Rohde & Schwarz ZVA8 Quick Start Manual
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Rohde & Schwarz ZVA8 Quick Start Manual

Zva series vector network analyzers
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Vector Network Analyzers
Quick Start Guide
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1145.1090.62 ─ 10

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  • Page 1 ® R&S Vector Network Analyzers Quick Start Guide (;]:èÌ) 1145.1090.62 ─ 10...
  • Page 2 This quick start guide describes the following vector network analyzer types: ● ® R&S ZVA8, order no. 1145.1110.08/10 (2 or 4 test ports) ● ® R&S ZVA24, order no. 1145.1110.24/26 (2 or 4 test ports) ● ® R&S ZVA40, order no. 1145.1110.40/42/43/45 (2.92 mm, 2 or 4 test ports and 2.4 mm, 2 or 4 test ports) ●...

  • Page 3: Table Of Contents

    ® Contents R&S Contents 1 Preparing the Analyzer for Use.............7 Front Panel Tour......................7 1.1.1 Display..........................8 1.1.2 Setup Keys........................9 1.1.3 Navigation Keys......................10 1.1.4 Data Entry Keys......................11 1.1.5 Rotary Knob........................12 1.1.6 Standby Key........................12 1.1.7 Front Panel Connectors....................12 1.1.8 Additional Hardware Options..................14 Rear Panel Tour......................15 Putting the Analyzer into Operation................16 1.3.1 Unpacking and Checking the Analyzer.................17...
  • Page 4 ® Contents R&S 1.6.2 Remote Desktop Connection..................28 Windows XP.........................28 Firmware Update......................29 2 Getting Started..................30 Performing a Reflection Measurement..............30 2.1.1 Instrument Setup for Reflection Measurements............31 2.1.2 Parameter and Sweep Range Selection...............32 2.1.3 Instrument Calibration ....................33 2.1.4 Evaluation of Data ......................35 2.1.5 Saving and Printing Data .....................36 Performing a Transmission Measurement...............37 Basic Tasks.........................37...
  • Page 5 ® Contents R&S 3.4.4 Power Calibration......................90 3.4.5 Offset Parameters......................90 Optional R&S ZVA Extensions...................90 3.5.1 Time Domain (R&S ZVAB-K2)..................91 3.5.2 Arbitrary Generator and Receiver Frequencies (R&S ZVA-K4)........92 3.5.3 Scalar Mixer and Harmonics (R&S ZVA-K4)..............92 3.5.4 Mixer Phase Measurement (R&S ZVA-K5)..............92 3.5.5 True Differential Mode (R&S ZVA-K6)................93 3.5.6 Measurements on Pulsed Signals (R&S ZVA-K7)............93...

  • Page 7: Preparing The Analyzer For Use

    ® Preparing the Analyzer for Use R&S Front Panel Tour 1 Preparing the Analyzer for Use This chapter gives an overview of the front panel controls and connectors of the network analyzer and gives all information that is necessary to put the instrument into operation and connect external devices.

  • Page 8: Display

    ® Preparing the Analyzer for Use R&S Front Panel Tour Fig. 1-1: R&S ZVA front view 1.1.1 Display The analyzer is equipped with a color display providing all control elements for the meas- urements and the diagram areas for the results. ●...

  • Page 9: Setup Keys

    ® Preparing the Analyzer for Use R&S Front Panel Tour Short screen flicker On instruments equipped with an FMR7 front module controller, you may observe a short screen flicker when accessing the Windows desktop. The flicker does not occur while the network analyzer is running;...

  • Page 10: Navigation Keys

    ® Preparing the Analyzer for Use R&S Front Panel Tour The DISPLAY keys give access to all display settings and to the functions to activate, modify and arrange different diagram areas. ● AREA SELECT provides functions to create and delete diagram areas and select an area as the active area.

  • Page 11: Data Entry Keys

    ® Preparing the Analyzer for Use R&S Front Panel Tour The "Cursor Up" and "Cursor Down" keys are used to: ● Scroll up and down in lists, e.g. among menu items, in a list of keywords, in the Help table of contents, or in the Help topic text ●...

  • Page 12: Rotary Knob

    ® Preparing the Analyzer for Use R&S Front Panel Tour ● In character input fields, the G/n, M/μ, k/m keys enter the letters G, M, K, respectively. x1 is equivalent to OK ENTER. It confirms the previous entry and deactivates the input field (closes the numeric entry bar).
  • Page 13 ® Preparing the Analyzer for Use R&S Front Panel Tour ● Each test port may be complemented by three pairs of additional connectors used to test high power devices and extend the dynamic range, see chapter 1.1.7.4, "Direct Generator and Receiver Access", on page 14.

  • Page 14: Additional Hardware Options

    ® Preparing the Analyzer for Use R&S Front Panel Tour Electrostatic discharge Electrostatic discharge (ESD) may cause damage to the electronic components of the DUT and the analyzer. Use the wrist strap and cord supplied with the instrument to con- nect yourself to the GND connector.

  • Page 15: Rear Panel Tour

    ® Preparing the Analyzer for Use R&S Rear Panel Tour ● Option R&S ZVA-B8, Converter Control, provides output connectors to control the output power of a frequency converter with external attenuators, R&S ZVA-ZxxxE. This option is available for R&S ZVA network analyzers with an upper frequency limit of 20 GHz or higher (R&S ZVA 24, R&S ZVA40 ...).

  • Page 16: Putting The Analyzer Into Operation

    ® Preparing the Analyzer for Use R&S Putting the Analyzer into Operation ● AUX is an auxiliary connector, to be wired as needed. AUX is not fitted on standard instruments. ● LAN 1 and LAN 2 are two equivalent connectors to connect the analyzer to a Local Area Network.

  • Page 17: Unpacking And Checking The Analyzer

    ® Preparing the Analyzer for Use R&S Putting the Analyzer into Operation Risk of instrument damage Before switching on the instrument, make sure that the following conditions are met: ● Instrument casing is closed and all fasteners are tightened. ● All fan openings are unobstructed and the airflow perforations are unimpeded.

  • Page 18: Setting Up The Analyzer

    ® Preparing the Analyzer for Use R&S Putting the Analyzer into Operation 1.3.2 Setting up the Analyzer The network analyzer is designed for use under laboratory conditions, either on a bench top or in a rack. The general ambient conditions required at the operating site are as follows: ●...

  • Page 19: Operation In A 19" Rack

    ® Preparing the Analyzer for Use R&S Putting the Analyzer into Operation The instrument can be used in each of the positions shown here. 1.3.4 Operation in a 19" Rack Using the adapter R&S ZZA-611 (order number 1096.3302.00) the instrument can be mounted in 19"...

  • Page 20: Connecting The Analyzer To The Ac Supply

    ® Preparing the Analyzer for Use R&S Putting the Analyzer into Operation undesirable events. This is of particular importance for the external trigger input (pin no. 2) if the EXT TRIGGER input is used. ● USB: Use double-shielded USB cables and ensure that external USB devices comply with EMC regulations.

  • Page 21: Standby And Ready State

    ® Preparing the Analyzer for Use R&S Starting the Analyzer and Shutting Down 1.3.8 Standby and Ready State The STANDBY toggle switch is located in the bottom left corner of the front panel. ► After switching on the AC power (see chapter 1.3.7, "Power on and off", on page 20) press the STANDBY key briefly to switch the analyzer from the standby...

  • Page 22: Connecting External Accessories

    ® Preparing the Analyzer for Use R&S Connecting External Accessories To shut down the analyzer, proceed as follows: 1. Press the STANDBY key to save the current setup, close the NWA application, shut ® down Windows XP and set the instrument to standby state. Of course you can also perform this procedure step by step like in any Windows session.

  • Page 23: Connecting A Mouse

    ® Preparing the Analyzer for Use R&S Connecting External Accessories 1.5.1 Connecting a Mouse A USB mouse can be connected to one of the Universal Serial Bus connectors on the front panel or on the rear panel (double USB connectors). The mouse is detected auto- matically when it is connected.

  • Page 24: Connecting A Monitor

    ® Preparing the Analyzer for Use R&S Connecting External Accessories Printer driver installation A great variety of printer drivers is available on the analyzer. To obtain the complete list, ® access Windows XP (press the Windows key) and open the "Add Printer Wizard" in the "Start –...

  • Page 25: Test Setups With Two Lan Connections

    ® Preparing the Analyzer for Use R&S Connecting External Accessories also set up a direct connection to a computer or another test instrument. For both con- nection types, you can use either crossover or standard straight-through Ethernet cables. The IP address information is displayed in the "Info – Setup Info" dialog. 1.5.6 Test Setups with two LAN Connections The two LAN connectors on the rear panel of the analyzer are equivalent.

  • Page 26: Remote Operation In A Lan

    ® Preparing the Analyzer for Use R&S Remote Operation in a LAN 1.6 Remote Operation in a LAN A LAN connection is used to integrate the analyzer into a home/company network. This offers several applications, e.g.: ● Transfer data between a controller and the analyzer, e.g. in order run a remote control program.
  • Page 27 ® Preparing the Analyzer for Use R&S Remote Operation in a LAN ● If the network does not support DHCP, or if the analyzer is set to use alternate TCP/ IP configuration, the addresses must be set manually. By default, the analyzer is configured to use dynamic TCP/IP configuration and obtain all address information automatically.

  • Page 28: Remote Desktop Connection

    ® Preparing the Analyzer for Use R&S Windows XP 1.6.2 Remote Desktop Connection Remote Desktop is a Windows ® application which can be used to access and control the analyzer from a remote computer through a LAN connection. While the measurement is running, the analyzer screen contents are displayed on the remote computer, and Remote Desktop provides access to all of the applications, files, and network resources of the analyzer.

  • Page 29: Firmware Update

    ® Preparing the Analyzer for Use R&S Firmware Update 1.8 Firmware Update Upgrade versions of the analyzer firmware are supplied as single setup files *.msi. To perform a firmware update, 1. Copy the setup file to any storage medium accessible from the analyzer. This may be the internal hard disk, an external storage medium (USB memory stick, CD-ROM with external drive) or a network connection (LAN, GPIB bus).

  • Page 30: Getting Started

    ® Getting Started R&S Performing a Reflection Measurement 2 Getting Started The following chapter presents a sample session with a R&S ZVA network analyzer using an external monitor and the Graphical User Interface and explains how to solve basic tasks that you will frequently encounter when working with the instrument. Safety considerations Before starting any measurement on your network analyzer, please note the instructions given in...

  • Page 31: Instrument Setup For Reflection Measurements

    ® Getting Started R&S Performing a Reflection Measurement allow you to express and display the results. depending on what you want to learn from the data. Only one analyzer test port is required for reflection measurements. In the following example, the analyzer is set up for a reflection measurement, a frequency sweep range and measurement parameter is selected, the instrument is calibrated and the result is evaluated using various formats.

  • Page 32: Parameter And Sweep Range Selection

    ® Getting Started R&S Performing a Reflection Measurement Press the TRACE SELECT key in the TRACE keypad and use the softkeys in the "Trace Select" menu if you wish to create a new trace or a new diagram area. 2.1.2 Parameter and Sweep Range Selection After preset the display shows a diagram with a dB Mag scale.

  • Page 33: Instrument Calibration

    ® Getting Started R&S Performing a Reflection Measurement 2.1.3 Instrument Calibration The analyzer provides a wide range of sophisticated calibration methods for all types of measurements. Which calibration method is selected depends on the expected system errors, the accuracy requirements of the measurement, on the test setup and on the types of calibration standards available.
  • Page 34 ® Getting Started R&S Performing a Reflection Measurement 4. In the first dialog of the wizard, select the calibration kit (here: "ZV-Z21") and the test port connector (here: N 50 Ω (f), corresponding to a male calibration standard), and click "Next". The next dialog of the calibration wizard shows that only a single calibration standard needs to be measured.

  • Page 35: Evaluation Of Data

    ® Getting Started R&S Performing a Reflection Measurement 6. Click "Apply" to close the wizard, calculate and store the system error correction data and apply them to the current measurement. 7. Remove the short standard and connect the DUT again. 2.1.4 Evaluation of Data The analyzer provides various tools to optimize the display and analyze the measurement data.

  • Page 36: Saving And Printing Data

    ® Getting Started R&S Performing a Reflection Measurement The Smith chart shows lines of constant real and imaginary part of the impedance in the reflection coefficient plane. Tip: Refer to section chapter 3.2.4, "Display Formats and Diagram Types", on page 65 to learn more about the diagram properties. 2.1.5 Saving and Printing Data The analyzer provides standard functions for saving measurement settings and for print- ing the results.

  • Page 37: Performing A Transmission Measurement

    ® Getting Started R&S Performing a Transmission Measurement 6. In the "Save As" dialog opened, select a file location, format and name and activate "Save". The active setup is stored to a file and can be reused in a later session. Proceed as described in chapter 1.4, "Starting the Analyzer and Shutting Down",...
  • Page 38 ® Getting Started R&S Basic Tasks ● Use the "Cursor Up" and "Cursor Down" keys and the rotary knob (if rotated) to scroll up and down in a menu. ● OK ENTER and the rotary knob (if pressed) expand a submenu, open a dialog, or initiate an action, depending on the selected command type.

  • Page 39: Data Entry

    ® Getting Started R&S Basic Tasks 2. Use the keys in the NAVIGATION keypad and the rotary knob to access the controls in the dialog. ● Press "Left Field" or "Right Field" to switch between the control elements in a dialog.
  • Page 40 ® Getting Started R&S Basic Tasks To enter a character string 1. Place the cursor into a character data input field in a dialog. 2. Press the DATA ENTRY keys as if you were writing a short message on your mobile phone.

  • Page 41: Scaling Diagrams

    ® Getting Started R&S Basic Tasks ® 2.3.2.3 Using Windows XP's On-Screen Keyboard ® Windows XP's on-screen keyboard allows you to enter characters, in particular letters, even if an input field cannot call up the analyzer's own on-screen keyboard. Examples of such fields are the input fields in the "Index"...
  • Page 42 ® Getting Started R&S Basic Tasks 2.3.3.2 Reference Value and Position The analyzer provides three parameters for changing the scale of the vertical (response) axis: ● Changing the "Reference Value" or "Reference Position" shifts the trace in vertical direction and adjusts the labels of the vertical axis. "Reference Value" also works for radial diagrams.
  • Page 43 ® Getting Started R&S Basic Tasks ● Right-click the scale section in the trace list and select the parameter from the context menu. ● Select the parameter from the "Trace – Scale" menu. ● Use the marker functions. The "Autoscale" function also works for polar diagrams. 2.3.3.5 Using Marker Functions Marker functions are a convenient tool for scaling (in particular: magnifying) diagrams...
  • Page 44 ® Getting Started R&S Basic Tasks To move the trace relative to the vertical axis proceed as follows: 1. Create a normal marker, e.g. the marker "M 1", and place it to a particular trace point. E.g. you can use the marker "Search" functions to locate a maximum or minimum on the trace.

  • Page 45: System Overview

    ® System Overview R&S Basic Concepts 3 System Overview The following chapter provides an overview of the analyzer's capabilities and their use. This includes a description of the basic concepts that the analyzer uses to organize, process and display measurement data, of the screen contents, possible measured quantities, calibration methods and typical test setups.

  • Page 46: Setups

    ® System Overview R&S Basic Concepts settings are stored in independent files and do not enter into any of the setup files. The following settings correspond to global resources: ● Calibration kits ● Connector types ● Cal pool data including system error correction and power correction data ●...
  • Page 47 ® System Overview R&S Basic Concepts 3.1.3.1 Trace Settings The trace settings specify the mathematical operations used in order to obtain traces from the measured or stored data. They can be divided into several main groups: ● Selection of the measured quantity (S-parameters, wave quantities, ratios, impedan- ces,...) ●...

  • Page 48: Data Flow

    ® System Overview R&S Basic Concepts The "Channel" menu provides all channel settings. After changing the channel settings or selecting another measured quantity, the analyzer needs some time to initialize the new sweep. This preparation period increases with the number of points and the number of partial measurements involved. It is visualized by a "Preparing Sweep"...
  • Page 49 ® System Overview R&S Basic Concepts Quick Start Guide 1145.1090.62 ─ 10...

  • Page 50: Screen Elements

    ® System Overview R&S Screen Elements 3.2 Screen Elements This section describes the operating concept of the network analyzer, including the alter- native navigation tools for mouse and hardkey operation, the trace settings, markers and diagram areas. For a description of the different quantities measured by the analyzer refer to chapter 3.3, "Measured Quantities", on page 74.
  • Page 51 ® System Overview R&S Screen Elements 3.2.1.1 Menu Bar All analyzer functions are arranged in drop-down menus. The menu bar is located across the top of the diagram area: Menus can be controlled in different ways: ● With a mouse, like the menus in any Windows application. A left mouse click expands a menu or submenu.
  • Page 52 ® System Overview R&S Screen Elements ● A menu command with a right arrow expands a submenu with further related settings. Example: "Measure" expands a submenu to select the quantity to be measured and displayed. ● A menu command with three dots appended calls up a dialog providing several rela- ted settings.
  • Page 53 ® System Overview R&S Screen Elements ● Function softkeys Up to 8 softkeys, each corresponding to a command of the active menu. The function of the softkeys and their labels are strictly equivalent to the corresponding menu commands. – A large dot in the lower right corner indicates the current selection in a list of alternative settings.

  • Page 54: Display Elements In The Diagram Area

    ® System Overview R&S Screen Elements 3.2.1.4 Hardkey Bar The hardkey bar (front panel key bar, "Display – Config./View") represents the most commonly used front panel keys of the analyzer. Clicking a key symbol executes the action of the corresponding key. The hardkey bar corresponds to the TRACE, CHANNEL, DISPLAY and SYSTEM key- pads: The hardkey bar provides access to the basic groups of settings with a single mouse...
  • Page 55 ® System Overview R&S Screen Elements A "diagram area" is a rectangular portion of the screen used to display traces. Diagram areas are arranged in windows; they are independent of trace and channel settings. A diagram area can contain a practically unlimited number of traces, assigned to different channels (overlay mode).
  • Page 56 ® System Overview R&S Screen Elements 3.2.2.1 Title Across the top of the diagram area, an optional title describes the contents of the area. Different areas within a setup are distinguished by area numbers in the upper right corner. Use the context menu or the functions in the "Display" menu to display, hide or change the title and to add and customize diagram areas.
  • Page 57 ® System Overview R&S Screen Elements Trace Types The analyzer uses traces to display the current measurement result in a diagram area but is also capable of storing traces to the memory, recalling stored traces, and defining mathematical relations between different traces. There are three basic trace types: ●...
  • Page 58 ® System Overview R&S Screen Elements to display and hide data and memory traces. Use the "Trace Funct(ions)" to define mathematical traces. Right-click any of the sections in the trace list (except the type section) to open a context menu and access the most common tasks related to the section. A right mouse click on the trace name, the measured quantity, and the format and scale section of the trace list opens the following context menus, respectively: The settings correspond to the most common commands in the "Trace –...
  • Page 59 ® System Overview R&S Screen Elements ● A (normal) marker ("Mkr 1, Mkr 2, ...") determines the coordinates of a measurement point on the trace. Up to 10 different normal markers can be assigned to a trace. ● A reference marker ("Ref") defines the reference value for all delta markers. ●...
  • Page 60 ® System Overview R&S Screen Elements The list contains the following information: ● "Mkr 1, Mkr 2, ..." denote the marker numbers. Markers are displayed with the same color as the associated trace. ● The marker coordinates are expressed in one of the marker formats selected via "Marker –...
  • Page 61 ® System Overview R&S Screen Elements "Movable Marker Info" allows the marker info field to be placed to any position in the diagram area. The remaining settings correspond to the most common commands in the "Trace – Marker" and "Trace – Search" menus. 3.2.2.4 Channel Settings The main properties of all channels assigned to the traces in the diagram area are dis-...

  • Page 62: Dialogs

    ® System Overview R&S Screen Elements Right-click any of the sections in the trace list (except the color legend) to open a context menu and access the most common tasks related to the section. A right mouse click on the channel name, the sweep range, and the additional parameter section of the channel list opens the following context menus, respectively: The settings correspond to the most common commands in the "Channel –...
  • Page 63 ® System Overview R&S Screen Elements We assume that you are familiar with standard Windows dialogs and mouse operation. Refer to chapter 2.3.1, "Control via Front Panel Keys", on page 37 to learn how to control dialogs without a mouse and keyboard. 3.2.3.1 Immediate vs.
  • Page 64 ® System Overview R&S Screen Elements The on-screen keyboard contains two sets of characters plus the following additional controls: ● "Shift" changes between the two character sets containing lower case letters/num- bers and upper case letters/special characters, respectively. ● "<= BS" deletes the current string in the alphanumeric input field. ●...

  • Page 65: Display Formats And Diagram Types

    ® System Overview R&S Screen Elements 3.2.3.4 Paste Marker List A pull-down list symbol next to a numeric input field opens a list of all current stimulus and response marker values of the active trace. Any of the marker values can be selected as a numeric entry.
  • Page 66 ® System Overview R&S Screen Elements ● Inverted Smith charts are used for the display format "Inverted Smith". They show a complex quantity like polar diagrams but with grid lines of constant real and imaginary part of the admittance. The analyzer allows arbitrary combinations of display formats and measured quantities ("Trace –...
  • Page 67 ® System Overview R&S Screen Elements 3.2.4.2 Conversion of Complex into Real Quantities The results in the "Trace – Measure" menu can be divided into two groups: ● "S-Parameters", "Ratios", "Wave Quantities", "Impedances", "Admittances", "Z- Parameters", and "Y-Parameters" are complex. ●...
  • Page 68 ® System Overview R&S Screen Elements Example: Reflection coefficients in polar diagrams If the measured quantity is a complex reflection coefficient (S etc.), then the center of the polar diagram corresponds to a perfect load Z at the input test port of the DUT (no reflection, matched input), whereas the outer circumference (|S | = 1) represents a totally reflected signal.
  • Page 69 ® System Overview R&S Screen Elements A comparison of the Smith chart, the inverted Smith chart and the polar diagram reveals many similarities between the two representations. In fact the shape of a trace does not change at all if the display format is switched from "Polar" to "Smith" or "Inverted Smith"...
  • Page 70 ® System Overview R&S Screen Elements Example: Reflection coefficients in the Smith chart If the measured quantity is a complex reflection coefficient Γ (e.g. S ), then the unit Smith chart can be used to read the normalized impedance of the DUT. The coordinates in the normalized impedance plane and in the reflection coefficient plane are related as follows (see also: definition of matched-circuit (converted) impedances): = (1 + Γ) / (1 –...
  • Page 71 ® System Overview R&S Screen Elements 3.2.4.5 Inverted Smith Chart The inverted Smith chart is a circular diagram that maps the complex reflection coeffi- cients S"ii" to normalized admittance values. In contrast to the polar diagram, the scaling of the diagram is not linear. The grid lines correspond to points of constant conductance and susceptance.
  • Page 72 ® System Overview R&S Screen Elements the system (zero reflection). At the left and right intersection points between the hor- izontal axis and the outer circle, the admittance is infinity (short) and zero (open). ● The outer circle corresponds to zero conductance (purely imaginary admittance). Points outside the outer circle indicate an active component.
  • Page 73 ® System Overview R&S Screen Elements ● The magnitude of the reflection coefficient of an open circuit (Y = 0, I = 0) is one, its phase is zero. 3.2.4.6 Measured Quantities and Display Formats The analyzer allows any combination of a display format and a measured quantity. The following rules can help to avoid inappropriate formats and find the format that is ideally suited to the measurement task.

  • Page 74: Measured Quantities

    ® System Overview R&S Measured Quantities 3.3 Measured Quantities This section gives an overview of the measurement results of the network analyzer and the meaning of the different measured quantities. All quantities can be selected in the "Trace – Meas" submenu. The definitions in this and the following sections apply to general n-port DUTs.
  • Page 75 ® System Overview R&S Measured Quantities ● is the forward transmission coefficient, defined as the ratio of the wave quantities (forward measurement with matched output and a = 0). ● is the reverse transmission coefficient, defined as the ratio of the wave quantities (reverse measurement with matched input, b in the figure above and a = 0) to...

  • Page 76: Impedance Parameters

    ® System Overview R&S Measured Quantities 3.3.2 Impedance Parameters An impedance is the complex ratio between a voltage and a current. The analyzer pro- vides two independent sets of impedance parameters: ● Converted impedances (each impedance parameter is obtained from a single S- parameter) ●...
  • Page 77 ® System Overview R&S Measured Quantities Examples: ● is the input impedance of a 2-port DUT that is terminated at its output with the reference impedance Z (matched-circuit impedance measured in a forward reflec- tion measurement). ● The extension of the impedances to more ports and mixed mode measurements is analogous to S-parameters.
  • Page 78 ® System Overview R&S Measured Quantities ● is the reverse transfer impedance, defined as the ratio of the voltage V to the current I (reverse measurement with open input, I = 0). ● is the output impedance, defined as the ratio of the voltage V to the current I measured at port 2 (reverse measurement with open input, I = 0).
  • Page 79 ® System Overview R&S Measured Quantities Examples: ● is the input admittance of a 2-port DUT that is terminated at its output with the reference impedance Z (matched-circuit admittance measured in a forward reflec- tion measurement). ● The extension of the admittances to more ports and mixed mode measurements is analogous to S-parameters.
  • Page 80 ® System Overview R&S Measured Quantities 3.3.2.8 Wave Quantities and Ratios The elements of the S-, Z- and Y-matrices represent fixed ratios of complex wave ampli- tudes. As long as the assumption of linearity holds, the S-, Z- and Y-parameters are independent of the source power.
  • Page 81 ® System Overview R&S Measured Quantities Examples: ● Src Port 1 is the outgoing wave at test port 1. In a standard S-parameter mea- surement, this wave is fed to the input port (port 1) of the DUT (forward measurement). ●...
  • Page 82 ® System Overview R&S Measured Quantities 3.3.2.11 Unbalance-Balance Conversion Unbalance-balance conversion is the simulation of one or more unbalance-balance transformers (baluns) integrated in the measurement circuit in order to convert the DUT ports from an unbalanced state into a balanced state and virtually separate the differential and common mode signals.
  • Page 83 ® System Overview R&S Measured Quantities common mode of each logical port. The following types of balanced devices can be measured with 2-port, 3-port and 4-port analyzers: 2-port analyzers: Reflection measurements on 1 balanced port Balanced port: Differential mode Log. Bal.
  • Page 84 ® System Overview R&S Measured Quantities ● d: Differential mode (for balanced ports) ● c: Common mode (for balanced ports) The notation of a general S-parameter is S , where <mout> and <min> <mout><min><out><in> denote the output and input port modes, <out> and <in> denote the output and input port numbers.

  • Page 85: Calibration

    ® System Overview R&S Calibration 3. 3. DUT with one balanced and one single-ended port. 4. 4. DUT with two balanced ports or one balanced and two single-ended ports. Both device types are fully characterized by 4x4 mixed mode S-matrices. 3.4 Calibration Calibration or "system error correction"...

  • Page 86: Calibration Standards And Calibration Kits

    ® System Overview R&S Calibration errors, the accuracy requirements of the measurement, on the test setup and on the types of calibration standards available. Due to the analyzer's calibration wizard, calibration is a straightforward, menu-guided process. Moreover, it is possible to perform the entire calibration process automatically using a Calibration Unit (accessories R&S ZV-Z5x).

  • Page 87: Calibration Types

    ® System Overview R&S Calibration ● Imported and user-defined kits can be changed in the "Calibration Kits" dialog and its various sub-dialogs. Calibration kits and connector types are global resources; the parameters are stored independently and are available irrespective of the current setup. 3.4.2 Calibration Types The analyzer provides a wide range of calibration types for one, two or more ports.

  • Page 88: Automatic Calibration

    No. of ports Order no. R&S ZV-Z51 R&S ZVB4, R&S 300 kHz to 8 GHz 3.5 mm (f) 1164.0515.30 ZVB8, R&S ZVA8 R&S ZV-Z51 R&S ZVB4, R&S 300 kHz to 8 GHz type N (f) 1164.0515.70 ZVB8, R&S ZVA8 R&S ZV-Z52 R&S ZVB14, R&S...
  • Page 89 ® System Overview R&S Calibration Calibration unit Recommended for Frequency range Connector type No. of ports Order no. R&S ZV-Z53 R&S ZVB14, R&S 300 kHz to 24 GHz 3.5 mm (f) 1164.0473.32 ZVB20, R&S ZVA24 R&S ZV-Z53 R&S ZVB14 300 kHz to 18 GHz type N (f) 1164.0473.72 R&S ZV-Z54...

  • Page 90: Power Calibration

    ® System Overview R&S Optional R&S ZVA Extensions 3.4.4 Power Calibration The purpose of a power calibration is to ensure accurate source power levels and power readings at a particular position (reference plane) in the test setup. Power calibration is essentially different from the system error correction described in the previous sections.

  • Page 91: Time Domain (R&S Zvab-K2)

    ® System Overview R&S Optional R&S ZVA Extensions Option Option Name Functionality R&S ZVA-K6 True Differential Mode Generation of true differential and common mode stimuli at arbi- trary reference planes in the test setup and measurement of the mixed-mode S-parameters, wave quantities and ratios. Alterna- tively: Defined coherence mode, provides several source signals with defined phase and amplitude relation R&S ZVA-K7...

  • Page 92: Arbitrary Generator And Receiver Frequencies (R&S Zva-K4)

    ® System Overview R&S Optional R&S ZVA Extensions 3.5.2 Arbitrary Generator and Receiver Frequencies (R&S ZVA-K4) Measurements at arbitrary (not necessarily equal) generator and receiver frequencies provide a wealth of applications, e.g. intermodulation measurements vs. frequency and power, hot S-parameter measurements. For intermodulation distortion measurements, the analyzer provides a measurement and calibration wizard.

  • Page 93: True Differential Mode (R&S Zva-K6)

    ® System Overview R&S Optional R&S ZVA Extensions assess the phase information, the IF signal at the mixer output is converted back to the original RF frequency using a second MEAS mixer. A third REF mixer ensures that the reference wave is converted back to the RF frequency. 3.5.5 True Differential Mode (R&S ZVA-K6) Differential transmission lines and circuits are widely used, because their characteristics give them a lower susceptibility to electromagnetic interference.

  • Page 94: Mixer Delay W/O Lo Access (R&S Zva-K9)

    ® System Overview R&S Optional R&S ZVA Extensions signal can be provided either by a second analyzer port or by an external generator. The down-converted signals are fed to the REF IN and MEAS IN input connectors of the analyzer port providing the RF source signal. Option R&S ZVA-K8 also comprises option ZVA-K4, Frequency Conversion.
  • Page 95 ® System Overview R&S Optional R&S ZVA Extensions ● The test setup is as simple as for a basic transmission measurement: The DUT must be connected only once. Moreover, it is possible to perform S-parameter measure- ments in parallel to the noise figure measurement. Quick Start Guide 1145.1090.62 ─...

  • Page 96: Glossary

    ® Glossary R&S Glossary Active channel: Channel belonging to the active trace. The active channel is highlighted in the channel list below the diagram. The active channel is not relevant in remote control where each channel can contain an active trace. Active marker: Marker that can be changed using the settings of the Marker menu (Delta Mode, Ref.
  • Page 97 ® Glossary R&S tings complement the definitions of the Trace menu; they apply to all traces assigned to the channel. Compression point: The x-dB compression point of an S-parameter or ratio is the stim- ulus signal level where the magnitude of the measured quantity has dropped by x dB compared to its value at small stimulus signal levels (small-signal value).
  • Page 98 ® Glossary R&S Harmonic distortion: The production of harmonic frequencies (harmonics) by an elec- tronic system when a signal is applied at the input. Harmonic grid: A set of equidistant frequency points fi (i = 1...n) with spacing Delta(f) and the additional condition that f1 = Delta(f). A harmonic grid is required for low pass time domain transforms.
  • Page 99 ® Glossary R&S Mathematical trace: Trace that is calculated according to a mathematical expression, e.g. the one defined in the Define Math dialog. The expression is a mathematical relation between constants and the data or memory traces of the active setup. Measurement point: Result of the measurement at a specified stimulus value (fre- quency/power/time).
  • Page 100 ® Glossary R&S Setup: A setup comprises a set of diagram areas with all displayed information that can be stored to a NWA setup file (*.nwa). Each setup is displayed in an independent window. Source match error: Measurement error caused by a mismatch of the analyzer's source port causing part of the signal reflected off the DUT to be reflected again off the source port so that it is not measured there.
  • Page 101 ® Glossary R&S Trace: A trace is a set of data points that can be displayed together on the screen. The trace settings specify the mathematical operations used to obtain traces from the collec- ted data. They complement the definitions of the Channel menu. Each trace is assigned to a channel.

  • Page 102: Index

    ® Index R&S Index Symbols 10 MHz REF ..............15 Factory calibration ............29 Firmware update .............. 29 Front panel ................. 7 Front panel keys ............... 37 Accessories (connect) ............22 Fuses ................21 AC Supply ................ 20 Admittance ............... 78 Arbitrary generator and receiver frequencies (R&S ZVA-K4) ................
  • Page 103 ® Index R&S Numeric entry bar ............. 65 Standby key ..............12 Startup and shutdown ............21 Status bar ................. 54 Step size ................64 Offset parameters ............90 SUPPORT ................ 10 On-screen keyboard ............40 Sweep range selection ............. 32 Windows XP ..............

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