TNA Calibration A TNA (Through – Network – Attenuation) calibration requires two-port standards only. Again, the through standard must be ideally matched and lossless. The symmetric network must have the same properties as the reflect standard used for a TRL calibration, i.e. the magnitude of its reflection coefficient can be unknown but must be nonzero;...
- Page 101 ® R&S Index Index 12-term error model............3.36 EMI................1.12 Equipment supplied ............1.10 Error Terms ..............3.36 Evaluation of data ............2.5 Examples Reflection measurement...........2.2 7-term error model............3.36 External Accessories ............1.15 AC power ..............1.12 Firmware Updat ............1.21 Admittance ..............3.28 Front panel ..............1.1 Autoscale ..............
- Page 102 ® Index R&S Line (standard) ............. 3.36 Load ................3.36 Saving data..............2.7 Scaling Circular diagrams ...........2.14 Diagrams ..............2.13 Marker................3.12 Screen elements.............3.5 Marker functions............2.14 Setup ................3.2 Marker info field............3.13 Setup keys..............1.2 Match (standard) ............3.36 Short (standard)............3.36 Mathematical trace ............3.10 Short-circuit Y-parameters ..........3.29 Measured quantities .............
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